Urban economics

Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in British English) is a movement in urban planning that reached its peak in the United States from the late 1940s through the early 1970s. It has had a massive impact on the urban landscape and continues to the present day. It has also played an important role in cities worldwide, such as Saint John, New Brunswick, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, and Bilbao, Spain, as well as ...

Including:

• Urban renewal - Background
• Urban renewal - Redlining and segregation
• Urban renewal - Postwar problems and suburban growth
• Urban renewal - Housing Act of 1949
• Urban renewal - Urban destruction
• Urban renewal - Reactions against urban renewal
• Urban renewal - From urban renewal to community development
• Urban renewal - Long-term implications

Read more here: » Urban renewal: Encyclopedia - Urban renewal

Urban design is related to urban planning, but focuses on the physical design of places through place making. The complexity of urban design requires the balance and representation of multiple fields such as architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, ecology, local history, and transport planning. Urban design tends to suggest a serious collective concern for three-dimensional space and as much consideration for the public areas between or beneath buildings as for the buildings themselves. This would imply an understand ...

Read more here: » Urban design: Encyclopedia - Urban design

Although urban renewal goes back at least to the rebuilding of Rome by Augustus, modern attempts can be said to have started with late-19th century Paris and Baron Haussmann. By the end of the Second Empire, Paris was the cultural center of Europe and one of the world's most developed cities. Nevertheless, the physical infrastructure of the city was failing in the face of increasingly rapid growth—as the effects of the Industrial Revolution took hold and combined with the ...

See also:

Urban renewal, Urban renewal - Background, Urban renewal - Redlining and segregation, Urban renewal - Postwar problems and suburban growth, Urban renewal - Housing Act of 1949, Urban renewal - Urban destruction, Urban renewal - Reactions against urban renewal, Urban renewal - From urban renewal to community development, Urban renewal - Long-term implications

Read more here: » Urban renewal: Encyclopedia II - Urban renewal - Background

Ethically, the number of Earths "consumed" alludes to the categorical imperative, which requires everyone to behave in such a way that they can consistently advise all others to behave. How to move footprint thinking from abstract thinking or teaching to action is one of the method's challenges. One of the less-publicized but most powerful insights of ecological footprint methods is that, contrary to many people's assumptions, it is human use of renewable resources, not of non-renewable ones, that poses the real sustainability crisis. ...

See also:

Ecological footprint, Ecological footprint - Ecological footprint analysis, Ecological footprint - Changing consumption patterns, Ecological footprint - Criticisms

Read more here: » Ecological footprint: Encyclopedia II - Ecological footprint - Changing consumption patterns

Different arrangements for fare collection are in use. Depending on the type, fares: must be bought in advance, one cannot physically enter the railway platform, vehicle, etc. without, due to a turnstile, fare gate or human guard (usually found in metro) must be bought in advance as a voucher for a user-determined amount of money, which is encoded on a ticket or smartcard by electronic, magnetic, or optical means. A fare is deducted automatically each time the ticket is used — either just upon system entry, or at both ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Ticket systems

See also fare, Category:Fare collection systems Different arrangements for fare collection are in use. Depending on the type, fares: must be bought in advance, one cannot physically enter the railway platform, vehicle, etc. without, due to a turnstile, fare gate or human guard (usually found in metro) must be bought in advance as a voucher for a user-determined amount of money, which is encoded on a ticket or smartcard by electronic, magnetic, or optical means. A fare is deducted automatically each time th ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Ticket systems

Facing rising levels of congestion, European governments are giving serious consideration to nationwide road pricing schemes which would exploit the new Galileo satellite positioning system. Every vehicle would have to contain a satellite tracking device which would determine which roads were being driven along, for how far and at what time of day. This information would then be sent to a central computer system. Schemes for charging trucks (lorries) in Germany by the company Toll Collect, and Austria are already underway. Under the G ...

See also:

Road pricing, Road pricing - European application

Read more here: » Road pricing: Encyclopedia II - Road pricing - European application

Public transportation comes in many forms: Public transport - Road. Share taxi Auto rickshaw Bus normally serving a regular fixed route but could include a variable route, divert-on-demand service, see Bus rapid transit and Dual-mode bus Bush taxi of West and Central Africa Coach Trolleybus Jitney Limousine Matatu, of East Africa Paratransit Rickshaw Taxicab Transit bu ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Modern forms of public transport

Stations are an important aspect of any public transportation system. Specific types include: Airport, Heliport Bus stop (including bus station, bus depot) Metro station Park and ride Ship terminal, ferry slip, pier or wharf Taxi stand Railway station Tram stop In addition one can alight from and usually board a taxi at any road where stopping is allowed. Some fixed route buses allow getting on and off at suitable unmarked locations along t ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Nodes and stops

Funding for public transport systems is generally some combination of government subsidy and fare collections, though a few systems are run as unsubsidized commercial enterprises or are entirely paid for by governments. The percentage of revenue from passenger charges is known as the fare-box recovery ratio. Transit systems earn incidental revenue from advertising, parking fees, leasing space to shops and vendors, and lately, leasing their tunnels and rights-of-w ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Funding

Conveyances for public hire are as old as the first manned ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, for on land people walked or rode an animal. This form of transport is part of Greek mythology — corpses in ancient Greece were always buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades. Some historic forms of public transport are the stagecoach, travelling an appointed route from inn to inn, and the horse-drawn boat carrying paying passengers, which was a feature of ca ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - History

Funding for public transport systems is generally some combination of government subsidy and fare collections, though a few systems are run as unsubsidized commercial enterprises or are entirely paid for by governments. The percentage of revenue from passenger charges is known as the fare-box recovery ratio. Transit systems earn incidental revenue from advertising, parking fees, leasing space to shops and vendors, and lately, leasing their tunnels and rights-of-w ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Funding

Many cities find that new public transportation systems have substantial economic benefits, attracting development and increasing real estate values. Well planned, fixed guideway systems, such as rail, seem to have more impact, apparently because they imply a long term commitment to providing transportation to specific locations. Transit oriented development attempts to maximize the economic and environmental benefits of public transit investments by encouraging greater deve ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Economic impact

Urban may refer to: Urban area, a geographical area (including cities and towns) distinct from rural areas Urbanization, the development and expansion of urban areas Urban culture, associated with cities, especially hip hop culture which originated in New York City Urban contemporary and Mainstream Urban, music synonymous with the contemporary musical genres of black origin. Urban - List of urban topics. Urban Adult Contemporary Urban are ...

Including:

• Urban - List of urban topics

Read more here: » Urban: Encyclopedia - Urban

Central Place Theory is a geographical theory that seeks to explain the size and spacing of human settlements. It rests on the notion that centralisation is a natural principle of order and that human settlements follow it. Created by Walter Christaller, the theory suggests that there are laws determining the number, size and distribution of towns. He was interested only in their functions as markets, thus excluding specialist towns such as mining settlements. He argued that the significance of a town cannot be measured by popu ...

Including:

• Central Place Theory - Building the theory
• Central Place Theory - Predictions of the theory
• Central Place Theory - Evaluation

Read more here: » Central Place Theory: Encyclopedia - Central Place Theory

Critics of public transportation systems often claim they attract "undesirable elements" and tell of violent criminals preying on passengers and homeless people sleeping on trains and relieving themselves in public areas[5]. On a few occasions, passengers have reacted by taking the law into their own hands (as in the notorious 198 ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Social issues

Public transport is the primary form of motor transport on Earth. Whilst in the Western World private cars dominate, in poor countries (which represent the majority of human population) most people can not afford a private car (or in dense urban areas the cost for parking), so walking, (motor)cycling or public transport are often the only options, with only the latter being viable for larger distances (which by their nature represent the majority of transportation). This usually takes the form of mini-buses (jitneys) that may follow fixed routes but are usually flexible, including t ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Motor transport

Public transportation comes in many forms: Public transport - Road. Share taxi Auto rickshaw Bus normally serving a regular fixed route but could include a variable route, divert-on-demand service. Further information: Bus rapid transit, and Dual-mode bus, and ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - Motor transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - Modern forms of public transport

Redlining began with the Housing Act of 1934 which established the Federal Housing Authority (FHA) to improve housing conditions and standards, and later led to the formation of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). While it was designed to develop housing for poor residents of urban areas, that act also required cities to target specific areas and neighborhoods for different racial groups, and certain areas of cities were not eligible to receive loans at all. This meant that ethnic minorities could only secure mortgages in certain areas, and resulted in a large increase ...

See also:

Urban renewal, Urban renewal - Background, Urban renewal - Redlining and segregation, Urban renewal - Postwar problems and suburban growth, Urban renewal - Housing Act of 1949, Urban renewal - Urban destruction, Urban renewal - Reactions against urban renewal, Urban renewal - From urban renewal to community development, Urban renewal - Long-term implications

Read more here: » Urban renewal: Encyclopedia II - Urban renewal - Redlining and segregation

Conveyances for public hire are as old as the first manned ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, for on land people walked or rode an animal. This form of transport is part of Greek mythology — corpses in ancient Greece were always buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades. Some historic forms of public transport are the stagecoach, travelling an appointed route from inn to inn, and the horse-drawn boat carrying paying passengers, which was a feature of ca ...

See also:

Public transport, Public transport - History, Public transport - Modern forms of public transport, Public transport - Road, Public transport - Rail, Public transport - Water, Public transport - Air, Public transport - Sloped or vertical, Public transport - Emerging transportation technologies, Public transport - Intermodal transport, Public transport - Nodes and stops, Public transport - Ticket systems, Public transport - Multi-use tickets, Public transport - Electronic fare card, Public transport - Free systems, Public transport - Funding, Public transport - Hong Kong, Public transport - United Kingdom, Public transport - United States, Public transport - Economic impact, Public transport - Social issues, Public transport - Food or drink on public transport, Public transport - Sleeping in public transport, Public transport - Advocacy organizations

Read more here: » Public transport: Encyclopedia II - Public transport - History