Encyclopedia - Upa River: Encyclopedia - Upa River
Upa (Упа́) is a river in Russia, right tributary of Oka River. Length 345 km. Other related archivesOka River, Russia, tributary    » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Župa: Encyclopedia Ii - Župa - Western Slavs
The župas were used in Great Moravia in the 9th and 10th century. When the Magyars arrived in the Pannonian plain in the 9th century, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Župa: Encyclopedia Ii - Župa - Southern Slavs
The župas were prominent in the Balkans among the South Slavs throughout the Middle Ages. De Administrando Imperio (10th c. Byzantine te...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Upas Tree: Encyclopedia - Upas Tree
The Upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria), an evergreen plant in the mulberry family, grows prediminantly in Southeast Asia, mainly India and Sr...   » Read the article

Article - Upa-puranas: The Upa-puranas In The Hindu Scriptures
The Upa-Puranas : The eighteen Upa-Puranas are: Sanatkumara, Narasimha, Brihannaradiya, Sivarahasya, Durvasa, Kapila, Vamana, Bhargava, V...   » Read the article

Article - Upa-vedas: The Upa-vedas In The Hindu Scriptures
The Upa-Vedas: There are four Upa-Vedas or subsidiary Vedas, viz., the Ayurveda, the Dhanurveda, the Gandharva Veda and the Arthasastra, ...   » Read the article

Article - Eighteen Puranas: The Eighteen Puranas: In The Hindu Scriptures
The Eighteen Puranas: There are eighteen main Puranas and an equal number of subsidiary Puranas or Upa-Puranas. The main Puranas are: Vis...   » Read the article

Article - Puranas: Vedantic Flavour In Puranic Literature  
The puranas are among the most widely read religious scriptures in India. The word purana literally means "narrative of ancient t...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upa: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary On Upa
upa: (Sanskrit) A common prefix conveying the meanings: "towards, near to (as opposed to apa, away), by the side of, with, below....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport
Ultimate (commonly called Ultimate Frisbee) is a competitive non-contact team sport played with a disc that has a mass of 175 g. The obje...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bratislava County: Encyclopedia - Bratislava County
Bratislava county is a historic administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is presently in western Slovak...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Upanayanam: Encyclopedia - Upanayanam
Upanayanam (from upa: auxiliary and nayanam: eye) literally means bringing (the ultimate truth) nearer in sight. This ceremony is called ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ǯ: Encyclopedia - Ǯ
Ǯ (minuscule: ǯ) is a modified letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from ezh (ʒ) with the addition of a caron. In the Uralic Phonetic ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Absolute Threshold Of Hearing: Encyclopedia - Absolute Threshold Of Hearing
The Threshold of hearing is the Sound pressure level SPL of 20 µPa (micropascals) = 2 × 10-5 pascal (Pa). This low threshold of amplitu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Upaya: Encyclopedia - Upaya
Upaya is a term in Mahayana Buddhism which is often translated as "means", though literally "expedient" would be more accurate, as "upaya...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United Progressive Alliance: Encyclopedia - United Progressive Alliance
United Progressive Alliance (UPA) is the present ruling coalition of political parties in India. Its constituents include: Indian Nation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - A Charlie Brown Christmas: Encyclopedia - A Charlie Brown Christmas
A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965) is the first of many prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip Peanuts, by Char...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gerald Mcboing-boing: Encyclopedia Ii - Gerald Mcboing-boing - Upa Film And Sequels
Seuss's story had originally appeared on a children's record in the late 1940s, read by radio personality The Great Gildersleeve. This fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Uralic Phonetic Alphabet - Consonants
The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximates, and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: Encyclopedia Ii - Uralic Phonetic Alphabet - Vowels
A vowel to the left of a dot is illabial (unrounded); to the right is labial (rounded). Other vowels are denoted using diacritics; see ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Hubley: Encyclopedia Ii - John Hubley - Biography
Hubley was born in Marinette, Wisconsin. In 1935, he got a job as a background and layout artist at Disney, where he worked on such class...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Golden Age Of American Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - The Golden Age Of American Animation - The 1950s 1960s And The End Of The Golden Age
However, all of this activity among the major studios caused them to turn a blind eye to still another development taking place. A former...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of India: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of India - Pre-colonial Characteristics
Much of India's population resided in villages, whose economy was largely isolated and self-sustaining. Agriculture was the predominant o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of India: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of India - Colonial Rule
The colonial rule brought along an institutional environment that guaranteed property rights, ensured free trade, had fixed exchange rate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of India: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of India - Post-independence To 1979
At independence the economy was predominantly agrarian. Most of the population was employed in agriculture, and most of those people were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of India: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of India - Post-liberalization
Economic history of India - Initial Period. As late as 1991, India still had a fixed exchange rate system, where the rupee was pegged t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Sport - Rules Of Play
It should be noted that the Ultimate Players Association (UPA) rules provide the framework in North America whilst other parts of the wor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Sport - Current Leagues
Regulation play, sanctioned in the United States by the UPA, occurs at the college (open & women's divisions), club (open, women's, m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Line Communication: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Line Communication - Potential For Interference
Some groups oppose the proliferation of this technology, mostly due to its potential to interfere with radio transmissions. As power line...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Line Communication: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Line Communication - Types Of Plc Technology
Power line communication - Indoors/Short Range. Indoors, the PLC equipment can use the household electrical power wiring as a transmiss...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - U
List of Dragon Ball characters - Upa . The little Indian who accompanies Goku for a short time in order to recover all of the Dragon Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - U
List of Dragon Ball characters - Upa . The little Indian who accompanies Goku for a short time in order to recover all of the Dragon Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - U
List of Dragon Ball characters - Upa . The little Indian who accompanies Goku for a short time in order to recover all of the Dragon Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - U
List of Dragon Ball characters - Upa . The little Indian who accompanies Goku for a short time in order to recover all of the Dragon Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Line Communication: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Line Communication - Standards
Several competing standards are evolving including the HomePlug powerline alliance, Universal Powerline Association, ETSI, and the IEEE. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Power Line Communication: Encyclopedia Ii - Power Line Communication - Broadband Over Power Lines
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) aka Powerband is the use of PLC technology to provide broadband Internet access through ordinary power l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Sport - Spirit Of The Game
Ultimate is known for its "Spirit of the Game", often abbreviated SOTG. The following description is from the official Ultimate rules est...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Sport - Hat Tournaments
Hat tournaments are common in the Ultimate circuit. They are tournaments where players join individually rather than as a team. The tourn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Sport - Terms
This is a partial list of terms relevant to Ultimate. For descriptions of various types of throws, see frisbee throws Bid: An aggressive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultimate Sport: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultimate Sport - History
Ultimate sport - The Early Days late 1960's. Teenagers from Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey were the first to play the ga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Golden Age Of American Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - The Golden Age Of American Animation - The Early Years
The motion picture industry had been shaken to its roots with the introduction of sound film in 1927, and two years later a similar revol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gokujou Parodius!: Encyclopedia Ii - Gokujou Parodius! - Ports
Gokujō Parodius! was ported to the Super Famicom in 1994. The only significant difference between the console and arcade version where a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Golden Age Of American Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - The Golden Age Of American Animation - Sound In Animation
While much of the magic of the Golden Era was due to the visual artistry of the cartoons, an equal part was played by the vocal talents a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Golden Age Of American Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - The Golden Age Of American Animation - The Wartime Era
After the success of Snow White, Disney invested heavily into three additional animated feature films, all of which have been widely accl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Golden Age Of American Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - The Golden Age Of American Animation - Stop Motion And Special Effects
For a great part of the history of Hollywood animation, the production of animated films was an exclusive industry that did not branch of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Golden Age Of American Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - The Golden Age Of American Animation - Partial List Of Noteworthy Shorts From The Golden Age Of Animation
The Golden Age of American animation - Walt Disney Productions. Steamboat Willie (1928), Walt Disney Plane Crazy (1928), Walt Disney T...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upa: Sanskrit Hinduism Dictionary Iii On Upa
upa: upa. Near.   (See also: upa , Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)      » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Commander Red Saga: Encyclopedia Ii - Commander Red Saga - Outline
The saga begins with the end of the General Blue Saga. We start off with a scene of some Red Ribbon soldiers searching for a dragonball t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sound Pressure Level: Encyclopedia Ii - Sound Pressure Level - Measuring Sound Pressure Levels
When making measurements in air, SPL is almost always expressed in decibels compared to a reference sound pressure of 20 µPa (micropasca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fortuneteller Baba Saga: Encyclopedia Ii - Fortuneteller Baba Saga - Plot
Son Goku needs to find the last Dragonball in order to summon Shen Long and make his wish. The Dragon Radar won't show its location any m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - U
List of Dragon Ball characters - Upa . The little Indian who accompanies Gokou for a short time in order to recover all of the Dragon B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heliodorus Pillar: Encyclopedia Ii - Heliodorus Pillar - Inscriptions
There are two inscriptions on the pillar. The first inscription describes in Brahmi the situation of Heliodorus and his relationship to t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: Encyclopedia Ii - Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 - Function
PAI-1 is mainly produced by the endothelium (cells lining blood vessels), but is also secreted by other tissue types, such as adipose tis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Madeline: Encyclopedia Ii - Madeline - Film And Television Adaptations
The Madeline characters have appeared in film and animation many times. Among the earliest of their appearances was in the 1952 animated ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Russian Animation: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Russian Animation - From Khrushchev Thaw To Perestroika
When Khrushchev in 1956 proclaimed the end of the personality cult about Stalin, he started a process of political and cultural renewal ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Tell-tale Heart: Encyclopedia Ii - The Tell-tale Heart - Works Inspired
An animated film version by UPA, The Tell-Tale Heart (1953), is included among the films preserved in the United States National Film Reg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United Productions Of America: Encyclopedia Ii - United Productions Of America - History
United Productions of America - Origins. UPA was founded in the wake of the Disney animators' strike of 1941, which resulted in a numbe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - United Productions Of America: Encyclopedia Ii - United Productions Of America - Theatrical Filmography
The following is a complete listing of every UPA short released through Columbia Pictures from 1948 to 1959. 1948: Robin Hoodlum – Aca...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Croatian State: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Croatian State - Kingdom
Tomislav was crowned in the Duvno field in 925 (note that sources vary from 923 to 928), as the first King of Croatia. The central town o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - Z
List of Dragon Ball characters - Zacro and Raiti . They are both shapeshifters. They are trapped on a deserted planet, and after seeing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - N
List of Dragon Ball characters - Nail . Nail is a Namekian who looks exactly like Piccolo, apart from the clothes. He is described as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - P
List of Dragon Ball characters - Pack . The bully of Goku Jr.'s school, that joins Goku Jr. on his journey, for the Four Star Dragon Ba...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - R
List of Dragon Ball characters - Raditz . Main articles: Raditz, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]] ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - S
List of Dragon Ball characters - Saichourou . Also known as Guru and Great Elder. He is a Namekian from Planet Namek. Guru is the oldes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - T
List of Dragon Ball characters - Tambourine . Tambourine is Demon King Piccolo's first minion. King Piccolo's other spawns include: Tam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - V
List of Dragon Ball characters - Valese . Valese (also known as Paris or Paresu) is a teenaged redhead girl that Son Goten asks out on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - W
List of Dragon Ball characters - Wild Tigger . A bulky fighter of the 28th World Tournament thinks he will easily beat 4 year old Pan, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - D
List of Dragon Ball characters - Dabura . The Prince of Demons, Dabura is possessed by Babidi and serves as his right-hand man and most...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - F
List of Dragon Ball characters - Fan-Fan . The character we see when Gokou goes in the Pendulem Room when he's training under Kami in D...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - G
List of Dragon Ball characters - Gajira Norimaki Gatchan . These twin angels spoke a language only understood by Arale. Gatchan became ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - J
List of Dragon Ball characters - Jeice . A red humanoid being with white hair, Jeice is a member of the Ginyu Force who has a balance b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - K
List of Dragon Ball characters - Kaio Dai . He is the ruler above the other Kaios, inlcuding Gokou's trainer North Kaio. He's portrayed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - A
List of Dragon Ball characters - Aerobics Woman . She appears on TV all throughout the Dragonball series mostly at Kame House. This is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - C
List of Dragon Ball characters - Cacao . The android member of Tulleces' team, Cacao battles off against Yamcha and defeats him rather ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - A
List of Dragon Ball characters - Aerobics Woman . She appears on TV all throughout the Dragonball series mostly at Kame House. This is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - B
List of Dragon Ball characters - Babidi . Main article: Babidi Babidi is the son of Bibidi. Taking over the minds of very powerful be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - C
List of Dragon Ball characters - Cacao . The android member of Tulleces' team, Cacao battles off against Yamcha and defeats him rather ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - D
List of Dragon Ball characters - Dabura . The Prince of Demons, Dabura is possessed by Babidi and serves as his right-hand man and most...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - E
List of Dragon Ball characters - Ebifuriya . The villain from DBZ Movie 2, "The World's Strongest", who can freeze victims with a blast...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - F
List of Dragon Ball characters - Fan-Fan . The character we see when Goku goes in the Pendulem Room when he's training under Kami in Dr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - G
List of Dragon Ball characters - Gajira Norimaki Gatchan . These twin angels spoke a language only understood by Arale. Gatchan became ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - T
List of Dragon Ball characters - Tambourine . Tambourine is Demon King Piccolo's first minion. King Piccolo's other spawns include: Tam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - W
List of Dragon Ball characters - Wild Tigger . A bulky fighter of the 28th World Tournament thinks he will easily beat 4 year old Pan, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - Z
List of Dragon Ball characters - Zacro and Raiti . They are both shapeshifters. They are trapped on a deserted planet, and after seeing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - I
List of Dragon Ball characters - Ice Shenron . He is the Dragon of Ice and is also Nova Shenron's brother. Ice Shenron joins the fight ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Dragon Ball Characters: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Dragon Ball Characters - J
List of Dragon Ball characters - Jeice . A red humanoid being with white hair, Jeice is a member of the Ginyu Force who has a balance b...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upas Tree: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upas Tree
Upas Tree {SD 2:797; BCW 11:198}   (See also: Upas Tree , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Body mind and Soul)      » Read the article

Dictionary - Upa-prana: Sanskrit Hinduism Dictionary Iii On Upa-prana (-praana)
upa-prana: upa-prana (-praana). Subsidiary vital air, belonging to the body.   (See also: upa-prana , Hinduism, Hinduism Di...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upa-puranas: Sanskrit Hinduism Dictionary Iii On Upa-puranas (-puraanas)
Upa-puranas: Upa-puranas (-puraanas). Supplements to the Puranas.   (See also: Upa-puranas , Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary,...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upadrashtri, Upadrastri: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upadrashtri, Upadrastri
Upadrashtri Upadrastri (Sanskrit) [from upa-dris to look on]   Nominative Upadriashta. A witness, spectator.   (See also: ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upanishads: Hinduism Sanskrit Dictionary V On Upanishads
Upanishads: Upanishads - the philosophical parts of the Vedas. 'upa' (near) 'ni' (down) sad (to sit) - the act of sitting down by o...   » Read the article

Dictionary -  upanishads: Sanskrit Dictionary On  upanishads
 Upanishads: the philosophical parts of the Vedas. 'upa' (near) 'ni' (down)  sad (to sit) - the act of sitting down by one'...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upasaka: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upasaka
Upasaka (Sanskrit) [from upa-as to serve, worship, engage in reverential and devoted study as a disciple from upa by the side of, with...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upamana: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upamana
Upamana (Sanskrit) [from upa according to, towards + the verbal root ma to measure]   Comparison, resemblance, simile, analogy; i...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upanita: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upanita
Upanita (Sanskrit) [from upa near + ni to bring, lead]   One who is invested with the Brahmanical thread which, twisted or woven ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Uparati: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Uparati
Uparati (Sanskrit) [from upa-ram to cease]   A cessation; In Vedantic philosophy a state where the yogi desists from sensual enjo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upadhyaya: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upadhyaya
Upadhyaya (Sanskrit) [from upa near, according to + adhi above + the verbal root i to go]   He who makes go (i.e., learn) accordi...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upadvipa: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upadvipa
Upadvipa (Sanskrit) [from upa adjacent, near + dvipa island]   Generally, a small adjacent island or minor island. In explaining ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upasruti: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upasruti
Upasruti (Sanskrit) [from upa near + the verbal root sru to hear]   One who is heard nearby; the voice of a person at a distance ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Upadana: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Upadana
Upadana (Sanskrit) [from upa-ada to receive]   The act to taking or appropriating for oneself: in philosophy, the act of withdraw...   » Read the article