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validity | A Wisdom Archive on validity | | validity A selection of articles related to validity | |
| We recommend this article: validity - 1, and also this: validity - 2. |
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validity, Validity, Validity - Example, soundness
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO validity | | | |  validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations
Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ.
Main article: Sex and intelligence
Most IQ tests are designed so that the average IQs of males and females are equal. However, men tend to score their highest in the parts of the test that cover spatial and quantitative abilities, and women generally score their highest in the verbal sections. Some research has indicated that the variance in men's IQ scores is greater than the variance among women's, as seen in other cognitive test scores. This would mean that men are more likely than women to have both very high and very low IQs.
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See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ, Intelligence quotient - Controversy, Intelligence quotient - End material, Intelligence quotient - External links, Intelligence quotient - References Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution IQ scores are expressed as a number normalized so that the average IQ in an age group is 100. In other words, an individual scoring 115 is above average when compared to people in the same age group. It is common practice to standardize so that the standard deviation (σ) of scores is 15. (The Stanford Binet IQ test uses a standard deviation of 16.) Tests are designed so that the distribution of IQ scores is Gaussian; that is, it follows a bell curve. A difference has been documented between the IQ score distributions of left-handed and right-handed test subjects; the distribution in left-hand ...
See also:Intelligence quotient, Intelligence quotient - History, Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution, Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor, Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment, Intelligence quotient - Environment, Intelligence quotient - Development, Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation, Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income, Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ, Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect, Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations, Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ, Intelligence quotient - Practical validity, Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests, Intelligence quotient - Social construct?, Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man, Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association, Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ, Intelligence quotient - Controversy, Intelligence quotient - End material, Intelligence quotient - External links, Intelligence quotient - References Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia II - Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Logical argument - Argument validity In evaluating an argument, we consider separately the truth of the premises and the validity of the logical relationships between the premises, any intermediate assertions and the conclusion. The main logical property of an argument that is of concern to us here is whether it is truth preserving, that is if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion. We will usually abbreviate this property by saying simply that argument is valid.
If the argument is valid, the premises together entail or imply the conclusion.
The ways in which arguments go wrong tend to ...
See also:Logical argument, Logical argument - Overview, Logical argument - Argument validity, Logical argument - The mathematical paradigm, Logical argument - Theories of arguments, Logical argument - Argumentative dialogue, Logical argument - Other theories Read more here: » Logical argument: Encyclopedia II - Logical argument - Argument validity |
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| | | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cults and governments For the main article, see Cults and governments
In many countries there exists a separation of church and state and freedom of religion. Governments of some of these countries, concerned with possible abuses by cults, have taken restrictive measures against some of their activities. Those measures were generally motivated by various crimes committed by a string of murderous incidents involving doomsday cults circa 1995. Critics of such measures claim that the counter-cult movement and the anti-cult movement hav ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cults and governments |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Definitions of cult In the English-speaking countries since about the 1960s, especially in North America, the term cult has taken on a pejorative and sometimes offensive connotation. This largely originated with highly publicized cults which purportedly exploited their members psychologically and financially, or which allegedly utilized group-based persuasion and conversion techniques. These techniques may include "brainwashing", "thought reform", "love bombing", and "mind control", whose scientific validity, modern and historical use, and effectiveness (for religious conversio ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Definitions of cult |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion The problem with defining the word cult is that (1) purported cult members generally resist being called a cult, and (2) the word cult is often used to marginalize religious groups with which one does not agree or sympathize. Some serious researchers of religion and sociology prefer to use terms such as new religious movement (NRM) in their research on cults. Such usage may lead to confusion because some religious movements are "new" but not necessarily cults, and some purported cults are not religious or overtly religio ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Christianity and Cults Since at least the 1940s, the approach of orthodox or conservative or fundamentalist Christians was to apply the meaning of cult such that it included those religious groups who used (possibly exclusively) non-standard translations of the Bible, put additional revelation on a similar or higher level than the Bible or had practices deviant from those of traditional Christianity. Some examples of sources (with published dates where known) that documented this approach are:
Heresies and Cults, by J.Oswald Sanders, pub ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Christianity and Cults |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Prevalence of purported cults By one measure, between 3,000 and 5,000 purported cults existed in the United States in 1995.6 While some of the more well-known and influential of these groups are frequently labelled as cults, the majority of these groups vigorously protest the label and refuse to be classified as such, and often expend great efforts in public relations campaigns to rid themselves of the stigma associated with of the term cult.
In order to maintain a neutral point of view, a list of purported cults presents a listing of groups labeled as cult ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Prevalence of purported cults |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Relationships with the outside world Barer wrote that peripheral members may help to lessen the tension that exists between some groups and the outside world. 27
In the case where members live in intentional communities, custody disputes (if one parent leaves and one stays) may be a source of confrontation between the cult and the outside world.
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See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Relationships with the outside world |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cult leadership According to Dr. Eileen Barker, new religions are in most cases started by charismatic leaders whom she considers unpredictable. According to Mikael Rothstein, there is in many cases no access to plain facts both about historical religious leaders and contemporary ones, though there is an abundance of legends, myths, and theological elaborations. According to Rothstein most members of any new religious movement have little chance of a personal meeting with the Master (leader) except as a member of big audience when the Master is present on stage.
See also Role of charismatic fig ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cult leadership |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cults and terrorism The terrorist waves due to Islamic extremist organizations starting with the 1995 Islamist terror bombings in France and Al-Qaeda's acts of terrorism, have resulted in the comparison of Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups to the ancient Hassan-i-Sabah cult.
The Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, by members of Aum Shinrikyo has also raised awareness on the danger of groups that adopt extreme views ...
See also:Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Cults and terrorism |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Business intelligence - BI technology Some observers regard BI as the process of enhancing data into information and then into knowledge. Persons involved in business intelligence processes may use application software and other technologies to gather, store, analyze, and provide access to data (also known as business intelligence). The software aims to help people make "better" business decisions by making accurate, current, and relevant information available to them when they need it.
Some people use the term "BI" interchangeably with "briefing books" or with "executive information systems". One can regard a business ...
See also:Business intelligence, Business intelligence - BI business processes, Business intelligence - BI technology, Business intelligence - BI software types, Business intelligence - History, Business intelligence - Key performance indicators, Business intelligence - Example, Business intelligence - Designing and implementing a business intelligence programme Read more here: » Business intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Business intelligence - BI technology |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Logical argument - The mathematical paradigm In mathematics, an argument can be formalized using symbolic logic. In that case, an argument is seen as an ordered list of statements, each one of which is either one of the premises or derivable from the combination of some subset of the preceding statements and one or more axioms using rules of inference. The last statement in the list is the conclusion. Most arguments used in mathematical proof are rigorous, but not formal. In fact, strictly formal proofs of all but the most trivial assertions are extremely hard to c ...
See also:Logical argument, Logical argument - Overview, Logical argument - Argument validity, Logical argument - The mathematical paradigm, Logical argument - Theories of arguments, Logical argument - Argumentative dialogue, Logical argument - Other theories Read more here: » Logical argument: Encyclopedia II - Logical argument - The mathematical paradigm |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Race - Case studies in the social construction of race
Race - Race in the United States.
In the United States since its early history, Native Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. For nearly three centuries, the criteria for membership in these groups were similar, comprising a person’s appearance, his fraction of known non-White ancestry, and his social circle.2 But the criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During Reconstruction, increasing numbers of Amer ...
See also:Race, Race - Historical origins of race, Race - History of the term, Race - History of race research, Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race, Race - Scale of race research, Race - Summary of different definitions of race, Race - The origins patterns and physical manifestations of human genetic variation, Race - Origins of modern humans, Race - Distribution of variation, Race - Substructure in the human population, Race - Physical variation in humans, Race - Social interpretation of physical variation, Race - Incongruities of racial classifications, Race - Ethnicity as a way of categorizing people, Race - Ancestry as a way of categorizing people, Race - Current disagreement across disciplines, Race - Case studies in the social construction of race, Race - Race in the United States, Race - Race in Brazil, Race - Practical uses of race, Race - Race in politics and ethics, Race - Race and intelligence, Race - Race in biomedicine, Race - Race in law enforcement, Race - Footnotes Read more here: » Race: Encyclopedia II - Race - Case studies in the social construction of race |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Race - Practical uses of race
Race - Race in politics and ethics.
Racial classifications were used during the Enlightenment to justify enslavement of those deemed to be of "inferior", non-White races, and thus supposedly best fitted for lives of toil under White supervision. These classifications made the distance between races seem nearly as broad as that between species, easing unsettling questions about the appropriateness of such treatment of humans. The practice was at the time generally a ...
See also:Race, Race - Historical origins of race, Race - History of the term, Race - History of race research, Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race, Race - Scale of race research, Race - Summary of different definitions of race, Race - The origins patterns and physical manifestations of human genetic variation, Race - Origins of modern humans, Race - Distribution of variation, Race - Substructure in the human population, Race - Physical variation in humans, Race - Social interpretation of physical variation, Race - Incongruities of racial classifications, Race - Ethnicity as a way of categorizing people, Race - Ancestry as a way of categorizing people, Race - Current disagreement across disciplines, Race - Case studies in the social construction of race, Race - Race in the United States, Race - Race in Brazil, Race - Practical uses of race, Race - Race in politics and ethics, Race - Race and intelligence, Race - Race in biomedicine, Race - Race in law enforcement, Race - Footnotes Read more here: » Race: Encyclopedia II - Race - Practical uses of race |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Race - Social interpretation of physical variation
Race - Incongruities of racial classifications.
Even as the idea of "race" was becoming a powerful organizing principle in many societies, the shortcomings of the concept were apparent. In the Old World, the gradual transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups emphasized that "one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them," as Blumenbach observed in his writings on human variation (Marks 1995, p. 54). In parts of the Americas, the situ ...
See also:Race, Race - Historical origins of race, Race - History of the term, Race - History of race research, Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race, Race - Scale of race research, Race - Summary of different definitions of race, Race - The origins patterns and physical manifestations of human genetic variation, Race - Origins of modern humans, Race - Distribution of variation, Race - Substructure in the human population, Race - Physical variation in humans, Race - Social interpretation of physical variation, Race - Incongruities of racial classifications, Race - Ethnicity as a way of categorizing people, Race - Ancestry as a way of categorizing people, Race - Current disagreement across disciplines, Race - Case studies in the social construction of race, Race - Race in the United States, Race - Race in Brazil, Race - Practical uses of race, Race - Race in politics and ethics, Race - Race and intelligence, Race - Race in biomedicine, Race - Race in law enforcement, Race - Footnotes Read more here: » Race: Encyclopedia II - Race - Social interpretation of physical variation |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race
Race - Scale of race research.
Discussions of race are complicated because race research has taken place on at least two scales (global and national) and from the point of view of different research aims. Evolutionary scientists are typically interested in humanity as a whole; and taxonomic racial classifications are often either unhelpful to, or refuted by, studies that focus on the question of global human diversity. Policy-makers and applied professions (such as law-enforcement or medicine), however, are t ...
See also:Race, Race - Historical origins of race, Race - History of the term, Race - History of race research, Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race, Race - Scale of race research, Race - Summary of different definitions of race, Race - The origins patterns and physical manifestations of human genetic variation, Race - Origins of modern humans, Race - Distribution of variation, Race - Substructure in the human population, Race - Physical variation in humans, Race - Social interpretation of physical variation, Race - Incongruities of racial classifications, Race - Ethnicity as a way of categorizing people, Race - Ancestry as a way of categorizing people, Race - Current disagreement across disciplines, Race - Case studies in the social construction of race, Race - Race in the United States, Race - Race in Brazil, Race - Practical uses of race, Race - Race in politics and ethics, Race - Race and intelligence, Race - Race in biomedicine, Race - Race in law enforcement, Race - Footnotes Read more here: » Race: Encyclopedia II - Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race |
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| | | | | validity: Encyclopedia II - Race - Historical origins of race
Race - History of the term.
Given our visual acuity and complex social relationships, humans presumably have always observed and speculated about the physical differences among individuals and groups. But different societies have attributed markedly different meanings to these distinctions. The division of humanity into distinct "races" can be traced as far back as the Ancient Egyptian sacred text the Book of Gates, which identifies four categories that are now conventionally labelled "Egyptians", "Asiatics", "Li ...
See also:Race, Race - Historical origins of race, Race - History of the term, Race - History of race research, Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race, Race - Scale of race research, Race - Summary of different definitions of race, Race - The origins patterns and physical manifestations of human genetic variation, Race - Origins of modern humans, Race - Distribution of variation, Race - Substructure in the human population, Race - Physical variation in humans, Race - Social interpretation of physical variation, Race - Incongruities of racial classifications, Race - Ethnicity as a way of categorizing people, Race - Ancestry as a way of categorizing people, Race - Current disagreement across disciplines, Race - Case studies in the social construction of race, Race - Race in the United States, Race - Race in Brazil, Race - Practical uses of race, Race - Race in politics and ethics, Race - Race and intelligence, Race - Race in biomedicine, Race - Race in law enforcement, Race - Footnotes Read more here: » Race: Encyclopedia II - Race - Historical origins of race |
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