typography

Typesetting involves the presentation of textual material in an aesthetic form on paper or some other medium. Before the advent of the desktop publishing, typesetting of printed material was produced in print shops by compositors working by hand, and later with machines. After centuries of innovation the basic principle of typesetting remains the same: the composition of glyphs into lines to form body matter, headings, captions and other pieces of text to make up a page image, and the printing or transfer of the p ...

Including:

• Typesetting - Letterpress era
• Typesetting - Digital era
• Typesetting - SGML and XML systems
• Typesetting - TeX

Read more here: » Typesetting: Encyclopedia - Typesetting

For any word written in a language with whose alphabet or alphabet equivalent has two cases, such as those using the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, or Armenian alphabet, capitalization (or capitalisation) is the writing of that word with its first letter in majuscules (uppercase) and the remaining letters in minuscules (lowercase). Such words may also be said to be in title case, since traditionally most words in titles of books, films, etc. are capitalized. In Unicode, a few letters have a title case form, ...

Including:

• Capitalization - What to capitalize
• Capitalization - Pronouns
• Capitalization - Nouns
• Capitalization - Adjectives
• Capitalization - Others
• Capitalization - How to capitalise
• Capitalization - Headings and publication titles
• Capitalization - Compound names
• Capitalization - Accents
• Capitalization - Digraphs and ligatures
• Capitalization - Initial mutation

Read more here: » Capitalization: Encyclopedia - Capitalization

Computers excel at automatically typesetting documents. Character-by-character computer-aided phototypesetting (now known as imagesetting) replaced continuous casting machines in the 1980s, and was in turn rapidly rendered obsolete by fully digital systems employing a raster image processor to render an entire page to a single high-resolution digital image which is then photoset. In the late 1980s desktop publishing became available, starting with the Apple Macintosh. Programs like Adobe PageMaker and Quark XPress popularized desktop publishing a ...

See also:

Typesetting, Typesetting - Letterpress era, Typesetting - Digital era, Typesetting - SGML and XML systems, Typesetting - TeX

Read more here: » Typesetting: Encyclopedia II - Typesetting - Digital era

apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ ) brackets ( ( ) ) ( [ ] ) ( { } ) ( 〈 〉 ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― ) ellipsis ( … ) ( ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ ) interrobang ( » Bullet typography: Encyclopedia - Bullet typography

In typography, emphasis usually refers to means of stressing parts of a text by using letters in a different style from the rest of the text to make them stand out from the main text body. Emphasis typography - Methods and uses of emphasis. The human eye is very receptive to differences in brightness within a text body. One can therefore differentiate between types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the "blackness" of text. A means of emphasis that does not have much effect on "bla ...

Including:

• Emphasis typography - Methods and uses of emphasis
• Emphasis typography - Emphasis in design
• Emphasis typography - Alternative methods for emphasis
• Emphasis typography - Capitalization
• Emphasis typography - Letterspacing
• Emphasis typography - Special punctuation marks

Read more here: » Emphasis typography: Encyclopedia - Emphasis typography

Daniel Bomberg (d. 1549) was an early printer of Hebrew language books. A Christian himself, born in Antwerp, he was primarily active in Venice between 1516 and 1549. He produced the editio princeps of the Mikraot Gedolot, the Rabbinic Bible, consisting of the Hebrew text plus rabbinical commentaries, between 1516 and 1517, and the first complete Talmud, between 1520 and 1523. Bomberg found a ready audience among the Jews of Italy, whose numbers had been swelled by exiles from Spain and Portugal. Bomberg's presses eventually produced some 230 Hebrew books, and his innovations in H ...

Including:

• Daniel Bomberg - Reference
• Daniel Bomberg - External link

Read more here: » Daniel Bomberg: Encyclopedia - Daniel Bomberg

apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ ) brackets ( ( ) ) ( [ ] ) ( { } ) ( 〈 〉 ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― ) ellipsis ( … ) ( ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ ) interrobang ( Including:

• Dagger typography - Trivia

Read more here: » Dagger typography: Encyclopedia - Dagger typography

The word calibre (British English) or caliber (American English) designates the interior diameter of a tube or the exterior diameter of a wire or rod. It comes from the Italian calibro, itself from the Arabic quâlib, meaning mould. The term most often appears with respect to firearms, as a measure of the size of the barrel; however, it also has use in other fields. Caliber - Firearms. In firearms, the caliber is the diameter of the inside of the barrel. In a rifled barrel ...

Including:

• Caliber - Firearms
• Caliber - Caliber as measurement of length
• Caliber - Alternative measurements of bore
• Caliber - Other uses

Read more here: » Caliber: Encyclopedia - Caliber

Cocoa is Apple Computer's native object-oriented application programming environment for the Mac OS X operating system. It is one of five major APIs available for Mac OS X; the others are Carbon, Toolbox (for the Classic environment), POSIX (for the BSD environment), and Java. (Environments such as Perl and Python are considered minor environments because they are not generally used for full-fledged application programming). Cocoa applications are typically developed using the development tools provided by Apple, specifically X ...

Including:

• Cocoa API - Cocoa history
• Cocoa API - Memory management
• Cocoa API - Main frameworks
• Cocoa API - Model View Controller
• Cocoa API - Late binding
• Cocoa API - Rich objects
• Cocoa API - Implementations

Read more here: » Cocoa API: Encyclopedia - Cocoa API

apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ ) brackets ( ( ) ) ( [ ] ) ( { } ) ( 〈 〉 ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― ) ellipsis ( … ) ( ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ ) interrobang ( < ...

Including:

• Dash - Common dashes
• Dash - Hyphen-minus
• Dash - Figure dash
• Dash - En dash
• Dash - Em dash
• Dash - En dash versus em dash
• Dash - Quotation dash
• Dash - Swung dash
• Dash - Summary
• Dash - Other dash-like characters
• Dash - Rendering dashes on computers

Read more here: » Dash: Encyclopedia - Dash

In the letterpress era individual letters and characters were made of blocks of type metal, called sorts, (and sometimes made of wood) which were assembled by hand for each page. Hand compositing was rendered obsolete by continuous casting or hot-metal typesetting machines such as the Linotype machine and Monotype. The Linotype, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler, enabled one machine o ...

See also:

Typesetting, Typesetting - Letterpress era, Typesetting - Digital era, Typesetting - SGML and XML systems, Typesetting - TeX

Read more here: » Typesetting: Encyclopedia II - Typesetting - Letterpress era

The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first letters) is an alphabet used to write six natural Slavic languages (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. * archaic letters † used in non-Slavic languages Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samarit ...

Including:

• Cyrillic alphabet - Origins
• Cyrillic alphabet - Letter-forms and typography
• Cyrillic alphabet - Romanization
• Cyrillic alphabet - As used in various languages
• Cyrillic alphabet - Slavic languages
• Cyrillic alphabet - Non-Slavic languages
• Cyrillic alphabet - Cyrillic in Unicode

Read more here: » Cyrillic alphabet: Encyclopedia - Cyrillic alphabet

apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ ) brackets ( ( ) ) ( [ ] ) ( { } ) ( 〈 〉 ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― ) ellipsis ( … ) ( ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ ) interrobang ( Including:

• Quotation mark - Usage
• Quotation mark - Quotations and speech
• Quotation mark - Emphasis and irony
• Quotation mark - Titles of artistic works
• Quotation mark - Nicknames and false titles
• Quotation mark - Typographical considerations
• Quotation mark - Punctuation
• Quotation mark - Spacing
• Quotation mark - Non-language related usage
• Quotation mark - Glyphs
• Quotation mark - Typewriter quotation marks
• Quotation mark - Quotation marks in English
• Quotation mark - Quotation marks in Finnish and Swedish
• Quotation mark - Quotation marks in Germany and Austria
• Quotation mark - Quotation marks in Polish
• Quotation mark - Angled quotation marks in various European languages
• Quotation mark - Quotation dash
• Quotation mark - Corner brackets in East Asian languages
• Quotation mark - Table
• Quotation mark - Names for quotation marks
• Quotation mark - Double quotation mark

Read more here: » Quotation mark: Encyclopedia - Quotation mark

In typography, a typeface consists of a co-ordinated set of grapheme (i.e., character) designs. A typeface is usually comprised of an alphabet of letters, numerals, and punctuation marks. Helvetica, Century Schoolbook, and Courier are three examples of typefaces. A typeface may also include or consist of ideograms and symbols (e.g., mathematical or map-making glyphs). The art of designing typefaces, called typ ...

Including:

• Typeface - History
• Typeface - Typeface anatomy
• Typeface - Serifs
• Typeface - Proportionality
• Typeface - Measurements
• Typeface - Types of font
• Typeface - Texts used to demonstrate typefaces
• Typeface - Legal aspects of typefaces
• Typeface - Organizations

Read more here: » Typeface: Encyclopedia - Typeface

The letter F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is ef, spelled eff when used as a verb. On keyboards, often the F and J keys (or occasionally the D and K keys) have a raised dot or bar on their surface, perceptible to the touch, to assist in typing, especially for the blind. All other keys can be found with their relative positions around these two keys as the index finger normally rests on F and J keys (or the middle finger in the case of D and K). F - Hi ...

Including:

• F - History
• F - Phonetic use
• F - Alternative representations
• F - Computing
• F - Ligatures
• F - Meanings for F
• F - Variants of F

Read more here: » F: Encyclopedia - F

apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ ) brackets ( ( ) ) ( [ ] ) ( { } ) ( 〈 〉 ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― ) ellipsis ( … ) ( ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ ) interrobang ( < ...

Including:

• Ellipsis - Typographical rules
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in English
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in Polish
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in Japanese
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in Chinese
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in mathematics
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in programming
• Ellipsis - Ellipsis in computing
• Ellipsis - Types of ellipsis in typography

Read more here: » Ellipsis: Encyclopedia - Ellipsis

2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images) and by techniques specific to them. The word may stand for the branch of computer science that comprises such techniques, or for the models themselves. 2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc.. In those ...

Including:

• 2D computer graphics - 2D graphics techniques
• 2D computer graphics - Direct painting
• 2D computer graphics - Extended color models
• 2D computer graphics - Layers
• 2D computer graphics - 2D graphics hardware
• 2D computer graphics - 2D graphics software

Read more here: » 2D computer graphics: Encyclopedia - 2D computer graphics

In typography, an ascender is the portion of a letter in a Latin-derived alphabet that extends above the midline of a font. That is, the part of the letter that is taller than the font's x-height. See also: Descender Category: Typography ...

Read more here: » Ascender: Encyclopedia - Ascender

In digital typography, Arial Unicode MS is an OpenType font based on the Arial font. It includes 51180 glyphs and covers a large subset of Unicode 2.1, including support for most previous Microsoft code pages. The font was designed by Agfa Monotype under contract to Microsoft. Arial Unicode MS was previously available for download, but now is only distributed along with Microsoft Office. Other well-known fonts with Unicode coverage include Cyberbit, Code2000, Doulos SIL, Lucida ...

Including:

• Arial Unicode MS - Bugs

Read more here: » Arial Unicode MS: Encyclopedia - Arial Unicode MS

Aldine Press was the printing office started by Aldus Manutius in 1494 in Venice, from which were issued the celebrated Aldine editions of the classics of that time. The Aldine Press is famous in the history of typography, among other things, for the introduction of italics. The press was continued after Aldus death in 1515 by his wife and her father until his son Paolo (1512-1574) took over. His grand ...

Including:

• Aldine Press - Initial Innovations
• Aldine Press - The Literacy Revolution

Read more here: » Aldine Press: Encyclopedia - Aldine Press