Urine is liquid waste excreted by the kidneys and is produced by the process of filtration. This waste is eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination. Most commonly the excretion of urine serves for flushing waste molecules collected from the blood by the kidneys, and for the homeostasis of the body liquids; however, many species also use it for olfactory communication. Urine and urination have many slang names, including "wee". Urine - Composition. Urine is a transparent soluti ...

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Urine - Composition Urine - Function Urine - Other uses Urine - History

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Urine, Urine - Composition, Urine - Function, Urine - Other uses, Urine - History

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Aztec physicians used urine to clean external wounds to prevent infection, and administered it as a drink to relieve stomach and intestine problems. The ancient Romans used urine as a bleaching agent for cleaning clothes and even isolated reports as a teeth whitener (supposedly originating in what is now Spain). In Siberia, to communicate with the spirits, the Koryak people drank the urine of another who has consumed fly agaric (an entheogenic mushroom that is occasionally fatally poisonous), or of one who has in turn drunk uri ...

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Urine, Urine - Composition, Urine - Function, Urine - Other uses, Urine - Source of Medication, Urine - History

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A urinalysis (or "UA") is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. A part of a urinalysis can be performed by using urine dipsticks, in which the test results can be read as color changes. Other related archivesdiagnosis, medical, urine

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Blood tests are laboratory tests done on blood to gain an appreciation of disease states and the function of organs. Since blood flows throughout the body, acting as a medium for providing oxygen and other nutrients, and drawing waste products back to the excretory systems for disposal, the state of the bloodstream affects, or is affected by, many medical conditions. For these reasons, blood tests are the most commonly performed medical tests. Blood is obtained from a patient by venipunct ...

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Blood test - Blood chemistry tests Blood test - Large organic molecules
Blood test - proteins Blood test - Other
Blood test - Cells

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Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. It is a common complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy (also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), although anticholinergics may also play a role, and requires a catheter. Various medications (e.g. some antidepressants) and recreational use of amphetamines are notorious for this. Other related archivesamphetamines, anticholinergics, antidepressants, benign prostatic hypertrophy, catheter, urinate

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Chemical pathology (also known as clinical biochemistry or clinical chemistry) is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. The discipline originated in the late 19th century with the use of simple chemical tests for various components of blood and urine. Subsequently other techniques were applied including the use and measurement of enzyme activities, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis and immunoassay. Most current laboratories are now highly automated and use ...

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Boiled leather, sometimes called cuir bouilli, was historically a popular construction material for armour. It consists of thick leather, boiled in water (some sources hold that oil and wax were used as well, others posit the use of ammonia from fermented animal urine). The boiling causes the leather to become hard and brittle, gaining some resemblance to the properties of wood. Since the leather remains flexible and stretchable a short time after the boiling, forming it to the needs of the armourer is quite easy, making it a cheap, light and convenient alternat

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Uremia is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure, when kidney function is compromised and urea, a waste product normally excreted in the urine, is retained in the blood. Uremia can lead to disturbances in the platelets, among other effects. Azotemia is another word that refers to high levels of urea, but is used primarily when the abnormality can be measured chemically but is not yet so severe as to produce symptoms. Uremia takes a long time to develop. Other related archivesAz

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Cat litter is one of any of a number of materials used in litter boxes to absorb moisture from cat feces and urine, which reduces foul odors such as ammonia and renders them more tolerable within human dwellings. Several kinds of cat litter are commercially available, enabling consumers to decide which factors are most important. Some cat owners are concerned about litter being tracked throughout the house, while others may look for litters that are biodegradable. Absorbency and odor control are other considerations. ...

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Cat litter - Conventional litter Cat litter - Clumping litter Cat litter - Silica gel litter Cat litter - Biodegradable litter Cat litter - Litter for dogs

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Urinary incontinence is the involuntary excretion of urine from one's body. It is often temporary, and it almost always results from an underlying medical condition. In this article, the term "incontinence" will be used to mean urinary incontinence. See also fecal incontinence. Urinary incontinence - Urinary incontinence in women. Women experience incontinence twice as often as men. Pregnancy and childbirth, menopause, and the structure of the female urinary tract account for this difference. But bot ...

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Urinary incontinence - Urinary incontinence in women Urinary incontinence - Resources Urinary incontinence - Types of incontinence
Urinary incontinence - Stress incontinence Urinary incontinence - Urge incontinence Urinary incontinence - Functional incontinence Urinary incontinence - Overflow incontinence Urinary incontinence - Other types of incontinence
Urinary incontinence - Diagnosis of incontinence Urinary incontinence - Treatment of incontinence
Urinary incontinence - Exercises Urinary incontinence - Electrical stimulation Urinary incontinence - Biofeedback Urinary incontinence - Timed voiding or bladder training Urinary incontinence - Medications Urinary incontinence - Pessaries Urinary incontinence - Implants Urinary incontinence - Surgery Urinary incontinence - Catheterization Urinary incontinence - Other procedures
Urinary incontinence - Urinary incontinence in children
Urinary incontinence - Causes of nighttime incontinence Urinary incontinence - Slower physical development Urinary incontinence - Excessive output of urine during sleep Urinary incontinence - Anxiety Urinary incontinence - Genetics Urinary incontinence - Obstructive sleep apnea Urinary incontinence - Structural problems Urinary incontinence - Causes of daytime incontinence Urinary incontinence - An overactive bladder Urinary incontinence - Infrequent voiding Urinary incontinence - Other causes Urinary incontinence - Treatments for childhood urinary incontinence

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Image:Clomipramine.png Clomipramine Clomipramine (Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant. Clomipramine - Indications. Depression with lack of energy or mild agitation Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD) Panic attacks with or without Agoraphobia Narcolepsy chronic pain with or without organic disease, particular headache of the tension type Enuresis (involuntary nightly urinating in sleep) in children / adolescents Off ...

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Clomipramine - Indications Clomipramine - Contraindications Clomipramine - Pharmacology Clomipramine - Veterinary uses Clomipramine - History Clomipramine - Side Effects Clomipramine - Drug Abuse and Dependence Clomipramine - Suicidal Patients Clomipramine - Other Reasons for Caution Clomipramine - Drug Interactions Clomipramine - Dosage and Proper Usage Clomipramine - Overdose Clomipramine - Brands

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A toilet is a plumbing fixture and a disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the bodily wastes urine and feces. In addition to this primary purpose, it is frequently used to dispose of other waste matter. The word toilet can be used to refer to the fixture itself or the room containing it; the latter predominates mainly in British and Commonwealth usage. Toilet - Etymology. The word toilet came to be used in English along with other French fashions (first noted 1681), and ...

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Toilet - Etymology
Toilet - Khazi Toilet - Loo
Toilet - Types of toilets
Toilet - Toilets in private residences Toilet - Public toilets Toilet - High-tech toilets
Toilet - History Toilet - Culture
Toilet - Disposal Toilet - Graffiti Toilet - Furtive sexual relations Toilet - Social bonding Toilet - Sex- or caste-based cleaning roles Toilet - Unusual uses Toilet - The Great Equalizer
Toilet - Bibliography

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Nearly all urinals are intended for use by males, but a few have been designed for use by women. From 1950 to 1973, the American Standard company offered the mass-produced "Sanistand." It did not provide significant advantages over conventional toilets, because it used just as much floor space and flushing water. Its main selling point was that women could use the fixture without touching it. Several other designs have been tried since then, but they either required the user to hover awkwardly or to bring her genitals into close contac ...

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Urinal, Urinal - Flushing, Urinal - Manual Handles, Urinal - Timed Flush, Urinal - Automatic Flush, Urinal - Waterless Urinals, Urinal - Arrangement of urinals, Urinal - Makeshift urinals, Urinal - Urinals for women, Urinal - Urinals in the news, Urinal - Curiosities

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Urinals are usually associated with a commercial, industrial, or high capacity men's washroom, where they are used, together with toilets, for high throughput capacity, as part of an efficiently designed washroom architecture. For this reason, one seldom finds an individual urinal. Instead, large numbers of them are installed along a common supply pipe and drain. Individual single-user facilities usually do not have a urinal, and instead have just one toilet. Often, one or two of the urinals, typically at one end of a long row of urinals, will be mounted lower than the others, for use by shorter persons, includin ...

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Urinal, Urinal - Flushing, Urinal - Manual Handles, Urinal - Timed Flush, Urinal - Automatic Flush, Urinal - Waterless Urinals, Urinal - Arrangement of urinals, Urinal - Makeshift urinals, Urinal - Urinals for women, Urinal - Urinals in the news, Urinal - Curiosities

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The CHEM-7 test is a battery of blood chemistry tests. The seven parts of a CHEM-7 include tests for: Four electrolytes: sodium [1] potassium [2] chloride [3] bicarbonate or CO2 [4] blood urea nitrogen (BUN) [5] creatinine [6] glucose [7]. (This test can also be performed directly by diabetic patients by using a glucose meter.) One common ...

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Blood test, Blood test - Blood chemistry tests, Blood test - Large organic molecules, Blood test - proteins, Blood test - Other, Blood test - Cells

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Blood test - proteins. Protein electrophoresis (general technique -- not a specific test) Western blot (general technique -- not a specific test) Liver function tests Serology (general technique -- not a specific test) Wassermann test (for syphilis) ELISA test Cold agglutinins test [8] Blood test - Other. Polymerase chain reaction (DNA). DNA testing is today possible with eve ...

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Blood test, Blood test - Blood chemistry tests, Blood test - Large organic molecules, Blood test - proteins, Blood test - Other, Blood test - Cells

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Prahlad Jani, a fakir, spent ten days under strict observation by physicians in Ahmedabad, India in 2003. During the observation, he was given only 100 millilitres of water a day to use as mouthwash, which was collected and measured after he used it, to make sure he hadn't consumed any. Throughout the observation, he passed no urine or stool, but doctors say urine appeared to form in the bladder, only to be reabsorbed. However, despite Jani's claim to have gone without food for decades, Jani was not engaged in strenuous exercise during the t ...

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Inedia, Inedia - Jasmuheen, Inedia - Prahlad Jani, Inedia - Yan Xin, Inedia - Roman Catholicism, Inedia - Other explanations

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Once the sample arrives at the lab for analysis, the different types of drug tests are tested in very similar ways. Before testing the sample, the tamper-evident seal is checked for integrity. If it appears to have been tampered with or was damaged in transit, the lab rejects the sample and does not test it. One of the first steps for all drug tests is to make the sample testable. Urine and oral fluid can be used "as is" for some tests, but other tests require the drugs to be extracted from urine beforehand. Strands of hair, patches, ...

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Drug test, Drug test - General information, Drug test - The NIDA 5, Drug test - Detection periods, Drug test - Five common types of drug tests, Drug test - Urine drug screen, Drug test - Hair drug screen, Drug test - Blood drug screen, Drug test - Saliva drug screen, Drug test - Sweat drug screen, Drug test - Drug testing methodologies, Drug test - Controversy, Drug test - Pre-employment drug testing, Drug test - Random drug testing, Drug test - Post-incident drug testing, Drug test - Conclusion

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Once the sample arrives at the lab for analysis, the different types of drug tests are tested in very similar ways. Before testing the sample, the tamper-evident seal is checked for integrity. If it appears to have been tampered with or was damaged in transit, the lab rejects the sample and does not test it. One of the first steps for all drug tests is to make the sample testable. Urine and oral fluid can be used "as is" for some tests, but other tests require the drugs to be extracted from urine beforehand. Strands of hair, patches, ...

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Drug test, Drug test - General information, Drug test - The NIDA 5, Drug test - Detection periods, Drug test - Five common types of drug tests, Drug test - Urine drug screen, Drug test - Hair drug screen, Drug test - Blood drug screen, Drug test - Saliva drug screen / Oral fluid-based drug screen, Drug test - Sweat drug screen, Drug test - Drug testing methodologies, Drug test - Controversy, Drug test - Pre-employment drug testing, Drug test - Random drug testing, Drug test - Post-incident drug testing, Drug test - Conclusion

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