Unaani (in Arabic, Hindustani, Persian, Pashtu, Urdu etc) means Greek. It is also used to refer to Graeco-Arabic Medicine [1] or Unani medicine (see below) based on the teachings of Hippocrates [2]. Unani - Unani medicine. Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Claudius Galenos, 2th century AC, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was collected by Hakim Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna). The time of origin is dated at circa 980 AD in Persia. ...

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• Unani - Unani medicine

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Unani (Unani medicine, Unani system of medicine, Unani Tibb): System based on the ancient Greek theory of four basic elements - air, earth, fire, and water - and four bodily fluids (humors) - blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile (choler). The goal of Unani is the balancing of humors. Temperament stems from the dominant humor and is a determinant of diagnosis and treatment. For example, anger and irritability manifest an excess of yellow bile. Unani is the Arabic word for Greek. Hikmat and Tibe-Unani are synonymous with Unani medicine.

(See also: Unani, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM):

1. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani.
2. Ayurveda, naturopathy, Siddha, Tibetan medicine, Unani, and yoga.

(See also: Indian Systems of Medicine, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

Tibetan medicine (Amchi, Emchi): A largely allopathic system that stems from Ayurveda, Bon (see Bon shamanic practices), Chinese medicine, and Unani.

Tibetan medicine encompasses acupuncture and moxibustion and heals both the physical and the psychic being. Its theory posits reincarnation, evil spirits, tutelary gods, and three physiological principles (bodily energies): wind, bile (gall), and phlegm.

According to Tibetan medical theory, karma strongly influences 101 disorders caused by afflictive emotions (e.g., desire or hatred); another 101 disorders caused by such emotions involve spirits (harmful unseen forces); and it is appropriate to expose certain medical substances to the light of the full moon. The terms Tibetan medicine and Tibetan Buddhist Medicine appear synonymous.

(See also: Tibetan medicine, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

In traditional medicine practiced before the advent of modern technology, the four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. An imbalance in the distribution of these fluids was thought to affect each individual's personality. The concept was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC and was directly linked with another popular theory of the four elements (Empedocles). Paired qualities were associated with each humour and its season. The four humours, their corresponding elements, seasons and sites of formation, and resulting temperaments al ...

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Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The same fruit is also used to produce white pepper and green pepper.[1] Black pepper is native to South India and is extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions. The fruit, known as a peppercorn when dried, is a small drupe five millimetres in diameter, da ...

Including:

• Black pepper - Varieties of pepper
• Black pepper - The pepper plant
• Black pepper - History
• Black pepper - Ancient times
• Black pepper - Postclassical Europe
• Black pepper - China
• Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine
• Black pepper - Flavour
• Black pepper - World trade
• Black pepper - Notes

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Uighur medicine: Medical tradition of the Uighurs, the Turkic inhabitants of Xinjiang (Xinjiang Uygur), an autonomous region of westernmost China. It is a combination of Ayurveda, TCM, and Unani.

(See also: Uighur medicine, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

Hakim Ajmal Khan was born in 1863 in Delhi. His family, a distinguished line of physicians descended from the army of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. Khan studied the Quran and traditional Islamic knowledge, before studying medicine at home, under the tutelage of his relatives. After launching himself in practise, Khan was appointed chief physician to the Nawab of Rampur from 1892 to 1902. In Rampur he met Syed Ahmed Khan and was appointed a trustee of the Alig ...

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Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Early Life, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Nationalism, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Jamia Millia Islamia, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Legacy

Read more here: » Hakim Ajmal Khan: Encyclopedia II - Hakim Ajmal Khan - Early Life

Neem oil is not used for cooking purposes but, in India and Bangladesh, it is used for preparing cosmetics (soap, hair products, body hygiene creams, hand creams) and in Ayurvedic, Unani and folklore traditional medicine, in the treatment of a wide range of afflictions. The most frequently reported indications in ancient Ayurvedic writings are skin diseases, inflammations and fevers, and more recently rheumatic disorders, insect r ...

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Neem oil, Neem oil - Uses, Neem oil - Characteristics, Neem oil - Scientific references

Read more here: » Neem oil: Encyclopedia II - Neem oil - Uses

Dr. Khan had left the AMU owing to its historic resistance to the Indian National Congress. Along with many prominent Muslim nationalists like Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, he laid the foundations of the Jamia Millia Islamia (Islamic National University) in Aligarh in 1920, in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for Indians to boycott government institutions. The JMI grew into a prominent and prestigious university, and was moved to Delhi, where it stands today. Dr. Khan served as its first Chancello ...

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Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Early Life, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Nationalism, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Jamia Millia Islamia, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Legacy

Read more here: » Hakim Ajmal Khan: Encyclopedia II - Hakim Ajmal Khan - Jamia Millia Islamia

Dr. Khan's involvement in politics began with writing for the Urdu weekly Akmal-ul-Akhbar, which was founded in 1865-70 and was run by his family. Dr. Khan was in the deputation of Muslims that met the Viceroy of India in Shimla in 1906, presenting him a memorandum on behalf of the community, and in 1907 was present in Dhaka where the All India Muslim League was created. Dr. Khan also backed the British during World War I, encouraging Indians to support the government, but the situation changed with the entry of Turkey. Upon th ...

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Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Early Life, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Nationalism, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Jamia Millia Islamia, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Legacy

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Dr. Khan died of heart problems on December 29, 1927. Dr. Khan had renounced his government title, and many of his Indian fans awarded him the title of Masih-ul-Mulk (Healer of the Nation). He was succeeded in the position of JMI Chancellor by Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari. ...

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Hakim Ajmal Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Early Life, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Nationalism, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Jamia Millia Islamia, Hakim Ajmal Khan - Legacy

Read more here: » Hakim Ajmal Khan: Encyclopedia II - Hakim Ajmal Khan - Legacy

Tibetan medicine: (Amchi, Emchi): A system that mostly stems from Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Unani. Tibetan medicine encompasses acupuncture and moxibustion and heals both the physical and the psychic being. It includes reincarnation, evil spirits, tutelary gods, and three physiological principles (bodily energies): wind, bile and phlegm. According to Tibetan medical theory, karma strongly influences 101 disorders caused by afflictive emotions (e.g., desire or hatred); another 101 disorders caused by such emotions involve spirits (harmful unseen forces); and it is appropriate to expose certain medical substances to the light of the full moon.

(See also: Tibetan medicine, Alternative Health, Body Mind and Soul)

Neem seed oil is a thick dark brown semisolid with bitter taste and a rather strong odour that is said to combine the odours of peanut and garlic. It comprises mainly triglycerides and large amounts of triterpenoid compounds, which are responsible for the bitter taste. The method of processing is likely to affect the composition of the oil, since the methods used, such as pressing, solvent extraction or steam extraction are unlikely to remove exactly the same mix of components in the same proportions. The oil can be obtained through pressing ...

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Neem oil, Neem oil - Uses, Neem oil - Characteristics, Neem oil - Scientific references

Read more here: » Neem oil: Encyclopedia II - Neem oil - Characteristics

Pepper has been used as a spice in India since prehistoric times. It was probably first cultivated on the Malabar coast of India, in what is now the state of Kerala. The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of long pepper, the dried fruit of closely related Piper longum. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just "piper". In fact, it was not until the discovery of the New World and of chile peppers that the popularity of long pepper entirely declined. Chile peppers ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

Read more here: » Black pepper: Encyclopedia II - Black pepper - History

Peppercorns are, by monetary value, the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20 per cent of all spice imports in 2002. The price of pepper can be volatile, and this figure fluctuates a great deal year to year; for example, pepper made up 39 per cent of all spice imports in 1998.[22] By weight, slightly more chile pe ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

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The pepper plant is a perennial woody vine growing to four metres in height on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire, five to ten centimetres long and three to six centimetres broad. The flowers are small, produced on pendulous spikes four to eight centimetres long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

Read more here: » Black pepper: Encyclopedia II - Black pepper - The pepper plant

Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from the piperine compound, which is found both in the outer fruit and in the seed. Refined piperine, milligram-for-milligram, is about one per cent as hot as the capsaicin in chile peppers. The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains important odour-contributing terpenes including pinene, sabinene, limonene, caryophyllene, and linalool, which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, which is stripped of the fruit layer. White pepper can gain some ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

Read more here: » Black pepper: Encyclopedia II - Black pepper - Flavour

Black pepper is produced from the still-green unripe berries of the pepper plant. The berries are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying. The heat ruptures cell walls in the fruit, speeding the work of browning enzymes during drying. The berries are dried in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the fruit around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer around the seed. ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

Read more here: » Black pepper: Encyclopedia II - Black pepper - Varieties of pepper

Black cumin was discovered in Tutenkhamen’s tomb, implying it played an important role in Egyptian practices. Although its exact role in Egyptian culture is unknown, we do know that items entombed with a king were carefully selected to assist him in the after life. The earliest written reference to black cumin is found in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament. Isaiah contrasts the reaping of black cumin with wheat (Isaiah 28: 25, 27 nkjv). Easton’s bible dictionary clarifies that the Hebrew word for black cumin, ketsah, refers to witho ...

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Nigella sativa, Nigella sativa - Historical account, Nigella sativa - Use in folk medicine

Read more here: » Nigella sativa: Encyclopedia II - Nigella sativa - Historical account