A khaneqah (also written Khanqa,Khaneqa) is traditionally a building designed specifically for gatherings of the Sufi brotherhood. Most Khaneqahs originated in the 11th or 12th centuries as Sufism spread through Central Asia. They were usually built in the vicinity of the tomb of a Sufi Sheikh or elder, as is the case with Sheikh Ghazali in Tus, or the mausoleum of Hakim Termezi (Termedhi). At the center of the building was usually a domed hall for the meeting of the brotherhood, surr ...

Including:

• Khaneqah - see also

Read more here: » Khaneqah: Encyclopedia - Khaneqah

Jabir Ibn Hayyan (full name Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi, أبو موسى جابر بن حيان الأزدي; ca.721, Tus, Iran – 815, Kufa, Iraq), known in Europe by the Latinized name Geber, was one of the most notable Islamic alchemists. His books strongly influenced European alchemists and justified their search for the philosopher's stone. He is credited with the invention of many types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment, and with the discovery and description of many now-commonplace chemical substan ...

Including:

• Geber - Biography
• Geber - Contributions to chemistry
• Geber - Contributions to alchemy
• Geber - Writings by Jabir
• Geber - Translated work of Jabir

Read more here: » Geber: Encyclopedia - Geber

Genghis Khan ▶ (help·info) (c. 11621–August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан), (also spelled as Chinggis Khan, Jenghis Khan, etc.), (pronounced ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ), born as Tem ...

Including:

• Genghis Khan - Birth and early life
• Genghis Khan - His family
• Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations
• Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan
• Genghis Khan - Military campaigns
• Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia
• Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate
• Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire
• Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kieven Rus
• Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty
• Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire
• Genghis Khan - Politics and economics
• Genghis Khan - Military
• Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests
• Genghis Khan - Civilians
• Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures
• Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates
• Genghis Khan - Death and burial
• Genghis Khan - His personality
• Genghis Khan - Legacy
• Genghis Khan - In most of the world
• Genghis Khan - In Mongolia
• Genghis Khan - Name and title
• Genghis Khan - Short timeline
• Genghis Khan - Notes

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Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence • Theology Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam P ...

Including:

• Ali al-Rida - Birth and family life
• Ali al-Rida - Death
• Ali al-Rida - Attack on shrine

Read more here: » Ali al-Rida: Encyclopedia - Ali al-Rida

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. Also the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and it is possible that they feared ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Civilians, Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures, Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

The city was founded around 823 CE, and its name derives from mashhad-e-reza, "place of martyrdom". It is a reference to the death of Imam Reza, the Eighth Imam of Shi'ite Islam, who is believed by members of the Shi'ia sect to have been poisoned there upon orders of Caliph Al Ma'mun. Before his death the place was a small village by the name of Sanabad. A shrine was built there to commemorate the Imam, and gradually the town grew around it. Among the first major buildings was a mausoleum built by Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi. Today the ho ...

See also:

Mashhad, Mashhad - History, Mashhad - Geography and climate, Mashhad - Demographics, Mashhad - Culture, Mashhad - Tourist attractions, Mashhad - Sister cities, Mashhad - Current events, Mashhad - External link

Read more here: » Mashhad: Encyclopedia II - Mashhad - History

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Genetic, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

In around 948 'Imad al-Daula named Rukn al-Daula's eldest son, Fana Khusrau ('Adud al-Daula) as his successor. In September 949 he died, and Rukn al-Daula claimed the title of senior amir for himself. He traveled to Shiraz and stayed there for at least nine months in order to secure his son's succession there, despite the fact that the Samanids were threatening his own possessions. Mu'izz al-Daula, meanwhile, accepted Rukn al-Daula's position of senior amir and also se ...

See also:

Rukn al-Daula, Rukn al-Daula - Struggle for power, Rukn al-Daula - Senior amir, Rukn al-Daula - Death and legacy

Read more here: » Rukn al-Daula: Encyclopedia II - Rukn al-Daula - Senior amir

Sarbadars - Foundation. The Sarbadar state came into existence around early 1337. At that time, much of Khurasan was under the control of the Ilkhanid claimant Togha Temur and his amirs. One of his subjects, 'Ala' al-Din Muhammad, had jurisdiction over the city of Sabzavar. His oppressive taxation of the area caused an 'Abd al-Razzaq, a member of the feudal ruling class, to murder a government official in Bashtin, a district of the city. The official was a nephew of 'Ala' al-Din, and 'Abd al-Razzaq raised the sta ...

See also:

Sarbadars, Sarbadars - Religion, Sarbadars - Government, Sarbadars - History, Sarbadars - Foundation, Sarbadars - 1344-1361, Sarbadars - Decline and Submission to Timur, Sarbadars - Legacy, Sarbadars - Other Sarbadars

Read more here: » Sarbadars: Encyclopedia II - Sarbadars - History

Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of the Arabs, Turks, Mongols, Turkemen and Afghans brought changes to the region time and time again. Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran ("Iran-Shahr") into eight segments of which the most flourishing and largest was the territory of Greater Khorasan. The famous Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. During the Sassanid dynasty the province was governed by an Espahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each ...

See also:

Razavi Khorasan Province, Razavi Khorasan Province - History, Razavi Khorasan Province - Razavi Khorasan today, Razavi Khorasan Province - Attractions, Razavi Khorasan Province - Colleges and Universities

Read more here: » Razavi Khorasan Province: Encyclopedia II - Razavi Khorasan Province - History

The city was founded around 823 CE, and its name derives from mashhad-e-reza, "place of martyrdom". It is a reference to the death of Imam Reza, the Eighth Imam of Shi'ite Islam, who is believed by members of the Shi'ia sect to have been poisoned there upon orders of Caliph Al Ma'mun. Before his death the place was a small village by the name of Sanabad. A shrine was built there to commemorate the Imam, and gradually the town grew around it. Among the first major buildings was a mausoleum built by Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi. Today the ho ...

See also:

Mashhad, Mashhad - History, Mashhad - Geography and climate, Mashhad - Demographics, Mashhad - Culture, Mashhad - Tourist attractions, Mashhad - Sister cities, Mashhad - Colleges and universities, Mashhad - Famous people from Mashad, Mashhad - Current events, Mashhad - External link

Read more here: » Mashhad: Encyclopedia II - Mashhad - History

Ali al-Rida was born in Medina to the seventh Shia imam, Musa al Kazim and Ummul Baneen Najma. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Jafar al-Sadiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. His father died in 799, when Ali was 35, and he was given the responsibility of the Imamate. Ali was not looked upon favorably by Harun Rashid, and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting Ali and learning from him. Harun attempted to kill Ali, however he was unsuccessful. After t ...

See also:

Ali al-Rida, Ali al-Rida - Birth and family life, Ali al-Rida - Death

Read more here: » Ali al-Rida: Encyclopedia II - Ali al-Rida - Birth and family life

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns

766: Harun is born, the son of caliph al-Mahdi and the Yemeni slave girl al-Khayzuran. 780: Harun is the nominal leader of military expeditions against the Byzantine Empire. 782: Harun is nominal leader of a military campaign against the Byzantine Empire reaching as far as the Bosporus. A peace treaty is signed on favourable terms. Harun receives the honorific title ar-Rashid, and is named second in succession to the caliph throne, and is also appointed governor of Tun ...

See also:

Harun al-Rashid, Harun al-Rashid - Timeline, Harun al-Rashid - Popular culture and references, Harun al-Rashid - References and further reading

Read more here: » Harun al-Rashid: Encyclopedia II - Harun al-Rashid - Timeline

Almost two-thirds of the Shahnameh is devoted to the age of heroes, extending from Manuchehr’s reign until the conquest of Alexander the 4rd c. BCE Macedonian warlord. The main feature of this period is the major role played by the Sagzi (Saka) or Sistani heroes who appear as the backbone of the Iranian empire. Garshasp is briefly mentioned as is his son Nariman, whose own son Sam acted as the leading paladin of Manuchehr while reigning in Sistan in his own right. His successors were his son Zal and his son Rostam, ...

See also:

Shahnameh, Shahnameh - Introduction, Shahnameh - The mythical age, Shahnameh - The heroic age, Shahnameh - The historical age, Shahnameh - Sahnameh's Message, Shahnameh - Sources and references

Read more here: » Shahnameh: Encyclopedia II - Shahnameh - The heroic age

Ali al-Rida was born in Medina to the seventh Shia Imam, Musa al Kazim and Ummul Baneen Najma. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Jafar al-Sadiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. His father died in 799, when Ali was 35, and he was given the responsibility of the Imamate. Ali was not looked upon favorably by Harun Rashid, and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting Ali and learning from him. After the death of Harun Rashid, his two sons began fighting for ...

See also:

Ali al-Rida, Ali al-Rida - Birth and family life, Ali al-Rida - Death, Ali al-Rida - Attack on shrine

Read more here: » Ali al-Rida: Encyclopedia II - Ali al-Rida - Birth and family life

Jabir is often called "Father of Chemistry", because he was the first scholar to scientifically systematize that science, to whose theory and practice he made many noteworthy contributions. In spite of his leanings toward mysticism (he was considered a Sufi) and superstition, he more clearly recognized and proclaimed the importance of experimentation. "The first essential in chemistry," he declared, "is that you should perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experim ...

See also:

Geber, Geber - Biography, Geber - Contributions to chemistry, Geber - Contributions to alchemy, Geber - Writings by Jabir, Geber - Translated work of Jabir

Read more here: » Geber: Encyclopedia II - Geber - Contributions to chemistry

Ferdowsi is one of the undisputed giants of Persian literature. After Ferdowsi's Shahnama a number of other works similar in nature surfaced over the centuries within the cultural sphere of the Persian language. Without exception, all such works were based in style and method on Ferdowsi's Shahnama, but none of them could quite achieve the same degree of fame and popularity as Ferdowsi's masterpiece. Of all the great Iranian poets, Ferdowsi stature is the most prolific because of the strides he made in reviving and regen ...

See also:

Ferdowsi, Ferdowsi - Life, Ferdowsi - Books, Ferdowsi - Influence

Read more here: » Ferdowsi: Encyclopedia II - Ferdowsi - Influence

Genghis Khan - Politics and economics. The Mongol Empire was governed by civilian and military code, called the Yassa code. An interesting aspect of Mongol Empire was it did not emphasize the importance of biological and cultural ethnicity and race among nomadic groups. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was therefore one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered thems ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire

The main opponent of the Mongols by around c. 1100 were the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north and the Tatars to the east. By 1190, Temüjin and his advisors had united together the other steppe people. As an incentive for absolute obedience and following of his code of laws, the Yasa code, he promised civilians and fighters wealth from future possible battle. Genghis Khan began his slow ascent to power by allying himself with his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother). Genghis's ally was Toghrul, Kha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations