Cocaine - Appearance. Cocaine in its purest form is an off-white or pink chunky product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4). Cocaine is frequently adulterated or “cut” with various powdery fillers to increase its surface area; the substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda, sugars, such as lactose, inositol, and mannitol, and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine. Adulterated cocai ...

See also:

Cocaine, Cocaine - History, Cocaine - The coca leaf, Cocaine - Isolation, Cocaine - Popularization, Cocaine - Prohibition, Cocaine - Modern usage, Cocaine - Pharmacology, Cocaine - Appearance, Cocaine - Forms of cocaine, Cocaine - Methods of administration, Cocaine - Mechanism of action, Cocaine - Metabolism and excretion, Cocaine - Effects and health issues, Cocaine - Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Cocaine - Cocaine addiction, Cocaine - Treatment, Cocaine - Legal status, Cocaine - Africa, Cocaine - Asia, Cocaine - Middle east, Cocaine - Australia & Oceania, Cocaine - Europe, Cocaine - North America, Cocaine - South America, Cocaine - Usage, Cocaine - In the United States, Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine, Cocaine - Books about cocaine, Cocaine - Movies about cocaine

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia II - Cocaine - Pharmacology

Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV. Different classes of antiretroviral drugs act at different stages of the HIV life cycle. Combination of several (typically three or four) antiretroviral drugs is known as Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). Organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (Bethesday, Maryland, USA) recommend offering antiretroviral treatment to all patients with HIV-related symptoms. However, because of the complex ...

Including:

• Antiretroviral drug - Combination therapy
• Antiretroviral drug - Current treatment guidelines
• Antiretroviral drug - Limitations of antiretroviral drug therapy
• Antiretroviral drug - Classes of antiretroviral drugs
• Antiretroviral drug - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors RTIs
• Antiretroviral drug - Protease inhibitors PIs
• Antiretroviral drug - Fusion inhibitors
• Antiretroviral drug - Fixed dose combinations
• Antiretroviral drug - Synergistic enhancers
• Antiretroviral drug - Adverse Effects

Read more here: » Antiretroviral drug: Encyclopedia - Antiretroviral drug

Cocaine 3-benzoyloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo [3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester CAS number 50-36-2 ATC code N01BC01 used rarely as a topical anesthetic Recreational uses: euphoria stimulant Other uses: local anesthetic cardiovascular disease Severe: (with chronic use) ? Cardiovasc ...

Including:

• Cocaine - History
• Cocaine - The coca leaf
• Cocaine - Isolation
• Cocaine - Popularization
• Cocaine - Prohibition
• Cocaine - Modern usage
• Cocaine - Pharmacology
• Cocaine - Appearance
• Cocaine - Forms of cocaine
• Cocaine - Methods of administration
• Cocaine - Mechanism of action
• Cocaine - Metabolism and excretion
• Cocaine - Effects and health issues
• Cocaine - Cocaine as a local anesthetic
• Cocaine - Cocaine addiction
• Cocaine - Treatment
• Cocaine - Legal status
• Cocaine - Africa
• Cocaine - Asia
• Cocaine - Middle east
• Cocaine - Australia & Oceania
• Cocaine - Europe
• Cocaine - North America
• Cocaine - South America
• Cocaine - Usage
• Cocaine - In the United States
• Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine
• Cocaine - Books about cocaine
• Cocaine - Movies about cocaine

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia - Cocaine

Kazimierz Funk (February 23, 1884 - January 19, 1967), commonly anglicized as Casimir Funk, was a Polish biochemist, generally credited with the first formulation of the concept of Vitamins in 1912, which he called vital amines or vitamines. Casimir Funk - Life. Born in 1884 in Warsaw, the son of a prominent dermatologist, he studied in Berlin and Switzerland, where he gained his doctorate in organic chemistry at the university of Bern in 1904. He worked at the Pasteur Institute ...

Including:

• Casimir Funk - Life
• Casimir Funk - Contribution to science

Read more here: » Casimir Funk: Encyclopedia - Casimir Funk

The term anger management commonly refers to a system of psychological therapeutic techniques and exercises by which one with excessive or uncontrollable anger can control or reduce the triggers, degrees, and effects of an angered emotional state. Courses in anger management are sometimes mandated to violent criminals by a legal system. Typical anger management "techniques" are the use of deep breathing and meditation as a mean to relaxation. As the issue of anger varies from person to person, the treatments are designed to be ...

Including:

• Anger management - Anger in modern society
• Anger management - Unhealthy anger
• Anger management - Passive anger
• Anger management - Aggressive anger
• Anger management - Handling anger assertively
• Anger management - Using compassion to defuse anger

Read more here: » Anger management: Encyclopedia - Anger management

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a disorder where increased levels of the hormone gastrin are produced, causing the stomach to produce excess hydrochloric acid. Often, the cause is a tumour of the pancreas producing the hormone gastrin. As these tumors are benign, they are only removed if the disease cannot be controlled with medication. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Causes. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by tumors usually found in the head of the pancreas and the upper small bowel. These tumors produce t ...

Including:

• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Causes
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Symptoms
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Therapy
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - History
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - External link

Read more here: » Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Encyclopedia - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

See Species Aloe is a genus of succulent, flowering plants in the family Asphodelaceae, which contains about 400 different species. They are native to the drier parts of Africa, especially South Africa's Cape Province and the mountains of tropical Africa. Members of the closely allied genera Gasteria and Haworthia, which have a similar mode of growth, are also sometimes popularly known as aloes. Note that the plant sometimes called "American aloe", Agave americana, belon ...

Including:

• Aloe - Uses
• Aloe - External uses
• Aloe - Internal uses
• Aloe - Compounds in Aloes
• Aloe - Chemical properties of Aloin
• Aloe - Medicinal use of Aloin
• Aloe - Lign-aloes and Agarwood
• Aloe - Species

Read more here: » Aloe: Encyclopedia - Aloe

A mattress is a piece of bedding typically consisting of multiple layers of foams and fibers, along with an innerspring unit used to provide support to one's back during sleep. Mattresses are usually used along with a foundation, which might include metal springs or torsion bars on a wooden frame, which supports the mattress. Increasingly, mattresses made with various foam materials such as latex foam, visco-elastic foam and other polyurethane type foam but without metal spring units are becoming common and accepted. Although mattresses are sold with fillings of air, water, or foam, innerspring or coil mattresses currentl ...

Including:

• Mattress - History
• Mattress - Mattress dimensions
• Mattress - When does a mattress need replacing?
• Mattress - Components of an innerspring mattress
• Mattress - Spring mattress core
• Mattress - Number of coils
• Mattress - Gauge of the coils
• Mattress - Connections between the coils
• Mattress - Types of coils
• Mattress - Foundations
• Mattress - Traditional wood foundation
• Mattress - Box spring
• Mattress - Grid foundation
• Mattress - Upholstery layers
• Mattress - Insulator
• Mattress - Middle upholstery
• Mattress - Quilt
• Mattress - Choosing a mattress
• Mattress - Testing a mattress
• Mattress - What to look for
• Mattress - Firmer or softer
• Mattress - Fluff & sag
• Mattress - Size
• Mattress - Maintenance and care
• Mattress - Glossary
• Mattress - Trivia

Read more here: » Mattress: Encyclopedia - Mattress

This article contains photographs that some people may find disturbing. You can also see a version with no pictures. Gangrene is necrosis and subsequent decay of body tissues caused by infection or thrombosis or lack of blood flow. It is usually the result of critically insufficient blood supply sometimes caused by injury and subsequent contamination with bacteria. This condition is most common in the extremities. The best of all possible treatments is revascularization (restoration) of the affected organ, which can reve ...

Including:

• Gangrene - Types
• Gangrene - History
• Gangrene - Pathophysiology
• Gangrene - Wet gangrene
• Gangrene - Dry gangrene

Read more here: » Gangrene: Encyclopedia - Gangrene

C6H4(OCOCH3)COOH Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant (blood thinning) effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks. Low-dose long-term aspirin irreversibly blocks formation of thromboxane A2 in platelets, producing an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, and this blood thi ...

Including:

• Aspirin -  Name
• Aspirin - Discovery
• Aspirin - Synthesis of aspirin
• Aspirin - How it works
• Aspirin - Indications
• Aspirin - Contraindications and warnings
• Aspirin - Common side effects
• Aspirin - Overdose

Read more here: » Aspirin: Encyclopedia - Aspirin

Acid indigestion is a type of indigestion involving an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Frequent occurrence of acid indigestion can lead to aggravation of the duodenum or to an aggravation of the lining of the stomach, both of which can lead to ulcers which can be life-threatening. It should be distinguished from heartburn, which typically involves aggravation of the esophagus. Common contributors to acid indigestion are: Eating foods with too much fat in them. Eating foods with too much spice i ...

Read more here: » Acid indigestion: Encyclopedia - Acid indigestion

The cuisine of Iran is diverse, with each province featuring dishes, as well as culinary traditions and styles, distinct to their regions. Cuisine of Iran - Traditional Iranian table settings. The traditional Iranian table setting firstly involves the tablecloth, called sofreh, which is often generally embroidered with traditional prayers and/or poetry, and is spread out over a Persian rug or table. Main dishes are concentrated in the center, surrounded by smaller dishes containing appetizers, condim ...

Including:

• Cuisine of Iran - Traditional Iranian table settings
• Cuisine of Iran - Essential accompaniments
• Cuisine of Iran - Varieties of rice
• Cuisine of Iran - Methods of cooking rice
• Cuisine of Iran - Varieties of bread
• Cuisine of Iran - Regional cuisines
• Cuisine of Iran - Gilan
• Cuisine of Iran - Khuzestan
• Cuisine of Iran - Fast food imported and adapted foods
• Cuisine of Iran - Alcoholic beverages
• Cuisine of Iran - Vegetarianism in Iran

Read more here: » Cuisine of Iran: Encyclopedia - Cuisine of Iran

Adjustable gastric banding is a form of weight loss surgery (bariatrics) designed for obesity patients with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater. It employs an inflatable silicone band which is implanted around the top portion of a person’s stomach via laparoscopic surgery. The implanted device creates a small pouch at the top of the stomach which fills up quickly and restricts the movement of the food into the bottom part of the stomach. This restriction creates a feeling of fullness which helps the person to eat less and there ...

Including:

• Adjustable gastric band - History of the procedure and device
• Adjustable gastric band - Indications
• Adjustable gastric band - Gastric banding as an alternative to other weight loss surgeries
• Adjustable gastric band - Losing weight after surgery
• Adjustable gastric band - Post-surgical diets
• Adjustable gastric band - The LAP-BAND in Australia
• Adjustable gastric band - Documented adverse effects
• Adjustable gastric band - Band & Port Specific
• Adjustable gastric band - Digestive
• Adjustable gastric band - Body as a whole
• Adjustable gastric band - Miscellaneous
• Adjustable gastric band - Celebrities
• Adjustable gastric band - Manufacturers

Read more here: » Adjustable gastric band: Encyclopedia - Adjustable gastric band

Ancient Aztec eschatology is primarily derived from Toltec eschatological beliefs and traditions, centered on the belief that four worlds, or "Suns", along with humankind, were destroyed in a catastrophe prior to the creation of the present universe. The present world is the fifth sun, and the Aztec saw themselves as "the People of the Sun," whose divine duty is to wage cosmic war in order to provide the sun with his tlaxcaltiliztli ("nourishment"). Without it, the sun would disappear from the heavens. Thus the welfare and the ...

Including:

• Ancient Aztec eschatology - Destruction of the four suns
• Ancient Aztec eschatology - Fifth Sun

Read more here: » Ancient Aztec eschatology: Encyclopedia - Ancient Aztec eschatology

Bedsores, also called pressure sores or pressure ulcers, are ulcers (sores) caused by prolonged pressure or rubbing on vulnerable areas of the body, such as bony or cartilaginous areas that are prone to moisture and friction. Decubitus ulcers are pressure ulcers that occur when the patient lies on his or her back for long periods (Wilhelmi and Neumeister, 2005). Examples of areas vulnerable to pressure ulcers include the hips, ankles, heels, elbows, ears, and pressure points on the lower back (near the tail bone, ...

Including:

• Bedsore - Classification
• Bedsore - Pathophysiology
• Bedsore - Epidemiology
• Bedsore - Prevention
• Bedsore - Complications
• Bedsore - Famous sufferers

Read more here: » Bedsore: Encyclopedia - Bedsore

Ume (梅) is the Japanese name for a species of Asian plum (Prunus mume, Rosaceae). The tree originates from China (where it is called méi (梅)), but has also grown in Japan and Korea (where it is called maesil) since ancient times. The tree is cultivated for its fruits and flowers. Although normally called a plum, it is actually more closely related to the apricot. Another species commonly referred to as the "Japanese plum" is the sumomo. In Japan it is said that there are about 300 cultiva ...

Including:

• Ume - Uses
• Ume - Culinary use
• Ume - Medicinal use
• Ume - Cultural significance
• Ume - Etymology

Read more here: » Ume: Encyclopedia - Ume

A cytoprotectant is any medication that combats ulcers not by reducing gastric acid but by increasing mucosal protection. Drugs that work in this manner include Carbenoxolone, deglycyrrhizinised liquorice, sucralfate (aluminium hydroxide and sulphated sucrose), the prostaglandin analogue and tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate. Other related archivesgastric acid, liquorice, medication, prostaglandin, sucrose, ulcers

Read more here: » Cytoprotectant: Encyclopedia - Cytoprotectant

An antiseptic (Greek αντι, against, and σηπτικος, putrefactive) is a substance that prevents the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) on the external surfaces of the body. Some are true germicides, capable of destroying the bacteria, whilst others merely prevent or inhibit their growth. The objective of antiseptics is to reduce the possibility of sepsis, infection, or putrefaction by germs. Antibacterials have the same objective but only act against bacte ...

Read more here: » Antiseptic: Encyclopedia - Antiseptic

Biofeedback is a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) which involves measuring bodily processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response (sweating), and muscle tension in order to raise a subject's awareness and conscious control of these functions. Devices as simple as mirrors and bathroom scales can be considered rudimentary biofeedback devices, insofar as the information they provide can help a person with issues related to posture and weight; more complex biofeedback devices have ...

Including:

• Biofeedback - Origins of biofeedback
• Biofeedback - Types of biofeedback
• Biofeedback - Criticisms
• Biofeedback - Possible beneficial side effects

Read more here: » Biofeedback: Encyclopedia - Biofeedback

The Apricot (Prunus armeniaca, syn. Armeniaca vulgaris) is a fruit-bearing tree native to China. It is related to the Plum, and classified with it in the subgenus Prunus of the genus Prunus. It is a small to medium sized tree with a dense, spreading canopy 8-12 m tall; its leaves are shaped somewhat like a heart, with pointed tips, and about 8 cm long and 3-4 cm wide. Its flowers are white to pinkish in colour. The fruit appears similar to a peach or nectarine, with a colour ranging from yellow to or ...

Including:

• Apricot - Cultivation
• Apricot - Medicinal and non-food uses

Read more here: » Apricot: Encyclopedia - Apricot