Michael Langone gives three different models regarding joining a cult 30: "The definitional ambiguity surrounding the term cult has fueled much controversy regarding why people join cults and other unorthodox groups. Three apparently conflicting models attempt to account for conversion to unorthodox groups. The deliberative model, favored by most sociologists and religious scholars, says that people join because of what they think about the group. The psychodynamic mod ...

See also:

Cult, Cult - Definitions of cult, Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries, Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement, Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition, Cult - Points of view regarding definitions, Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion, Cult - Christianity and Cults, Cult - Cults and terrorism, Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult, Cult - Cult leadership, Cult - Development of cults, Cult - Relationships with the outside world, Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations, Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination, Cult - Leaving a cult, Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults, Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics, Cult - Other allegations, Cult - Prevalence of purported cults, Cult - Cults and governments, Cult - Bibliography, Cult - Books, Cult - Articles

Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia II - Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult

Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist, who, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to psychology. He was also instrumental in the development of non-directive psychotherapy, which he initially termed Client-Centered Therapy. He later renamed it as the Person-Centered Approach (PCA) to reflect that his theories were meant to apply to all interactions between people, not just to those between therapist and client. Today PCA is also called pe ...

Including:

• Carl Rogers - Biography
• Carl Rogers - Contributions to psychology
• Carl Rogers - Quotes

Read more here: » Carl Rogers: Encyclopedia - Carl Rogers

There exists however a more formal study of the term integrity and its meaning in modern ethics. It is often understood not only as a refusal to engage in behavior that evades responsibility, but as an understanding of different modes or styles in which some discourse takes place, and which aims at the discovery of some truth. Integrity - The Law. An adversarial process, for instance, has a certain type of integrity, in which those engaged in it commit not only to advance the case for "their own" si ...

See also:

Integrity, Integrity - Popular views of Integrity, Integrity - Mensuration, Integrity - Integrity in the Religious Society of Friends, Integrity - Integrity in modern ethics, Integrity - The Law, Integrity - Mathematics, Integrity - Cryptography, Integrity - Science, Integrity - Other Integrities

Read more here: » Integrity: Encyclopedia II - Integrity - Integrity in modern ethics

In astrology, a horoscope is a chart or diagram representing the positions of the planets, other celestial bodies, and sensitive angles at the time of any event, such as a person's birth. The term horoscope is derived from Greek words meaning, "a look at the hours" [horoskopos, pl. horoskopoi,or "marker(s) of the hour."] Other commonly used names for the horoscope in English include natal chart, natus, birth chart, astrological chart, astro-chart, celestial map, sky-map, nativity, star-chart, cosmogram, Vitasphere, soulprint, radical cha ...

Including:

• Horoscope - Introduction
• Horoscope - How to cast a horoscope

Read more here: » Horoscope: Encyclopedia - Horoscope

The Book of Mormon is one of four sacred texts of Mormonism, which also include the Bible, Pearl of Great Price, and Doctrine and Covenants. First published by Joseph Smith, Jr. in March 1830 in Palmyra, New York, it stands as the central dividing doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and other Christian faiths. Adherents to its teachings are commonly referred to as Mormons. The book's self-declared purpose is to testify of Jesus, through the writings of ancient prophets of the Western Hemis ...

Including:

• Book of Mormon - Content
• Book of Mormon - Title Page
• Book of Mormon - Organization
• Book of Mormon - Investigation of the book
• Book of Mormon - Brief narrative summary
• Book of Mormon - The book's major themes
• Book of Mormon - Origin of the Book of Mormon
• Book of Mormon - Authorship
• Book of Mormon - Joseph Smith as Translator
• Book of Mormon - Alternative explanations
• Book of Mormon - Views of historicity
• Book of Mormon - Latter Day Saint views
• Book of Mormon - Critics' views
• Book of Mormon - Role of the Book of Mormon in Mormonism
• Book of Mormon - Differences between the Book of Mormon and Latter-day Saint doctrine
• Book of Mormon - Book of Mormon Editions

Read more here: » Book of Mormon: Encyclopedia - Book of Mormon

Three traditionally identified varieties are ad hominem abusive, ad hominem circumstantial, and ad hominem tu quoque. Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive. Ad hominem abusive (also called argumentum ad personam) usually and most notoriously involves insulting one's opponent, but can also involve pointing out factual but damning character flaws or actions. The reason that this is fallacious is that — usually, anyway — insults and even damaging facts simply do not undermine what lo ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Subtypes

Cha wrote a total of 15 pieces, of which one ("Sword of the Yue Maiden") was a short story and the other 14 were novels and novellas of various length. Most of his novels were initially published in daily instalments in the newspaper. The book editions were printed later. In order of publication these are (alternate translation in parentheses): Book and Sword: Gratitude and Revenge (The Romance of the Book and Sword)- T: 書劍恩仇錄 S: 书剑恩仇录 (first published on The New Evening Post in 1955) < ...

See also:

Jinyong, Jinyong - Biography, Jinyong - Decorations and conferments, Jinyong - Novels, Jinyong - Editions, Jinyong - Themes, Jinyong - Reaction, Jinyong - Characters, Jinyong - Schools, Jinyong - Timeline, Jinyong - Jin Yong in English

Read more here: » Jinyong: Encyclopedia II - Jinyong - Novels

The experiment very quickly got out of hand. Prisoners suffered — and accepted — sadistic and humiliating treatment at the hands of the guards, and by the end many showed severe emotional disturbance. After a relatively uneventful first day, a riot broke out on day two. Guards volunteered extra hours and worked together to break up the revolt, without supervision from the research staff. After this point, the guards tried to divide the prisoners and pit them against each other by setting up a "good" cell block and a "bad" cell blo ...

See also:

Stanford prison experiment, Stanford prison experiment - Goals and methods, Stanford prison experiment - Results, Stanford prison experiment - Conclusions, Stanford prison experiment - Criticism of the experiment, Stanford prison experiment - Comparisons to Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, Stanford prison experiment - Popular culture

Read more here: » Stanford prison experiment: Encyclopedia II - Stanford prison experiment - Results

Nostradamus, (December 14, 1503 – July 1, 1566) born Michel de Nostredame, is one of the world's most famous authors of prophecies. He is most famous for his book Les Propheties, which consists of rhymed quatrains (4‑line poems) grouped into sets of 100, called Centuries. Nostradamus - Biography. Born in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence in the south of France in December 1503, Michel de Nostredame was the son of a grain dealer who was also a prosperous home-grown notary. His family wa ...

Including:

• Nostradamus - Biography
• Nostradamus - Preparation and methods of prophecy
• Nostradamus - His works
• Nostradamus - Skepticism
• Nostradamus - Misquotes and hoaxes
• Nostradamus - Nostradamus in popular culture
• Nostradamus - Television
• Nostradamus - Film
• Nostradamus - Music
• Nostradamus - Comics
• Nostradamus - Sources

Read more here: » Nostradamus: Encyclopedia - Nostradamus

Nichiren Buddhism (日蓮系諸宗派: Nichiren-kei sho shūha) is a branch of Buddhism based on the teachings of the 13th century Japanese monk Nichiren (1222–1282). Nichiren Buddhism is a comprehensive term covering several major schools and many sub-schools, as well as several of Japan's new religions. Various forms of Nichiren Buddhism have had great influence among certain sections of Japanese society at different times in the country's history, such as among the merchants of Kyoto in Japan's middle ages and among ...

Including:

• Nichiren Buddhism - The founder Nichiren
• Nichiren Buddhism - Schools
• Nichiren Buddhism - Major Nichiren Buddhist schools
• Nichiren Buddhism - Doctrine and practices
• Nichiren Buddhism - Nichiren's writings
• Nichiren Buddhism - Sources and references
• Nichiren Buddhism - English
• Nichiren Buddhism - Japanese

Read more here: » Nichiren Buddhism: Encyclopedia - Nichiren Buddhism

AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is defined as a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the depletion of the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, commonly called HIV (Marx et al., 1982). Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has b ...

Including:

• AIDS - Infection by HIV
• AIDS - Symptomology
• AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions
• AIDS - Clinical symptoms of AIDS
• AIDS - Transmission
• AIDS - Prevention
• AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV
• AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission
• AIDS - Mother to child transmission
• AIDS - Treatment
• AIDS - Alternative medicine
• AIDS - HIV test
• AIDS - Epidemiology
• AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS
• AIDS - Alternative theories
• AIDS - AIDS News

Read more here: » AIDS: Encyclopedia - AIDS

The phrase business intelligence (BI) may refer to: a set of business processes for collecting and analyzing business information. the technology used in these processes, and the information obtained from these processes. Business intelligence - BI business processes. Organizations typically gather information in order to assess the business environment, and cover fields such as marketing research, industry or market research, and competitor analysis. Competitive ...

Including:

• Business intelligence - BI business processes
• Business intelligence - BI technology
• Business intelligence - BI software types
• Business intelligence - History
• Business intelligence - Key performance indicators
• Business intelligence - Example
• Business intelligence - Designing and implementing a business intelligence programme

Read more here: » Business intelligence: Encyclopedia - Business intelligence

A race is a population of humans distinguished from other populations. The most widely used racial categories are based on visible traits (especially skin color and facial features), genes, and self-identification. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, vary by culture and time and are often controversial due to their impact on social identity and hence identity politics. Since the 1940s, evolutionary scientists have rejected the view of race according to which a number of finite lists of essential ch ...

Including:

• Race - Historical origins of race
• Race - History of the term
• Race - History of race research
• Race - 20th- and 21st-century debates over race
• Race - Scale of race research
• Race - Summary of different definitions of race
• Race - The origins patterns and physical manifestations of human genetic variation
• Race - Origins of modern humans
• Race - Distribution of variation
• Race - Substructure in the human population
• Race - Physical variation in humans
• Race - Social interpretation of physical variation
• Race - Incongruities of racial classifications
• Race - Ethnicity as a way of categorizing people
• Race - Ancestry as a way of categorizing people
• Race - Current disagreement across disciplines
• Race - Case studies in the social construction of race
• Race - Race in the United States
• Race - Race in Brazil
• Race - Practical uses of race
• Race - Race in politics and ethics
• Race - Race and intelligence
• Race - Race in biomedicine
• Race - Race in law enforcement
• Race - Footnotes

Read more here: » Race: Encyclopedia - Race

An intelligence quotient or IQ is a score derived from a set of standardized tests developed to measure a person's cognitive abilities ("intelligence") in relation to their age group. An IQ test does not measure intelligence the way a ruler measures height (absolutely), but rather the way a race measures speed (relatively). For people living in the prevailing conditions of the developed world, IQ is highly heritable, and by adulthood the influence of family environment on IQ is undetectable. IQ test scores are correlated with measures of brain structure and function, as well as performance on ...

Including:

• Intelligence quotient - History
• Intelligence quotient - IQ score distribution
• Intelligence quotient - IQ and General Intelligence Factor
• Intelligence quotient - Genetics vs environment
• Intelligence quotient - Environment
• Intelligence quotient - Development
• Intelligence quotient - Mental retardation
• Intelligence quotient - IQ education and income
• Intelligence quotient - Brain size and IQ
• Intelligence quotient - The Flynn effect
• Intelligence quotient - IQ correlations
• Intelligence quotient - Sex and IQ
• Intelligence quotient - Race and IQ
• Intelligence quotient - Religiousness and IQ
• Intelligence quotient - Health and IQ
• Intelligence quotient - Economic development and IQ
• Intelligence quotient - Practical validity
• Intelligence quotient - Validity and g-loading of specific tests
• Intelligence quotient - Social construct?
• Intelligence quotient - The Mismeasure of Man
• Intelligence quotient - The view of the American Psychological Association
• Intelligence quotient - Improving IQ
• Intelligence quotient - Controversy
• Intelligence quotient - End material
• Intelligence quotient - External links
• Intelligence quotient - References

Read more here: » Intelligence quotient: Encyclopedia - Intelligence quotient

Business performance management (BPM) is a set of processes that help organizations optimize business performance. BPM is seen as the next generation of business intelligence (BI). BPM is focused on business processes such as planning and forecasting. It helps businesses discover efficient use of their business units, financial, human, and material resources. Business performance management - History. An early reference to non-business performance management occurs in Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Sun Tz ...

Including:

• Business performance management - History
• Business performance management - What is BPM?
• Business performance management - Metrics / Key Performance Indicators
• Business performance management - Application software types
• Business performance management - Designing and implementing a business performance management programme

Read more here: » Business performance management: Encyclopedia - Business performance management

A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of modeling many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology, human systems in economics and social science and in the process of engineering new technology, to gain insight into the operation of those systems. Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a mathematical model, which attempts to find analytical solutions to problems ...

Including:

• Computer simulation - History
• Computer simulation - Types of computer simulation
• Computer simulation - Computer simulation in science
• Computer simulation - Computer simulation in practical contexts

Read more here: » Computer simulation: Encyclopedia - Computer simulation

An argument is cogent if and only if the truth of the argument's premises would render the truth of the conclusion probable (i.e., the argument is strong) and the premises are, in fact, true. Cogency can be considered inductive logic's analogue to deductive logic's "validity." As an example, consider the following. Without looking, Jill pulled out 100 marbles from a bag; 95 of the marbles Jill pulled out were red. Therefore, the next marble Jill ...

Including:

• Cogency - Probable
• Cogency - Good argument

Read more here: » Cogency: Encyclopedia - Cogency

David Ray Griffin (b. 1939) was a professor of philosophy of religion and theology, at the Claremont School of Theology in Claremont, California, from 1973 until April 2004, and is a co-director of the Center for Process Studies, and one of the foremost contemporary exponents of process theology, founded on the process philosophies of Alfred North Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne. Griffin is a longtime resident of Santa Barbara, California. Griffin grew up in a small town in Oregon, where he was an active participant in his Dis ...

Including:

• David Ray Griffin - Books

Read more here: » David Ray Griffin: Encyclopedia - David Ray Griffin

In religion and sociology, a cult is a cohesive group of people (often a relatively small and new religious movement) devoted to beliefs or practices that the surrounding culture or society considers to be far outside the mainstream. Its marginal status may come about either due to its novel belief system or because of its idiosyncratic practices. In common usage, "cult" has a negative connotation, and is generally applied to a group by its opponents, for a variety of possible reasons. Cult - Definitions ...

Including:

• Cult - Definitions of cult
• Cult - Definition of cult in dictionaries
• Cult - Definition by the Christian countercult movement
• Cult - Definition by secular cult opposition
• Cult - Points of view regarding definitions
• Cult - Cult NRM and the sociology and psychology of religion
• Cult - Christianity and Cults
• Cult - Cults and terrorism
• Cult - Theories about the reasons for joining a cult
• Cult - Cult leadership
• Cult - Development of cults
• Cult - Relationships with the outside world
• Cult - Cults: genuine concerns and exaggerations
• Cult - Stigmatization and discrimination
• Cult - Leaving a cult
• Cult - Criticism by former members of purported cults
• Cult - Allegations made by scholars and skeptics
• Cult - Other allegations
• Cult - Prevalence of purported cults
• Cult - Cults and governments
• Cult - Bibliography
• Cult - Books
• Cult - Articles

Read more here: » Cult: Encyclopedia - Cult

English-speakers often measure such integrity on a one-dimensional vertical scale dominated by two reference points: those of the highest integrity and no integrity (also known as a total lack of integrity). Some prescriptive dualistic schemas of ethics divide human activity into two fields and speak of behaviour as "in integrity" (approved) or as "out of integrity" (despised). ...

See also:

Integrity, Integrity - Popular views of Integrity, Integrity - Mensuration, Integrity - Integrity in the Religious Society of Friends, Integrity - Integrity in modern ethics, Integrity - The Law, Integrity - Mathematics, Integrity - Cryptography, Integrity - Science, Integrity - Other Integrities

Read more here: » Integrity: Encyclopedia II - Integrity - Mensuration

An ad hominem fallacy consists of asserting that someone's argument is wrong and/or they are wrong to argue at all purely because of something discreditable/not-authoritative about the person or those persons cited by them rather than addressing the soundness of the argument itself. The implication is that the person's argument and/or ability to argue correctly lacks authority. Merely insulting another person in the middle of otherwise rational discourse does not necessarily constitute an ad hominem fallacy. It must be clear th ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Usage

A (fallacious) ad hominem argument has the basic form: A makes claim B; there is something objectionable about A, therefore claim B is false. The first statement is called a 'factual claim' and is the pivot point of much debate. The last statement is referred to as an 'inferential claim' and represents the reasoning process. There are two types of inferential claim, explicit and implicit. Arguments that (fallaciously) rely on the positive aspects of the person for the trut ...

See also:

Ad hominem, Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy, Ad hominem - Usage, Ad hominem - Validity, Ad hominem - Subtypes, Ad hominem - Ad hominem abusive, Ad hominem - Ad hominem circumstantial, Ad hominem - Ad hominem tu quoque, Ad hominem - Taxonomy

Read more here: » Ad hominem: Encyclopedia II - Ad hominem - Ad hominem as logical fallacy