Uralic languages - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Uralic Languages: Encyclopedia - Uralic Languages
The Uralic languages form a language family of about 30 languages spoken by approximately 20 million people. The name of the language fam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uralic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Uralic Languages - Classification Of Languages
The traditional classification of the Uralic languages is as follows. Obsolete names are displayed in italics. Samoyedic Northern Samoye...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony: Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony (also metaphony) is a type of long-distance assimilatory phonological process involving vowels. Vowel harmony - Explanation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ugric Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Ugric Languages - Structural Features
Examples from Mansi ēl(a) - 'forwards, onwards, away' χot - 'direction away from something and other nuances of action intensity' Examp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finno-ugric Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Finno-ugric Languages - Origins
The "Urheimat" of Proto-Finno-Ugric, the hypothetical proto-language of the modern Finno-Ugric languages, cannot be located with any cert...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Harmony - Examples In Selected Languages
Vowel harmony appears in almost all Uralic and Altaic languages. Some have speculated that the vowel harmony of the northwestern Finno-Ug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ural-altaic Languages: Encyclopedia - Ural-altaic Languages
The Ural-Altaic language family was a grouping of languages which was once widely accepted by linguists, but has since been generally rej...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agglutinative Language: Encyclopedia - Agglutinative Language
An agglutinative language is a language in which the words are formed by joining morphemes together. This term was introduced by Wilhelm ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia - Vowel
In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by an open configuration of the vocal tract so that there is no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yukaghir: Encyclopedia - Yukaghir
The Yukaghir, or Yukagirs (Юкагиры in Russian; self-designation: одул (odul), деткиль (detkil')) are a people in East S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan
After several waves of migrations from the Asian continent and nearby Pacific islands, followed by heavy importation of culture from Chin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Linguistics: Encyclopedia - Historical Linguistics
Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages cha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finno-ugric Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Finno-ugric Languages - Common Vocabulary
This is a small sample of cognates in basic vocabulary across Uralic, illustrating the sound laws (based on the Encyclopædia Britannica ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finno-ugric Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Finno-ugric Languages - Classification
It is generally agreed that the Finno-Ugric subfamily of the Uralic languages has the following members: Ugric (Ugrian) Hungarian Hunga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Harmony - Other Types Of Harmony
Although vowel harmony is the most well-known harmony, not all types of harmony that occur in the world's languages involve only vowels. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finno-ugric Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Finno-ugric Languages - History
The first mention of a Uralic people is in Tacitus' Germania, mentioning the Finns as adjacent to Germanic territory. In the late 15th ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Harmony - Explanation
Harmony processes are "long-distance" in the sense that the assimilation involves sounds that are separated by intervening segments (usua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finno-ugric Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Finno-ugric Languages - Structural Features
All of the Finno-Ugric languages share structural features and basic vocabulary. Around 200 basic words have been proposed and include wo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Harmony - Features Of Vowel Harmony
Vowel harmony often involves dimensions such as Vowel height   (i.e. high, mid, or low vowels) Vowel backness   (i.e. front, c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel Harmony: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel Harmony - Vowel Harmony & Umlaut Terminology
The term vowel harmony is used in two different senses, explained below. In the first sense, vowel harmony refers to any type of vowel ha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Linguistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Linguistics - Non-comparative Method Theories
Much more controversial are hypotheses about relatedness which are not supported by application of the comparative method. Scholars who a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schwa: Encyclopedia Ii - Schwa - The Schwa Sound
Schwa is the most common vowel sound in English, the unstressed vowel in many unstressed syllables, like the 'a' in about or the 'o' in s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - Classification
The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synthetic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Synthetic Language - Forms Of Synthesis
There are several ways in which a language can exhibit synthetic characteristics: Synthetic language - Derivational synthesis. In deriv...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sami Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Sami Languages - Geographic Distribution
The Sami languages are spoken by the Sami people living in Lapland in Northern Europe. The Lapland region stretches over the four countri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khanty People: Encyclopedia Ii - Khanty People - History
Khants appear most likely in Russian records under the name Yugra (ca. 11th century), when they had contact with Russian hunters and merc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sumerian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Sumerian Language - Decipherment
Henry Rawlinson (1810-1895) deciphered the cuneiform writing of Mesopotamia, and helped prepare The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - Classification
The various subgroups of the Indo-European family include (in historical order of their first attestation): Anatolian languages — earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Articulation
The articulatory features that distinguish different vowels in a language are said to determine the vowel's quality. Daniel Jones develop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Numbers In Various Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Numbers In Various Languages - Language Families In Africa Asia Europe Etc.
List of numbers in various languages - Afro-Asiatic languages. List of numbers in various languages - Altaic languages. List of numb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatars: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatars - European Tatars
The discrimination of the separate stems included under the name is still far from complete. The following subdivisions, however, may be ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Classification
Hungarian is a member of the Ugric languages, a sub-group of the Finno-Ugric language family, which in turn is a branch of the Uralic lan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Language Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Language Family - Language Families Spoken
In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known language family. The geographic headings over them are meant solely as a tool for group...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agglutinative Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Agglutinative Language - Examples Of Agglutinative Languages
Examples of agglutinative languages are the Altaic languages (see Turkish), Basque, the Dravidian languages, the Uralic languages, Inukti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Creative Arts
Culture of Japan - Literature. Books, manga, magazines and newspapers are also a part of the Japanese culture. Even though TV and other...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Popular Culture
Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present but also provides a link to the past. Popular films,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Monophthongs, Diphthongs, Triphthongs
A vowel sound whose quality doesn't change over the duration of the vowel is called a monophthong. Monophthongs are sometimes called "pur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sumerian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Sumerian Language - Chronology
The chronology of the Sumerian language may be divided into several periods according to linguistic and historical considerations: Archa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatars: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatars - Siberian Tatars
The main article is Siberian Tatars The Siberian Tatars were estimated (1895) at 80,000 of Turkic stock, and about 40,000 had Uralic or U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatars: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatars - Authorities
The literature of the subject is very extensive, and bibliographical indexes may be found in the Geographical Dictionary of P. Semenov, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatars: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatars - Chinese Tatars
The Tatars (塔塔尔族) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Chinese Tatar's ances...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatars: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatars - Chinese Tatars
The Tatars (塔塔尔族) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Chinese Tatar's ances...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sami Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Sami Languages - Classification
The Sami languages are divided into two groups: the western and the eastern ones. The groups may be further divided into various subgroup...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schwa: Encyclopedia Ii - Schwa - The Schwa Symbol
The schwa symbol ə is used as a grapheme in various languages: In Azeri it represents a front a vowel, /æ/. But, when using ə, the Az...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tatars: Encyclopedia Ii - Tatars - Caucasian Tatars
These are Tatars who inhabit the upper Kuban, the steppes of the lower Kuma and the Kura, and the Araks. In the 19th century they numbere...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sami Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Sami Languages - Orthography
The Northern Sami language has had more than one orthography, but in 1948 a common orthography was created. It was last modified in 1985....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Language
Understanding Japanese is essential to understanding Japanese culture. Both traditional Japanese culture as well as the modern popular cu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Sports
Main article: Japanese sports. Popular professional sports in Japan consist of both traditional sports like Sumo wrestling and imported s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schwa: Encyclopedia Ii - Schwa - The Term
The word "schwa" (pronounced /ʃwɑː/) is from the Hebrew word שְׁוָא (šěwā’, /ʃəˈwaʔ/), meaning "nought"—it originally...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Creative Arts
Culture of Japan - Literature. Main article: Japanese literature Books, manga, magazines and newspapers are also a part of the Japane...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sumerian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Sumerian Language - Grammar
Finding a place for the Sumerian language in modern analytic linguistics has proven to be a formidable challenge since the first steps of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schwa: Encyclopedia Ii - Schwa - The Schwa Symbol
The schwa symbol ə ("turned e") is used as a grapheme in various languages: In Azeri it represents a front a vowel, /æ/. But, when usi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schwa: Encyclopedia Ii - Schwa - The Term
The word "schwa" is from the Hebrew word שְׁוָא (šěwā’, /ʃəˈwaʔ/), meaning "nought"—it originally referred to one of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sumerian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Sumerian Language - Classification
Sumerian is the first known written language. Its script, called cuneiform, meaning "wedge-shaped", was later also used for Akkadian, Uga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synthetic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Synthetic Language - Degrees Of Synthesis
In order to demonstrate the "continuum" nature of the isolating-synthetic-polysynthetic classification, some examples are shown below: S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Geographic Distribution
Hungarian is spoken in the following countries: Source: National census, Ethnologue Hungarian speakers are also found in Argentina, Aus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Language Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Language Family - Unclassified Languages
Many languags are too poorly attested to classify. Many of them are extinct and never will be known well enough to classify. Some may hav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Phonology
Hungarian has 14 vowel phonemes and 25 consonant phonemes. The vowel phonemes are pairs of long and short vowels. Most of these pairs hav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Grammar
Hungarian is an agglutinative language. Most grammatical information is given through suffixes. For example: at the table = az asztalnál...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Lexicon
Giving an exact estimate for the total word count is difficult, since it is hard to define what to call "a word" in agglutinating languag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Language Family: Encyclopedia Ii - Language Family - Language Isolates Oral Languages
Language family - Central & South America. Aikaná (Brazil: Rondônia) Andoque (Colombia, Peru) Betoi (Columbia) Camsá (Columbia)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Sports
Main article: Japanese sports. Popular professional sports in Japan consist of both traditional sports like Sumo wrestling and imported s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Linguistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Linguistics - Language Evolution And The Comparative Method
Languages change over time. What were once dialects of the same language may eventually diverge enough that they are no longer mutually i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Historical Linguistics: Encyclopedia Ii - Historical Linguistics - Non-comparative Method Theories
Vastly more controversial are hypotheses about relatedness which are not supported by application of the comparative method. Scholars who...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Language
Understanding Japanese is essential to understanding Japanese culture. Both traditional Japanese culture as well as the modern popular cu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Culture Of Japan: Encyclopedia Ii - Culture Of Japan - Popular Culture
Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present but also provides a link to the past. Popular films,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Written Vowels
The name "vowel" is often used for the symbols used for representing vowel sounds in a language's writing system, particularly if the lan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Writing System
For more information see also Hungarian alphabet. Hungarian is written using a variant of the Latin alphabet, and has a phonemic orthogra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Acoustics
The acoustics of vowels are fairly well-understood. The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the rela...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Prosody And Intonation
The features of vowel prosody are often described independently from vowel quality. In non-linear phonetics, they are located on parallel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Monophthongs Diphthongs Triphthongs
A vowel sound whose quality doesn't change over the duration of the vowel is called a monophthong. Monophthongs are sometimes called "pur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vowel: Encyclopedia Ii - Vowel - Vowels In Languages
The semantic significance of vowels varies widely depending on the language. In some languages, particularly Semitic languages, vowels mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Name Order
The Hungarian language uses the so-called eastern name order, in which the family name comes first and the given name comes last. However...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Numbers In Various Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Numbers In Various Languages - Notes
1 English names its numerals Hindu-Arabic numerals . They came to Europe from India, through the Islamic civilization. Countries under Ar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Reactions
Hungarian language - Sir John Bowring. Sir John Bowring was a Hungarian-speaking English diplomat. This is what he said about the Hunga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khanty People: Encyclopedia Ii - Khanty People - Religion
Khanty are today Orthodox Christians, mixed with traditional beliefs (shamans, reincarnation). Their historical shaman wore no special cl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hungarian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hungarian Language - Controversy Over Origins
There are various alternative speculations about the origins of the Hungarian language, even fanciful ideas about Hungarian being derived...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - Sound Changes
As the Indo-European languages broke up, the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) sound system diverged as well. The difference between the palatali...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Languages - History
See also: Proto-Indo-European, Historical linguistics, Glottochronology. The possibility of common origin for some of these languages was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uralic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Uralic Languages - Selected Cognates
The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uralic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Uralic Languages - Family Tree
While the internal structure of the Uralic family has been under debate since the family was originally proposed, two subfamilies, Finno-...   » Read the article