Twelve Tables

The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum, more informally simply Duodecim Tabulae) were the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centrepiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum. The Twelve Tables must be carefully distinguished from the unrelated, much older "twelve shields" of King Numa Pompilius. According to traditional, semi-legendary historical accounts preserved in Livy, during the earli ...

Including:

• Twelve Tables - Excerpts from the Twelve Tables
• Twelve Tables - Relevant articles
• Twelve Tables - External Link:

Read more here: » Twelve Tables: Encyclopedia - Twelve Tables

Si in ius vocat, ito. Ni it, antestamino. Igitur em capito. If someone is called to go to court, let him go. If he doesn't go, a witness should be called. Only then should he be captured. Si calvitur pedemve struit, manum endo iacito. Si morbus ævitasve vitium escit, iumentum dato. Si nolet, arceram ne sternito. If he shirks or flees, he should be captured. If illness or old age is an impediment, let him be given a carriage. If he doesn't want it, it should not be covered. Adsiduo vindex adsi ...

See also:

Twelve Tables, Twelve Tables - Excerpts from the Twelve Tables, Twelve Tables - Relevant articles, Twelve Tables - External link

Read more here: » Twelve Tables: Encyclopedia II - Twelve Tables - Excerpts from the Twelve Tables

Si in ius vocat, ito. Ni it, antestamino. Igitur em capito. If someone is called to go to court, let him go. If he doesn't go, a witness should be called. Only then should he be captured. Si calvitur pedemve struit, manum endo iacito. Si morbus ævitasve vitium escit, iumentum dato. Si nolet, arceram ne sternito. If he shirks or flees, he should be captured. If illness or old age is an impediment, let him be given a carriage. If he doesn't want it, it should not be covered. Adsiduo vindex adsi ...

See also:

Twelve Tables, Twelve Tables - Excerpts from the Twelve Tables, Twelve Tables - Relevant articles, Twelve Tables - External Link:

Read more here: » Twelve Tables: Encyclopedia II - Twelve Tables - Excerpts from the Twelve Tables

In English and American law, and systems based on them, libel and slander are two forms of defamation (or defamation of character), which is the tort or delict of publishing (meaning to a third party) a false statement that negatively affects someone's reputation. "Defamation" is the term generally used internationally, and is accordingly used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between "libel" and "slander". Slander and libel - Vocabulary and general concepts. ...

Including:

• Slander and libel - Vocabulary and general concepts
• Slander and libel - Origin of the word libel
• Slander and libel - Libel and Slander
• Slander and libel - Derogatory?
• Slander and libel - Excuses
• Slander and libel - Similar but different delicts and torts
• Slander and libel - Criminal libel
• Slander and libel - Origins of defamation law
• Slander and libel - English law
• Slander and libel - Development of English defamation law
• Slander and libel - English Admiralty law
• Slander and libel - Modern law
• Slander and libel - Burden of Proof on the Defendant
• Slander and libel - United States law
• Slander and libel - History
• Slander and libel - Australian law
• Slander and libel - Canadian law

Read more here: » Slander and libel: Encyclopedia - Slander and libel

The Ten Commandments, or Decalogue, is a list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by God to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets. They feature prominently in Judaism and Christianity. In Biblical Hebrew language they are termed עשרת הדברים (translit. Aseret ha-Dvarîm), and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות (translit. Aseret ha-Dibrot), both translatable as "the ten statements". The name decalogue is derived from the Greek name δέκα λόγοι or dekalogoi ("ten statements") found in the Septuag ...

Including:

• Ten Commandments - Preparations
• Ten Commandments - God's name
• Ten Commandments - Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5
• Ten Commandments - Written in stone
• Ten Commandments - Breaking the first tablets
• Ten Commandments - Second set
• Ten Commandments - 10 Commandments or more?
• Ten Commandments - Texts of the commandments
• Ten Commandments - Jewish understanding
• Ten Commandments - The ten statements
• Ten Commandments - Jewish interpretation
• Ten Commandments - Special status
• Ten Commandments - Samaritan understanding
• Ten Commandments - Christian understanding
• Ten Commandments - Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity
• Ten Commandments - Protestant Christianity
• Ten Commandments - Typical Protestant view
• Ten Commandments - Jehovah's Witnesses
• Ten Commandments - Muslim understanding
• Ten Commandments - Views of other faiths
• Ten Commandments - Controversies
• Ten Commandments - Sabbath day
• Ten Commandments - Idolatry
• Ten Commandments - Public monuments and controversy in the USA
• Ten Commandments - Origins

Read more here: » Ten Commandments: Encyclopedia - Ten Commandments

US defamation law is often less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and Commonwealth countries. This is because of the First Amendment's strong protection of free speech, which arose from the tradition of dissent that led to the American Revolutionary War. One very important distinction today is that European and Commonwealth jurisdictions adhere to a theory that every publication of a defamation gives rise to a separate claim, so that a defamation on the internet could be sued on in any country in which it was read, while American law only allows one claim for the primary publication (see Defa ...

See also:

Slander and libel, Slander and libel - Vocabulary and general concepts, Slander and libel - Origin of the word libel, Slander and libel - Libel and Slander, Slander and libel - Excuses, Slander and libel - Similar but different delicts and torts, Slander and libel - Criminal libel, Slander and libel - Origins of defamation law, Slander and libel - English law, Slander and libel - Development of English defamation law, Slander and libel - English Admiralty law, Slander and libel - Modern law, Slander and libel - Burden of Proof on the Defendant, Slander and libel - United States law, Slander and libel - History, Slander and libel - Australian law, Slander and libel - Canadian law

Read more here: » Slander and libel: Encyclopedia II - Slander and libel - United States law

As with many social movements, some of the strongest criticisms of men's groups comes from other groups and activists. Feminists or pro-feminist men criticize criticize a perceived ignorance of sexism, male privilege and power. They also allege that men's rights advocates spend much of their time fighting women's rights rather than working positively for all men. Some men's rights advocates respond that they are not ignorant of of such issues, but dispute the methodology of many findings or assert a logic for gaps other than sexism. < ...

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Men's rights, Men's rights - Branches, Men's rights - History, Men's rights - Structure, Men's rights - Issues, Men's rights - Family, Men's rights - Employment, Men's rights - Health, Men's rights - Violence, Men's rights - Abortion, Men's rights - Criticism, Men's rights - Wages, Men's rights - Violence

Read more here: » Men's rights: Encyclopedia II - Men's rights - Criticism

Roman road - Types of Roads. Roman roads vary from simple corduroy roads to paved roads using deep roadbeds of tamped rubble as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from between the stones and fragments of rubble, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to approximately 450 BC, specify that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 where curved. The tables command Roma ...

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Roman road, Roman road - The Roman Road System, Roman road - Types of Roads, Roman road - Travelling a Road, Roman road - The Itinerary, Roman road - Construction of a Road, Roman road - The Team, Roman road - The Method, Roman road - Surpassing Obstacles, Roman road - Financing, Roman road - Some Roman roads, Roman road - Albania / Greece / Turkey, Roman road - France, Roman road - Italy, Roman road - Trans-Alpine Roads, Roman road - Romania, Roman road - Spain, Roman road - United Kingdom

Read more here: » Roman road: Encyclopedia II - Roman road - The Roman Road System

As with many social movements, some of the strongest criticisms of men's groups comes from other groups and activists. Feminists or pro-feminist men criticize criticize a perceived ignorance of sexism, male privilege and power. They also allege that men's rights advocates spend much of their time fighting women's rights rather than working positively for all men. Some men's rights advocates respond that they are not ignorant of of such issues, but dispute the methodology of many findings or ...

See also:

Men's rights, Men's rights - History, Men's rights - Structure, Men's rights - Issues, Men's rights - Family, Men's rights - Employment, Men's rights - Health, Men's rights - Violence, Men's rights - Abortion, Men's rights - Criticism, Men's rights - Wages, Men's rights - Violence, Men's rights - Significant writers

Read more here: » Men's rights: Encyclopedia II - Men's rights - Criticism

The traditional story, whose primary source is the first few books of Livy, is that the patricians were the aristocrats of Rome, taking over when the kings were expelled and the Republic formed in 509 BC, while the plebeians were the "lower class". Initially, only patricians could hold magistracies (such as the consulate), positions in the religious colleges, and sit in the Roman Senate. However, the patrician clans abused their position, using the creditor's right of nexum to take plebeian debtors into bondage and selling them as slaves, favoring patricians over plebeians i ...

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Conflict of the Orders, Conflict of the Orders - The traditional account, Conflict of the Orders - What really happened?, Conflict of the Orders - Reference

Read more here: » Conflict of the Orders: Encyclopedia II - Conflict of the Orders - The traditional account

The following are a few of the matters in which Christianity appears to have made alterations, generally but perhaps not always improvements, in the law. As a rule the influence of the church was exercised in favor of the abolition of the disabilities imposed by the older law upon celibacy and childlessness, of increased facilities for entering a professed religious life, and of due provision for th ...

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Legal rights of women, Legal rights of women - Religious and Archiac Law, Legal rights of women - Ancient Roman Law, Legal rights of women - Christian Laws and Influences on Women's Rights, Legal rights of women - Historical readings, Legal rights of women - External articles

Read more here: » Legal rights of women: Encyclopedia II - Legal rights of women - Christian Laws and Influences on Women's Rights

Restorative justice - Victim-offender mediation. Victim-offender mediation, or VOM (also called victim-offender dialogue, victim-offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justice dialogue), is usually a face-to-face meeting, in the presence of a trained mediator, between the victim of a crime and the person who committed that crime. This system generally involves a small number of participants, and often is the only option available to incarcerated offenders, due to limits on visitors. See also:

Restorative justice, Restorative justice - History, Restorative justice - Types of restorative justice, Restorative justice - Victim-offender mediation, Restorative justice - Family group conferencing, Restorative justice - Community restorative boards, Restorative justice - Sentencing circles, Restorative justice - Limitations on restitution, Restorative justice - Confidentiality, Restorative justice - Cases unsuitable for restorative justice, Restorative justice - Recidivism statistics

Read more here: » Restorative justice: Encyclopedia II - Restorative justice - Types of restorative justice

Already in Ancient Rome Res publica is a mixed-bag concept, maybe even more than the derivative "Republic" would become many centuries later. The ancient meaning of the expression is clarified with some definitions and quotes. Res publica - Basic meanings. Res publica usually refers to a thing that is not considered to be private property, but which is rather held in common by many people. For instance a park or garden in the city of Rome could either be "private property", or managed by the state, in which ...

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Res publica, Res publica - Etymology, Res publica - Res publica in Ancient Rome, Res publica - Basic meanings, Res publica - More connotations, Res publica - Quotes, Res publica - Calques

Read more here: » Res publica: Encyclopedia II - Res publica - Res publica in Ancient Rome

The text below is taken from A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875 by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. [1] SUMTUA´RIAE LEGES, the name of various laws passed to prevent inordinate expense (sumtus) in banquets, dress, &c. (Gellius, ii.24, xx.1). In the states of antiquity it was considered the duty of government to put a check upon extravagance in the private expenses of persons, and among the Romans in particular we find traces of this in the laws attributed to the kings and in the Twelve Tables. The ...

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Sumptuary law, Sumptuary law - List of sumptuariae leges, Sumptuary law - Biblical

Read more here: » Sumptuary law: Encyclopedia II - Sumptuary law - List of sumptuariae leges

Many historians believe the reason to be primarily economic, with more children born into families than the family is prepared to support. However, this does not explain why infanticide would occur equally among rich and poor, nor why it would be as frequent during decadent periods of the Roman Empire as during earlier, less affluent, periods. A letter from a Roman citizen to his wife, dating from 1 BC, describes the casual nature with which infanticide was often viewed: "Know that I am still in Alexandria. [...] I ask an ...

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Infanticide, Infanticide - Infanticide in history, Infanticide - Explanations for the practice, Infanticide - Infant euthanasia, Infanticide - Infanticide in other species

Read more here: » Infanticide: Encyclopedia II - Infanticide - Explanations for the practice

History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominatio ...

See also:

Ten Commandments, Ten Commandments - Preparations, Ten Commandments - God's name, Ten Commandments - Exodus 20/Deuteronomy 5, Ten Commandments - Written in stone, Ten Commandments - Breaking the first tablets, Ten Commandments - Second set, Ten Commandments - 10 Commandments or more?, Ten Commandments - Texts of the commandments, Ten Commandments - Jewish understanding, Ten Commandments - The ten statements, Ten Commandments - Jewish interpretation, Ten Commandments - Special status, Ten Commandments - Samaritan understanding, Ten Commandments - Christian understanding, Ten Commandments - Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity, Ten Commandments - Protestant Christianity, Ten Commandments - Typical Protestant view, Ten Commandments - Jehovah's Witnesses, Ten Commandments - Muslim understanding, Ten Commandments - Views of other faiths, Ten Commandments - Controversies, Ten Commandments - Sabbath day, Ten Commandments - Idolatry, Ten Commandments - Public monuments and controversy in the USA, Ten Commandments - Origins

Read more here: » Ten Commandments: Encyclopedia II - Ten Commandments - Christian understanding

Roman road - The Team. The distinction between staff and line officers applied to the Roman army as well. Among the staff officers were a unit called the architecti, "chief builders", responsible for all military construction, which road-building was. These were required to be educated men. Geometry, of course, was a central requirement of their education. The architecti had a full-time staff of agrimensores ("land surveyors") and libratores ("levellers"). The teams of construction workers were taken ad ho ...

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Roman road, Roman road - The Roman Road System, Roman road - Types of Roads, Roman road - Travelling a Road, Roman road - The Itinerary, Roman road - Construction of a Road, Roman road - The Team, Roman road - The Method, Roman road - Surpassing Obstacles, Roman road - Financing, Roman road - Some Roman roads, Roman road - Albania / Greece / Turkey, Roman road - France, Roman road - Italy, Roman road - Trans-Alpine Roads, Roman road - Romania, Roman road - Spain, Roman road - United Kingdom

Read more here: » Roman road: Encyclopedia II - Roman road - Construction of a Road

Cases in which the offender denies responsibility for the crime or has no remorse are unsuitable for restorative justice and are usually referred back to court. If the victim is unwilling to participate, the effectiveness of restorative justice is diminished, because the process depends on holding the offender directly accountable to the victim. Offenses without a readily identifiable victim, such as truancy or marijuana possession, are less suitable for restorative justice than other crimes, according ...

See also:

Restorative justice, Restorative justice - History, Restorative justice - Types of restorative justice, Restorative justice - Victim-offender mediation, Restorative justice - Family group conferencing, Restorative justice - Community restorative boards, Restorative justice - Sentencing circles, Restorative justice - Limitations on restitution, Restorative justice - Confidentiality, Restorative justice - Cases unsuitable for restorative justice, Restorative justice - Recidivism statistics

Read more here: » Restorative justice: Encyclopedia II - Restorative justice - Cases unsuitable for restorative justice

The traditional account was long accepted as factual, but it has a number of problems and inconsistencies, and almost every element of the story is controversial today; some scholars, such as Richard E. Mitchell, have even argued that there was no conflict at all, the Romans of the late Republic having interpreted events of their distant past as if they were comparable to the class struggles of their own time. The crux of the problem is that there is no contemporaneous account of the conflict; writers such as Polybius, who might have ...

See also:

Conflict of the Orders, Conflict of the Orders - The traditional account, Conflict of the Orders - What really happened?, Conflict of the Orders - Reference

Read more here: » Conflict of the Orders: Encyclopedia II - Conflict of the Orders - What really happened?

Like most social movements, those concerned with men's rights contain a wide variety of individuals and organizations, both united and divided in various ways on specific issues such as pay equity, gay rights, the abortion debate and various aspects of women's rights. Pro-feminist men, for example, tend to disagree on many issues with proponents of masculism and specific organizations such as Promise Keepers, although both groups claim to be working for the best interests of all men. Some groups are formally organized or incorporated, and some are fairly casual alliances or ...

See also:

Men's rights, Men's rights - History, Men's rights - Structure, Men's rights - Issues, Men's rights - Family, Men's rights - Employment, Men's rights - Health, Men's rights - Violence, Men's rights - Abortion, Men's rights - Criticism, Men's rights - Wages, Men's rights - Violence, Men's rights - Significant writers

Read more here: » Men's rights: Encyclopedia II - Men's rights - Structure