Uttarapatha

Ancient Buddhist and Brahmanical texts reveal that Uttarapatha was the name of northern division of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditions. Initially, the term Uttarapatha referred to the northern high road ..the main trade route that followed along the river Ganges, crossed the Indo-Gangetic watershed, ran through the Punjab to Taxila (Gandhara) and further to Zariaspa or Balkh (Bactria) in Central Asia. The eastern terminus of the Uttarapatha was Tamraliptika or Tamluk located at the mouth of Gang ...

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The ancient Buddhist and Brahmanical texts use the expression Dakshinpatha as a name for both the southern high road and for the region lying south of Majjhimdesa or Mid India. The first reference to Dakshinapatha occurs in the Rig-Veda where it refers to the region where the exile goes on being turned out. In the opinion of several scholars, this means the South beyond the limits of the Saptasindhu-- the then recognised Aryan world. Dakshinapatha is found in Panini (IV.2.98). Baudhyana mentions Dakshina ...

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The Sakas are a peoples that lived in what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran, Ukraine, and Altai and Siberia in Russia, in the centuries before 300 AD. They are considered to be a branch of Scythians by most scholars. Saka is the usual Persian term, while Scythian is a Greek term. Some of their neighbours included the Sarmatians, Issedones and Massagetae. Their language is poorly known, but seems to have originally been a member of the Iranian family (though some question wheth ...

Including:

• Saka - Connection theories
• Saka - Asian peoples
• Saka - European peoples
• Saka - Sakas in Ancient Indian Literature
• Saka - Degraded Kṣatriyas from the northwest
• Saka - Military actions
• Saka - Military alliance with Chandragupta circa 320 BCE

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The Chinas or Ciñas are a people mentionned in ancient Indian sources at the beginning of our era, such as the Manu Smriti, the Mahabharata as well as in the Puranic literature. They are believed to have been the Chinese. In the epic of the Mahabharata, the Cinas appear together with the Kiratas among the armies of king Bhagadatta of Pragjyotisa (Assam). In the Sabhaparvan, the same king is said to be surrounded the Kiratas, and the Cinas. Also in the Bhismaparvan, the army of Bhagadatta is said to consist ...

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Kamboja was the ancient name of a country, and the Indo-Iranian warrior tribe, the Kambojas, settled therein. The country is listed as one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas or great nations in ancient Buddhist texts, and was located in the Uttarapatha in extreme north-west of the Indian sub-continent, contiguous to the kingdom of Gandhara. It initially included the Pamirs, Badakshan, and territories as far as the Zeravshan valley in the doab of Oxus/Jaxartes. It approximated what is known today as the ...

Including:

• Kamboja - Related Uses
• Kamboja - Some Time/Space Variants of Kamboja

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Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient kingdom in eastern Afghanistan and north-west province of Pakistan. Gandhara was located mainly on southern side of Kabul River. In the east, it extended beyond Indus River and included within its boundaries parts of the valley of Kashmir (Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 151). Gandhara - Geography. The Gandharas were settled since the Vedic times on the south bank of Kabul ...

Including:

• Gandhara - Geography
• Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara
• Gandhara - Persian rule
• Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas
• Gandhara - Gandhara under Greek rule
• Gandhara - Language
• Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism
• Gandhara - Gandharan art
• Gandhara - Timeline
• Gandhara - External link

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Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture. Mahabharata speaks of the Yavanas, Kambojas, Darunas etc as the fierce barbarians from Uttarapatha, Sanskrit: uttarashchapare mlechchha jana bharatasattama. || 63 || Yavanashcha sa Kamboja Daruna mlechchha jatayah. | — (MBH 6.11.63-64) and further reckons them among the sinful people, characterised by practices similar to those of chandalas and vultures i.e avaricious and greedy. e.g ...

See also:

Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans

Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene. The first Indo-Scythian kingdom in the Indian subcontinent occupied the southern part of Pakistan (which they accesses from southern Afghanistan), in the areas from Abiria (Sindh) to Surastrene (Gujarat), from around 110 to 80 BCE. They progressively further moved north into Indo-Greek territory until the conquests of Maues, circa 80 BCE. The Indo-Scythians ultimately established a kingdom in the northwest, based in Taxila, with two Great Satraps, one in Mathura in the east, and one in Surastrene (Gujarat) in the southwest. See also:

Indo-Scythians, Indo-Scythians - Origins, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythian kingdoms, Indo-Scythians - Abiria to Surastrene, Indo-Scythians - Gandhara and Punjab, Indo-Scythians - Mathura, Indo-Scythians - Kushan and Indo-Parthian conquests, Indo-Scythians - Western Kshatrapas legacy, Indo-Scythians - The Indo-Scythians and Buddhism, Indo-Scythians - Mathura lion capital, Indo-Scythians - Coinage, Indo-Scythians - Indo-Scythians in Ancient Indian Litterature, Indo-Scythians - Degraded Kshatriyas from the northwest, Indo-Scythians - Invasion of India 180 BCE onward, Indo-Scythians - Extinction in the 5th century CE, Indo-Scythians - Main Indo-Scythian rulers

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The ethnic affinities of the Maitakas are not clear. Due to the faulty translation of the opening passage of the inscriptions of Vallabhi kings, it was erroneously held for a long time that Gupta Senapati Bhatarka had fought against the Maitrakas. The Maitrakas, therefore, were thought to be a clan of the Hunas. Dr Hultzsch was the first to correct this mistake and point out that, according to proper construction of the passage, it really means that Bhatarka himself belonged to Maitakas and not that he fought against it (Epigraphia In ...

See also:

Maitraka, Maitraka - Ethnicity of Maitrakas, Maitraka - The Maitrakas of Gujarat

Read more here: » Maitraka: Encyclopedia II - Maitraka - Ethnicity of Maitrakas

The Saka invasion of India in second century BCE was a joint military venture in which the allied tribes of the Shakas, Pahlavas, Kambojas, Paradas, Rishikas etc seem to have participated. These tribes had spread into and occupied the parts of western and south-western India. Thus, the Rishikas are attested in later literature as living in south-western/southern parts of India also. Some verses in Karanaparava and Bhishmaparava of Mahabharata composed and added during post-Christian times refer to the Rishikas in Dakshinapatha or southern India and ...

See also:

Rishikas, Rishikas - Rishikas on Sarasvati/Greater Panjab, Rishikas - Rishikas in Saka-dvipa, Rishikas - Rishikas in South-west India, Rishikas - On Kamboja Rishika Connection?, Rishikas - Conclusions

Read more here: » Rishikas: Encyclopedia II - Rishikas - Rishikas in South-west India

The Kashgar in Tarim Basin and Kashkar in Chitral are connected with the Khasas. But is seems more likely that these names come from ancient tribal people knowns as Kaskaras. The Kashgar and Kashkar can easily be derived from Kaskara. The Kaskara is Karaskara tribe which is first referenced by Baudhayana Dharama Sutra as neighbors to the Arattas and is stated a despised and impure people. The Karaskaras are also referenced in Baudhayana Shrauta Sutra, Apastamba Shrauta Sutra and Hiranyakesi Shrauta Sutra ...

See also:

Khasas, Khasas - Antiquity and Origin, Khasas - Iranian Aryan tribe, Khasas - Khasas in Epic literature, Khasas - Khasas in Puranic literature, Khasas - Khasas in Brhatsamhita, Khasas - Degraded Kshatriyas, Khasas - Foreign references on Khasas, Khasas - Geographical Distribution, Khasas - Khasas Kambojas in Bengal, Khasas - Miscellaneous, Khasas - Epilogue

Read more here: » Khasas: Encyclopedia II - Khasas - Antiquity and Origin

The political process among the ancient Indo-Aryans appears to have originally started with semi-nomadic tribal units called Jana (meaning tribe). Early Vedic texts attest several Janas or tribes of the Aryans, living in semi-nomadic tribal state, fighting among themselves and with other Non-Aryan tribes for cows, sheeps and green pastures. These early Vedic Janas later coalesced into Janapadas of the Epic Age. Term "Janapada" literally means the foothold of a tribe. The derivative meaning of Janapada from ...

See also:

Mahajanapadas, Mahajanapadas - Overview, Mahajanapadas - Kasi, Mahajanapadas - Kosala, Mahajanapadas - Anga, Mahajanapadas - Magadha, Mahajanapadas - Vajji or Vriji, Mahajanapadas - Malla, Mahajanapadas - Chedi or Cheti, Mahajanapadas - Vamsa or Vatsa, Mahajanapadas - Kuru, Mahajanapadas - Panchala, Mahajanapadas - Machcha or Matsya, Mahajanapadas - Surasena, Mahajanapadas - Assaka or Ashmaka, Mahajanapadas - Avanti, Mahajanapadas - Gandhara, Mahajanapadas - Kamboja

Read more here: » Mahajanapadas: Encyclopedia II - Mahajanapadas - Overview

The Punjab presented a picture of chaos and confusion when Ranjit Singh took the control of Sukerchakias misal. The edifice of Ahmad Shah's empire in India had crumbled. Afghanistan was dismembered. Peshawar and Kashmir though under the suzerainty of Afghanistan had attained de facto independence. The Barakzais were now masters of these lands. Attock was ruled by Wazrikhels and Jhang lay at the feet of Sials. The Pathans ruled Kasur. Multa ...

See also:

History of the Punjab, History of the Punjab - Introduction, History of the Punjab - Indo-Aryans, History of the Punjab - Vedic Punjab, History of the Punjab - Epic Punjab, History of the Punjab - Paninian Punjab, History of the Punjab - Persian Domination, History of the Punjab - Alexander's Invasion and the Indo-Greek kingdoms, History of the Punjab - Sakas Kushanas and Hephthalites, History of the Punjab - Muslim invasions and the Shahi Kingdom, History of the Punjab - The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal empire, History of the Punjab - The Rise of Sikh Power, History of the Punjab - The British in Punjab, History of the Punjab - The Punjab of India and Pakistan, History of the Punjab - Punjab History Timeline

Read more here: » History of the Punjab: Encyclopedia II - History of the Punjab - The Rise of Sikh Power

The following sections deal mostly with popular traditions of Saka descent found among numerous Asian and European peoples. The Saka/Scythians are considered by mainstream historians and linguists as being Indo-Europeans who spoke a language in the Northern branch of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian also Aryan family of the Indo-European languages. The two surviving modern languages closest to Scythian are Ossetian in the Caucausus moun ...

See also:

Saka, Saka - Connection theories, Saka - Asian peoples, Saka - European peoples, Saka - Sakas in Ancient Indian Literature, Saka - Degraded Kshatriyas from the northwest, Saka - Military actions, Saka - Military alliance with Chandragupta circa 320 BCE

Read more here: » Saka: Encyclopedia II - Saka - Connection theories

The population of the modern people who still call themselves Kamboj (or prikritic Kamboh, or Kamoz) or Kambhoj is estimated to be around 1.5 million and the rest of their population, over the time, submerged with other occupationalized castes/groups of the Indian subcontinent. The Kambojs, by tradition, are divided into 52 and 84 clans. 52 line is stated to be descendants of Cadet branch and 84 from the elder Branch. This is claimed as referring to the young and elder military divisions under which they had fought the Bharata war. Nu ...

See also:

Kambojas, Kambojas - Ethnicity & Language of Kambojas, Kambojas - Original Home of Kambojas, Kambojas - Kambojas: A Warrior Clan, Kambojas - Kambojas: Master Horsemen, Kambojas - Kambojas in Indian Literature, Kambojas - The Kambojas and Alexander the Great, Kambojas - The Kambojas and the Mauryan Empire, Kambojas - Kambojas' migration to India and beyond, Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh, Kambojas - Diaspora, Kambojas - Traditions, Kambojas - During Muslim Rule, Kambojas - Agriculturists, Kambojas - Physical Characteristics, Kambojas - Kamboj in Sports, Kambojas - Notes

Read more here: » Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Kambojas - Modern Kamboj and Kamboh

Gandhara - Pre Historic Period. Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave culture, likely corresponding to immigration of Indo-Aryan speakers and the nucleus of Vedic civilization. The name of the Gandharis is attested from the Rigveda. The Gandharis, along with the Mujavantas, Angas and the Magadhas, are also mentioned in the Atharavaveda, but apparently as a despised people. Gandharas are included in the Uttarapatha division of Puranic and Buddhistic traditions. Aitareya Brahmana refers to king Naganajit of Gandhara w ...

See also:

Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link

Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara

Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave culture, likely corresponding to immigration of Indo-Aryan speakers and the nucleus of Vedic civilization. The name of the Gandharis is attested from the Rigveda. The Gandharis, along with the Mujavantas, Angas and the Magadhas, are also mentioned in the Atharavaveda, but apparently as a despised people. Gandharas are included in the Uttarapatha division of Puranic and Buddhistic traditions. Aitareya Brahmana refers to king Naganajit of Gandhara w ...

See also:

Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Greek rule, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link

Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara

Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence. The most acceptable view is that the ancient Kambojas originally belonged to the 'Galcha' speaking area (the Iranian Pamirs and Badakshan) in Central Asia (Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, p 455, Dr G. A. Grierson). Yaska's Nirukata (II/2.8) attests that verb 'shavati' in the sense 'to go' was used by the Kambojas and only the Kambojas (Early Eastern Iran and Atharvaveda, 1980, 92, Dr Michael Witzel; also Nilukata, Vol I, Sarup). shavatir gatikarmaa Ka ...

See also:

Kamboja Location, Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha, Kamboja Location - Epic evidence, Kamboja Location - Puranic Bhuvankosa evidence, Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence, Kamboja Location - Vamsa Brahmana and Aitareya Brahmana evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Raghuvamsa's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Commentator on Harsha-Carita, Kamboja Location - Hiun Tsang's evidence, Kamboja Location - Kalhana's evidence, Kamboja Location - Ramayana evidence, Kamboja Location - Sumerian evidence, Kamboja Location - Al-Idrisi's evidence, Kamboja Location - Praja Bhatta's evidence, Kamboja Location - Conclusion, Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Dasam-Granth, Kamboja Location - Galcha evidence, Kamboja Location - List of references

Read more here: » Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja

The name Rishika occurs in Mahabharata as a part of Saka-dvipa (2.27.25; India as Known to Panini, p 64). Lohan. Parama.Kambojan.Rishikan.uttaranapi | sahita.nstanmaharaja vyajayatpakashasanih ||2.27.25|| These northern Rishikas have been addressed as Uttara Rishikas (i.e. Rishikan.uttaranapi) and are shown as very close neighbors of the norther ...

See also:

Rishikas, Rishikas - Rishikas on Sarasvati/Greater Panjab, Rishikas - Rishikas in Saka-dvipa, Rishikas - Rishikas in South-west India, Rishikas - On Kamboja Rishika Connection?, Rishikas - Conclusions

Read more here: » Rishikas: Encyclopedia II - Rishikas - Rishikas in Saka-dvipa

Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive Gandhāra style of Buddhist art, a consequence of merger of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art traditions. It was Parthian Period(50BC – 75AD) when we see development of Gandhara School of Art. Gandhāran style flourished beginning in the 1st century CE under the Kushan dynasty until the invasion of the White Huns in the 5th century. See also: Greco-Buddhist art Female spouted figure, terracotta, Charsadda, Gandhara, 3rd-1st century BCE. Mother Goddess (fertility divinity), derived from the Indus Valley tradition, terraco ...

See also:

Gandhara, Gandhara - Geography, Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara, Gandhara - Pre Historic Period, Gandhara - Pushkalavati & Prayag, Gandhara - City of Taxila, Gandhara - Persian rule, Gandhara - Gandhara under the Mauryas, Gandhara - Gandhara under Graeco Bactrians Sakas and Indo-Parthinas, Gandhara - The Golden Age of Kushans Rule, Gandhara - Gandhara after Huns Invasion, Gandhara - Gandhara under Turkshahi & Hindushahi, Gandhara - End of Gandhara, Gandhara - Language, Gandhara - Gandharan proselytism, Gandhara - Gandharan art, Gandhara - Timeline, Gandhara - External link

Read more here: » Gandhara: Encyclopedia II - Gandhara - Gandharan art