Urine is liquid waste excreted by the kidneys and is produced by the process of filtration. This waste is eventually expelled from the body in a process known as urination. Most commonly the excretion of urine serves for flushing waste molecules collected from the blood by the kidneys, and for the homeostasis of the body liquids; however, many species also use it for olfactory communication. Urine and urination have many slang names, including "wee". Urine - Composition. Urine is a transparent soluti ...

Including:

• Urine - Composition
• Urine - Function
• Urine - Other uses
• Urine - History

Read more here: » Urine: Encyclopedia - Urine

See also:

Urine, Urine - Composition, Urine - Function, Urine - Other uses, Urine - History

Read more here: » Urine: Encyclopedia II - Urine - Function

Urine is a transparent solution that is clear to amber in color, and usually is light yellow. It is the byproduct or waste fluid secreted by the kidneys, transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is voided through the urethra. Urine is made up of a watery solution of metabolic wastes (such as urea), dissolved salts and organic materials. Fluid and materials being filtered by the kidneys, destined to become urine, comes from the blood or interstitial fluid. The composition of urine is adjusted in the proces ...

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Urine, Urine - Composition, Urine - Function, Urine - Other uses, Urine - History

Read more here: » Urine: Encyclopedia II - Urine - Composition

Toilet paper (also lavatory paper or toilet tissue) is a tissue paper product designed for the cleaning of the excretory organs to remove fecal material after defecation or to remove remaining droplets of urine from the genitals after urination. Toilet paper, which differs in composition from facial tissue, is designed to deteriorate when wet in order to keep drain pipes clear. Some types of toilet paper are designed to decompose in septic tanks, while other bathroom and facial tissues do not. Most septic tank man ...

Including:

• Toilet paper - History
• Toilet paper - Timeline
• Toilet paper - Modern toilet paper
• Toilet paper - Installation
• Toilet paper - Modern alternatives

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A toilet is a plumbing fixture and a disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the bodily wastes urine and feces. In addition to this primary purpose, it is frequently used to dispose of other waste matter. The word toilet can be used to refer to the fixture itself or the room containing it; the latter predominates mainly in British and Commonwealth usage. Toilet - Etymology. The word toilet came to be used in English along with other French fashions (first noted 1681), and ...

Including:

• Toilet - Etymology
• Toilet - Khazi
• Toilet - Loo
• Toilet - Types of toilets
• Toilet - Toilets in private residences
• Toilet - Public toilets
• Toilet - High-tech toilets
• Toilet - History
• Toilet - Culture
• Toilet - Disposal
• Toilet - Graffiti
• Toilet - Furtive sexual relations
• Toilet - Social bonding
• Toilet - Sex- or caste-based cleaning roles
• Toilet - Unusual uses
• Toilet - The Great Equalizer
• Toilet - Bibliography

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Quackery is the practice of promoting medicine which lacks evidence of effectiveness. The word derives from quacksalver, an archaic word originally of Dutch origin (spelled kwakzalver in contemporary Dutch), meaning "boaster who applies a salve." It is often difficult to distinguish between those who knowingly promote unproven medical therapies and those who are mistaken as to their effectiveness. In libel cases in US courts against people who accused others of being guilty of quackery, the co ...

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• Quackery - History
• Quackery - Quackery today
• Quackery - Reasons quackery persists

Read more here: » Quackery: Encyclopedia - Quackery

Image:Clomipramine.png Clomipramine Clomipramine (Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant. Clomipramine - Indications. Depression with lack of energy or mild agitation Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD) Panic attacks with or without Agoraphobia Narcolepsy chronic pain with or without organic disease, particular headache of the tension type Enuresis (involuntary nightly urinating in sleep) in children / adolescents Off ...

Including:

• Clomipramine - Indications
• Clomipramine - Contraindications
• Clomipramine - Pharmacology
• Clomipramine - Veterinary uses
• Clomipramine - History
• Clomipramine - Side Effects
• Clomipramine - Drug Abuse and Dependence
• Clomipramine - Suicidal Patients
• Clomipramine - Other Reasons for Caution
• Clomipramine - Drug Interactions
• Clomipramine - Dosage and Proper Usage
• Clomipramine - Overdose
• Clomipramine - Brands

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Urinary incontinence is the involuntary excretion of urine from one's body. It is often temporary, and it almost always results from an underlying medical condition. In this article, the term "incontinence" will be used to mean urinary incontinence. See also fecal incontinence. Urinary incontinence - Urinary incontinence in women. Women experience incontinence twice as often as men. Pregnancy and childbirth, menopause, and the structure of the female urinary tract account for this difference. But bot ...

Including:

• Urinary incontinence - Urinary incontinence in women
• Urinary incontinence - Resources
• Urinary incontinence - Types of incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Stress incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Urge incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Functional incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Overflow incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Other types of incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Diagnosis of incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Treatment of incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Exercises
• Urinary incontinence - Electrical stimulation
• Urinary incontinence - Biofeedback
• Urinary incontinence - Timed voiding or bladder training
• Urinary incontinence - Medications
• Urinary incontinence - Pessaries
• Urinary incontinence - Implants
• Urinary incontinence - Surgery
• Urinary incontinence - Catheterization
• Urinary incontinence - Other procedures
• Urinary incontinence - Urinary incontinence in children
• Urinary incontinence - Causes of nighttime incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - Slower physical development
• Urinary incontinence - Excessive output of urine during sleep
• Urinary incontinence - Anxiety
• Urinary incontinence - Genetics
• Urinary incontinence - Obstructive sleep apnea
• Urinary incontinence - Structural problems
• Urinary incontinence - Causes of daytime incontinence
• Urinary incontinence - An overactive bladder
• Urinary incontinence - Infrequent voiding
• Urinary incontinence - Other causes
• Urinary incontinence - Treatments for childhood urinary incontinence

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Bodily fluids listed below are found in the bodies of men and/or women. Some may be found in animals as well. They include fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as fluids that normally are not. These respective fluids would include: Amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus (which is released to the outside world in childbirth) Aqueous humour Bile Blood and blood plasma Cerumen also ear wax Cowper's fluid or pre-ejaculatory fluid Chyle Chyme ...

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• Body fluid - Bodily fluids in religion and history
• Body fluid - Body fluids and health
• Body fluid - Reference

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Bladder cancer refers to any of several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder. It is a disease in which abnormal cells multiply without control in the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine; it is located in the lower abdomen. The most common type of bladder cancer begins in cells lining the inside of the bladder (epithelial cells) and is called transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is a genetic predisposition; it is also associated with smoking an ...

Including:

• Bladder cancer - Signs and symptoms
• Bladder cancer - Treatment
• Bladder cancer - Epidemiology
• Bladder cancer - Genetics

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The ampallang is a form of male genital body piercing that penetrates horizontaly through the glans penis from one side to the other. The piercing may pass through the urethra and in this case it is known as a transurethral piercing. A variant on this piercing is the shaft ampallang, which penetrates the shaft of the penis horizontally at any point along its length. A piercing which penetrates the glans penis vertically is known as an apadravya and is a completely different piercing. This is an advanced piercing, and the procedure can be extremely pain ...

Including:

• Ampallang - Health Issues
• Ampallang - Jewelry
• Ampallang - History and culture

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Closed Ecological Systems (CES) are ecosystems that do not exchange matter with any part outside the system. Although the Earth itself clearly fits this definition, the term is most often used to describe much smaller manmade ecosystems. Such systems are scientifically interesting and can potentially serve as a life support system during space flights, at space stations or in submarines. Perhaps confusingly, a closed ecological system is not a closed system in the usual sense, because energy (especially light and heat) i ...

Including:

• Closed ecological system - History
• Closed ecological system - List of major closed ecological systems
• Closed ecological system - Sources

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TOTO is the largest producer of toilets, including washlets worldwide. Washlets and other toilet related products are also produced by Inax, NAIS, and Panasonic. The total market worldwide for high-tech toilets was about US$800 million in 1997. The largest producer is TOTO, with 50% of the market share, while the second largest is Inax at 25%. The main market for washlets is still in Japan, and Toto reports that overseas sales account for just 5% of their revenue. The primary foreign market is China, where Toto sells over one million washlet ...

See also:

Japanese toilet, Japanese toilet - History, Japanese toilet - Terminology, Japanese toilet - Types of toilets, Japanese toilet - Squat toilet, Japanese toilet - Western-style flush toilets, Japanese toilet - Japanese bidets, Japanese toilet - Male and female urinals, Japanese toilet - Japan-specific accessories, Japanese toilet - The Sound Princess, Japanese toilet - Toilet slippers, Japanese toilet - Public toilets, Japanese toilet - Cultural aspects, Japanese toilet - Economics

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The failure of the metanephros to develop in cases of BRA and some cases involving unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is due primarily to the failure of the nephric duct to produce a ureteric bud capable of inducing the metanephric mesenchyme. The failed induction will thereby cause the subsequent degeneration of the metanephros by apoptosis and other mechanisms. The nephric duct(s) of the agenic kidney(s) will also degenerate and fail to connect with the bladder. Therefore, the means by which the fetus produces urine and transports it to the b ...

See also:

Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research

Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics

Toilets have been used in Japan since the start of civilization, although their exact construction and use are unknown. The earliest sewer systems are from the Yayoi period (300 BC to A.D. 250). These systems were used in larger settlements, probably in combination with toilets. During the Nara period (710 to 784), a drainage system was created in the capital in Nara, consisting of 10-15 cm wide streams where the user can squat over with one foot on each side of the stream. Wooden sticks were used as a sort of toilet paper. The earliest know ...

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Japanese toilet, Japanese toilet - History, Japanese toilet - Terminology, Japanese toilet - Types of toilets, Japanese toilet - Squat toilet, Japanese toilet - Western-style flush toilets, Japanese toilet - Japanese bidets, Japanese toilet - Male and female urinals, Japanese toilet - Japan-specific accessories, Japanese toilet - The Sound Princess, Japanese toilet - Toilet slippers, Japanese toilet - Public toilets, Japanese toilet - Cultural aspects, Japanese toilet - Economics

Read more here: » Japanese toilet: Encyclopedia II - Japanese toilet - History

Japanese toilet - Squat toilet. The traditional Japanese-style (和式, washiki) toilet is a squat toilet, also known as the Asian toilet, as squat toilets of somewhat similar design are common all over Asia. A squat toilet differs from a western toilet in both construction and method of employment. A squat toilet essentially looks like a miniature urinal rotated 90 degrees and set into the floor. Most squat toilets in Japan are made of porcelain, though in some cases (like on trains), stainless ste ...

See also:

Japanese toilet, Japanese toilet - History, Japanese toilet - Terminology, Japanese toilet - Types of toilets, Japanese toilet - Squat toilet, Japanese toilet - Western-style flush toilets, Japanese toilet - Japanese bidets, Japanese toilet - Male and female urinals, Japanese toilet - Japan-specific accessories, Japanese toilet - The Sound Princess, Japanese toilet - Toilet slippers, Japanese toilet - Public toilets, Japanese toilet - Cultural aspects, Japanese toilet - Economics

Read more here: » Japanese toilet: Encyclopedia II - Japanese toilet - Types of toilets

Since its initial characterization, Potter Syndrome has been defined into five distinct subclassifications. There are those in the medical and research fields that use the term Potter Syndrome to specifically refer to only cases of BRA, while other groups use the term to loosely refer to all instances of oligohydramnios and anhydramnios regardless of the specific cause. The assignment of nomenclature to the various causes (types) were employed in order to help clarify these descrepancies, but, these subclassifications and nomenclature system have not caught on in the medical and research communities. < ...

See also:

Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research

Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Types

Classic Potter Syndrome occurs when the developing fetus has bilateral renal agenesis, which also presents with agenesis of the ureters. BRA has been estimated to occur at a frequency of approximately 1:4000 to 1:8000 fetuses and neonates. However, recent analysis has estimated that the condition may occur at a much greater frequency. The condition has been reported to occur twice as common in males as in females, suggesting that certain genes of the Y chromosome may act as modifiers. However, no candidate gen ...

See also:

Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research

Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Classic form

In humans, the metanephros (adult kidney) begins as an aggregate of mesenchymal cells that are detectable by the fifth gestational week as two small areas in the intermediate mesoderm close to the pelvic aorta. It is approximately at this time that the nephric duct produces a finger-like projection called the ureteric bud that has, or will soon invade, the aggregate of cells known as the metanephric mesenchyme. The ureteric bud of the nephric duct is stimulated by genetic signals emanating from the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud ...

See also:

Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research

Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development

While genetic research has linked certain genetic mutations to be the cause of ARPKD, ADPKD and possibly MRD, to date no genetic mutation or chromosomal anomaly has been linked to be the cause of BRA. Chromosomal anomalies have been have been associated with BRA in certain cases (Chromosomes 1, 2, 5 and 21), but these anomalies were not inherited and have not been observed in subsequent cases. Additionally, neither extreme substance abuse or environmental factors (high power line, mercury, etc.) have been reported to be linked to an increase ...

See also:

Potter syndrome, Potter syndrome - History, Potter syndrome - Types, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Type I, Potter syndrome - Type II, Potter syndrome - Type III, Potter syndrome - Type IV, Potter syndrome - Others, Potter syndrome - Terminology: Syndrome vs. Sequence, Potter syndrome - Classic form, Potter syndrome - Normal kidney development, Potter syndrome - Importance of fetal urine, Potter syndrome - Physical characteristics, Potter syndrome - Genetics, Potter syndrome - Current research

Read more here: » Potter syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Potter syndrome - Genetics