Vaisesika

vaisesika:

vaisesika - one of the schools of Indian philosophy

(See also: vaisesika, Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Vaisesika - a later division of the nyaya school of philosophy, also known as vaisesika-darsana. It was founded by Kanada Rsi and differs from the nyaya system of Gautama

Kanada accepted six principles:

(1) dravya (elementary substances which are nine in number - earth, water, fire, air, ether, time, space, the soul, and the mind) ,

(2) guna (characteristics of all created things such as form, taste, smell, sound, and tangibility) ,

(3) karma (activity) ,

(4) samanya (universality; the connection of different objects by common properties) ,

(5) visesa (individuality; the essential difference between objects) , and

(6) samavaya (inseparable concomitance; the relation which exists between a substance and its qualities, between a whole and its parts, or between a species and its individuals).

According to the vaisesika-darsana the jivas are innumerable. The merit or demerit attaching to a man’s conduct in one state of existence and the corresponding reward or punishment which he receives in another is called adrsta (that which is beyond the reach of consciousness or observation). Due to the force of this unforseen accumulated karma, the jiva falls into the cycle of creation and undergoes birth, death, happiness, and distress. When the jiva obtains philosophical knowledge of the six principles, his adrsta is destroyed and he can attain liberation from the bondage of material existence. The vaisesikas define mukti as final release from material misery. There is no direct mention of Isvara in the vaisesika-darsana of Kanada.

(See also: Vaisesika, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

 Vaisesika:

one of the schools of Indian philosophy

(See also:  Vaisesika, Body Mind and Soul)

Vaisesika-jnana - knowledge of worldly phenomena; classification of such phenomena into various categories such as dravya (objects) , guna (qualities) and so on.

(See also: Vaisesika-jnana, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Vaiseshika vaisesika (Sanskrit) [from vi-sish to distinguish, particularize]

The analytic school, the second of the six Darsanas or Hindu schools of philosophy. Because of its emphasizing of the atomic structure of the universe, it is likewise called the substantial or Atomistic School or sometimes the Discriminating school, because it divides matter into eternally distinct elements, atoms, or infinitesimal parts.

It discriminates among these elements, considering each one as perpetually distinct from the others. This school is considered by many as a branch of the Nyaya, and was founded by the sage Kanada, who lived about the same time as Gautama or Gotama, the founder of the Nyaya school.

(See also: Vaiseshika, vaisesika, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)

Darsanas: Formal systems of emancipation in Hinduism from the 7th century CE and on; the six traditional schools are, Samkya, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Mimamsa, Yoga, and Vedanta.

 (See also: Darsanas, Eastern Philosophy, Body Mind and Soul)

Kanada:

The author of the Vaisesika system of Hindu philosophy.

(See also: Kanada, Sanskrit Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

A dictionary Of Commonly Used Sanskrit terms. From Tada to Yukta.

Please note that all words in grey, like "yoga", "enlightenment" or "kundalini" are hyperlinked to archives further explaining the term. At the corresponding archive you will also find articles related to the term.

Sanskrit dictionary. From Advaita to Yoga.

Please note that all words in grey, like "enlightenment" or "kundalini" are hyperlinked to archives further explaining the term. At the corresponding archive you will also find articles related to the term.

Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Vaisheshika, also Vaisesika, (Sanskrit: वैशॆषिक)is one of the six Hindu schools of philosophy (orthodox Vedic systems) of India. Historically, it has been closely ...

Including:

• Vaisheshika - Overview
• Vaisheshika - The logic of Vaisheshika

Read more here: » Vaisheshika: Encyclopedia - Vaisheshika

Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva Mimamsa Advaita Vedanta Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Carvaka Jain Buddhist Logic Nyaya (pronounced as "nyα:yə") is the name given to one of the six orthodox or astika schools of Hindu ph ...

Including:

• Nyaya - Epistemology
• Nyaya - Theory of Inference
• Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation
• Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya
• Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God

Read more here: » Nyaya: Encyclopedia - Nyaya

The usefulness of dividing philosophy into Western philosophy and other philosophies is open to challenge, not the least for speaking down to those other philosophies. To say this is not to deny that there are important traditions in philosophy that are intimately bound up with historical and geographical circumstances. The term Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of Iran, India, China, and Japan. When one uses the term "philosophy" in an academic context, it typically refers to the philoso ...

Including:

• Eastern philosophy - Philosophical and religious traditions
• Eastern philosophy - Hinduism
• Eastern philosophy - Sufism & Islamic philosophy
• Eastern philosophy - Confucianism
• Eastern philosophy - Taoism
• Eastern philosophy - Legalism
• Eastern philosophy - Buddhism
• Eastern philosophy - Jainism
• Eastern philosophy - Maoism
• Eastern philosophy - Shinto
• Eastern philosophy - Arguments against the Eastern philosophy designation
• Eastern philosophy - The perception of God and the gods
• Eastern philosophy - Gods' relationship with the universe
• Eastern philosophy - The role and nature of the individual
• Eastern philosophy - Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy

Read more here: » Eastern philosophy: Encyclopedia - Eastern philosophy

Atomism is the theory that all the objects in the universe are composed of very small, indestructible elements. Or, stated in other words, all of reality is made of indivisible basic building blocks. The word atomism derives from the ancient Greek word atomos which means that which cannot be cut into smaller pieces. There are two ways in which the word "atom" is used: to describe the atoms that scientists discuss, and those that philosophers discuss. Atomism is traditionally associated with the latter, where philosophers have argued t ...

Including:

• Atomism - The puzzle of similarities and differences
• Atomism - Are there different elements?
• Atomism - Is there an ultimate indivisible unit of matter?
• Atomism - Consequences for guiding one's life
• Atomism - Facing reality
• Atomism - Atoms change
• Atomism - The exile of atomism
• Atomism - Indian atomism
• Atomism - Islam preserves atomism
• Atomism - The atomic Renaissance
• Atomism - A different atom for each element

Read more here: » Atomism: Encyclopedia - Atomism

Being associated with the school of logic, early Vaisesika texts use logical argument to prove that the world is made of indivisible atoms: Assume that the world is not made of indivisible atoms, and that matter is continuous. Take a stone. One can divide this up into infinitely many pieces (since matter is continuous). Now, the Himalayan mountain range also has infinitely many pieces, so one may build another Himalayan mountain range with the infinite number of pieces that one has. One begins with a stone and ends up with the Himalayas, whi ...

See also:

Vaisheshika, Vaisheshika - Overview, Vaisheshika - The logic of Vaisheshika

Read more here: » Vaisheshika: Encyclopedia II - Vaisheshika - The logic of Vaisheshika

The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality. It has five steps, as in the example shown: There is fire on the hill (called Pratijñā, required to be proved) Because there is smoke there (called Hetu, reason) Wherever there is fire, there is smoke (called Udaharana, ie, example) There is smoke on the hill (called Upanaya, reaffirmation) Therefore there is fire on the hil ...

See also:

Nyaya, Nyaya - Epistemology, Nyaya - Theory of Inference, Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation, Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya, Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God, Nyaya - Nyaya proofs for monotheism

Read more here: » Nyaya: Encyclopedia II - Nyaya - Theory of Inference

A cause is defined as an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an effect and an effect as an unconditional and invariable consequent of a cause. The same cause produces the same effect; and the same effect is produced by the same cause. The cause is not present in any hidden form whatsoever in its effect. The following conditions should be met: [1] The cause must be antencedent [Purvavrtti] [2] Invariability [Niyatapurvavrtti ...

See also:

Nyaya, Nyaya - Epistemology, Nyaya - Theory of Inference, Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation, Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya, Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God, Nyaya - Nyaya proofs for monotheism

Read more here: » Nyaya: Encyclopedia II - Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation

Early Naiyanikas wrote very little about God, ie., Ishvara (lit., the Supreme Lord). However, later Buddhists in India had become from agnostic to strictly atheistic. As a reaction, the later Naiyanikas entered into disputes with the Buddhists and tried to prove the existence of God through logic. They made this question a challenge to their own existence. They gave the following nine proofs for the existence of God, enlisted in Udayana's Nyaya Kusumanjali: Kāryāt (lit. "from effect"): An effect is produced by a ...

See also:

Nyaya, Nyaya - Epistemology, Nyaya - Theory of Inference, Nyaya - The Nyaya Theory of Causation, Nyaya - Anyathakyativada of Nyaya, Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God, Nyaya - Nyaya proofs for monotheism

Read more here: » Nyaya: Encyclopedia II - Nyaya - Nyaya Proof for God

Strictly speaking, all Iyers define themselves as "Srauta-Smarta", ie. followers of the Sruti text (mostly Yajur Veda and Sama Veda), and Smriti texts like Aapasthamba Dharma Sutra. For at least a millennium, a vast majority of Iyers have followed Sri Adi Sankara's advaita philosophy, a branch of Hinduism that believes that the human soul is liberated from the cycle of rebirths through the acquisition of knowledge of its true nature (See external links). Important in the advaitic philosophy is the tenet that Brahman, the Supreme Reality is < ...

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Iyer, Iyer - Spiritual and philosophical beliefs, Iyer - Rituals Ceremonies and Festivals, Iyer - Origins, Iyer - Social and political issues, Iyer - Iyer Women, Iyer - Traditional Iyer Ethics, Iyer - Iyers today, Iyer - Some notable Iyers in the Modern Era

Read more here: » Iyer: Encyclopedia II - Iyer - Spiritual and philosophical beliefs

The following is an overview of the Eastern philosophic traditions. Each tradition has a separate article with more detail on sects, schools, etc. (c.f.) Eastern philosophy - Hinduism. Main article: Hinduism Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; Sanātana Dharma, roughly Perennial Faith) is generally considered to be the oldest major world religion still practised today and first among Dharma faiths. Hinduism is characterized by a diverse array of belief systems, ...

See also:

Eastern philosophy, Eastern philosophy - Philosophical and religious traditions, Eastern philosophy - Hinduism, Eastern philosophy - Sufism & Islamic philosophy, Eastern philosophy - Confucianism, Eastern philosophy - Taoism, Eastern philosophy - Legalism, Eastern philosophy - Buddhism, Eastern philosophy - Jainism, Eastern philosophy - Maoism, Eastern philosophy - Shinto, Eastern philosophy - Arguments against the Eastern philosophy designation, Eastern philosophy - The perception of God and the gods, Eastern philosophy - Gods' relationship with the universe, Eastern philosophy - The role and nature of the individual, Eastern philosophy - Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy

Read more here: » Eastern philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Eastern philosophy - Philosophical and religious traditions

There have been many modern attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions. German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was very interested in Taoism. His system of dialectics is sometimes interpreted as a formalization of Taoist principles. Hegel's rival Arthur Schopenhauer developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of Hinduism and Buddhism with Western thought. He anticipated that the Upanishads (primary Hindu scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they ha ...

See also:

Eastern philosophy, Eastern philosophy - Philosophical and religious traditions, Eastern philosophy - Hinduism, Eastern philosophy - Sufism & Islamic philosophy, Eastern philosophy - Confucianism, Eastern philosophy - Taoism, Eastern philosophy - Legalism, Eastern philosophy - Buddhism, Eastern philosophy - Jainism, Eastern philosophy - Maoism, Eastern philosophy - Shinto, Eastern philosophy - Arguments against the Eastern philosophy designation, Eastern philosophy - The perception of God and the gods, Eastern philosophy - Gods' relationship with the universe, Eastern philosophy - The role and nature of the individual, Eastern philosophy - Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy

Read more here: » Eastern philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Eastern philosophy - Syntheses of Eastern and Western philosophy