A Wisdom Archive on Ultra

Eavesdropping can also be done over telephone lines, email, instant messaging, and any other method of communication considered private. (If a message is publicly broadcast, witnessing it does not count as eavesdropping). Messages can be protected against eavesdropping by employing a security service of confidentiality (or privacy). This security service is usually implemented by encryption. In ancient China, it is said that to act against eavesdropping, when discussing important matters, soldiers would ins ...

Read more here: » Eavesdropping: Encyclopedia II - Eavesdropping - Techniques

After World War I many innovations in metals and chemicals had created withering firepower that made defenses effective. In France the lesson was translated into the Maginot Line which was supposed to hold a line at the border with Germany. France had also more, and many better, tanks than Germany as of the outbreak of their hostilities in 1940. As in World War I, the French generals expected that armour would mostly serve to help infantry break the static trench lines and storm machine gun nests. They thus spread the armour among their infa ...

Read more here: » Technological escalation during World War II: Encyclopedia II - Technological escalation during World War II - Between the wars

The Air Force played a significant role in World War II especially during the island hopping campaign of the United States. Fighters and bombers were launched from aircraft carriers from the sea and from island airstrips on certain islands like Guadalcanal and Midway. The tech of US fighters and bombers also increased significantly. Companies like Republic, North American, Grumman, Boeing, Lockheed, ...

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Depending on one's frame of reference, one can reasonably assert that World War II began with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or as late as the last declarations of war between the United States and Germany in December 1941. Quite a bit occurred during this time to escalate technological conflict, most notably the upgrading and deployment of aircraft carriers by the U.S. and Japan in the Pacific, and invention of carrier-type aircraft such as the Mitsubishi Zero, largely considered the best plane of its time. ...

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Following the British evacuation from Dunkirk and the French surrender in June 1940, the Germans were uncertain what to do next. Hitler believed the war was over and that the British, defeated on the continent, would come to terms soon. However, he was to be frustrated by British intransigence. Though there was a strand of public and political sentiment that favoured a negotiated peace with Germany, Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, refused to consider an armistice with the Nazis. His skillful use of rhetoric hardened public opinion against a peaceful resolution and prepared the British for a long war. In a speech to ...

Read more here: » Battle of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Britain - Background

There are probably more military submarines in operation than any other type of submarine, though it is difficult to obtain exact figures because navies are secretive about their submarine fleets. Submarines are useful to a military because they are difficult to locate and, especially when deep below the surface, also difficult to destroy. A great deal of attention in the design of a submarine is devoted to making its travel through the water as silent as possible in order to prevent its detection (sound travels underwater much more e ...

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Non-military submarines are usually much smaller than military submarines. Tourist submarines work mainly in tropical resort areas or other areas with clear water and good visibility. In 1996, there were over fifty private submarines operating around the world, serving approximately two million passengers that year. Most of these submarines carried between twenty-five and fifty passengers at a time and sometimes made ten or more dives per day. In design, these submarines borrow mainly from research subs, having large portholes for passengers ...

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Hallucinogens can be classified by quality of action, mechanisms of action, or by chemical structure. These classifications often correlate to some extent. The classification system below attempts to blend these three approaches in order to create a balanced and simple overview that is as clear and easy to grasp as possible. Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen and are classified as alkaloids. THC and Salvinorin A are exceptions. Many hallucinogens often have chemical structures similar to those of human neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, and tempora ...

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Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Psychedelics serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists. Tryptamines Lysergamides Phenethylamines Substituted phenethylamines Substituted amphetamines Empathogens and/or Entactogens (serotonin releasers) Cannabinoids (CB-1 cannabinoid receptor agonists) Psychedelics dissociatives and deliriants - Dissociatives. NMDA receptor antagonists and sigma1 ...

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Over the years, several different formal systems have been developed to permit reasoning about systems in the Actor model. These include: Operational semantics (Greif 1975), (Agha, Mason, Smith, and Talcott 1996) Laws for Actor systems(Baker and Hewitt 1977) Denotational semantics (Clinger 1981) Transition semantics

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On the 40th anniversary of the publication of Moore's Law, hardware development is furthering both local and nonlocal massive concurrency. Local concurrency is being enabled by new hardware for 64-bit many-core (Platform 2015 Unveiled at IDF Spring 2005) microprocessors, multi-chip modules, and high performance interconnect. Nonlocal concurrency is being enabled by new hardware for wired and wireless broadband packet switched communications (see Wi-Fi and Ultra wideband). ...

Read more here: » Actor model: Encyclopedia II - Actor model - Why is the Actor model important now?