ii V I ii V I | Em7 | A7 | DM7 - | Dm7 | G7 | CM7 - | These are the first eight bars of the Miles Davis composition "Tune Up." The chord changes are relatively simple, the ii-V-I progression being extremely common in jazz - the basis for, among other things, the oft-recorded standard, "Autumn Leaves". ii * * I ii * * I | Em7 F7 | BbM7 Db7 | GbM7 A7 | ...

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Coltrane changes, Coltrane changes - Influences, Coltrane changes - The major thirds cycle, Coltrane changes - Tune Up and Countdown

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The Hubble "tuning fork" diagram starts from the left with elliptical galaxies as its base. Elliptical galaxies can be named from E0 to E7. E stands for elliptical while the number indicates how oval-shaped the ellipse is with 0 being ball shape (in other words, a giant globular cluster) to 7 being discus shape. Technically speaking, the number is ten times the eccentricity. For example, an E7 galaxy has an eccentricity of 0.7. After the elliptical galaxies the diagram splits into two branches. The upper branch covers spiral galaxies ...

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Galaxy classification, Galaxy classification - The tuning fork system, Galaxy classification - The de Vaucouleurs system

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In Indian music, the basic unaltered diatonic scale is considered to be 1/1, 9/8, 5/4, 4/3, 3/2, 27/16, 15/8, 2/1. This would appear problematic, since (27/16):(5/4) = 27:20 (a wolf interval), not 4:3. But Indian music uses melodies over a drone dyad (usually 1/1 and 3/2), so these two pitches (27/16 and 5/4) would seldom be heard sounding together. See sargam and swara. [The just scale with the ratios 1/1, 9/8, 5/4, 4/3, 3/2, *5/3*, 15/8, 2/1 gives (5/3):(5/4) = 4:3 (a perfect fourth), and allows these notes to sound together in a co ...

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Just intonation, Just intonation - The diatonic scale in just intonation, Just intonation - Why isn't just intonation used much?, Just intonation - Singing in just intonation, Just intonation - Bagpipe tuning, Just intonation - Non-western tuning, Just intonation - Western composers who specified just intonation

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"Tuning" a control loop is the adjustment of its control parameters (gain/proportional band, integral/reset, derivative/rate) to the optimum values for the desired control response. The optimum behavior on a process change or setpoint change varies depending on the application. Some processes must not allow an overshoot of the process variable from the setpoint. Other processes must minimize the energy expended in reaching a new setpoint. Generally stability of response is required and the process must not oscillate for any combination of pr ...

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PID controller, PID controller - Control loop basics, PID controller - Theory, PID controller - Nomenclature, PID controller - Tuning a PID loop, PID controller - Problems, PID controller - How to get one

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B/W years In the early 1950s, a typical episode began with announcer Don Hancock saying, "Good afternoon. Don Hancock speaking. Welcome to Love of Life," over a shot of the fountain outside New York's Plaza Hotel with the show's title appearing diagonally across the screen in elegant sweeping calligraphy. After a brief commercial was the main title sequence, where Charles Mountain said over this visual, "Love of Life, the exciting story of Vanessa Dale and her search for human dignity." This was followed by some ...

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Love of Life, Love of Life - Taping, Love of Life - Format, Love of Life - Titles and theme tunes, Love of Life - Plot, Love of Life - The final years

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L'homme armé, L'homme armé - Tune text and translation, L'homme armé - Use in the Latin Mass, L'homme armé - Origin, L'homme armé - External link

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(Sources for this section: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]) The nuclear strong force holds together the particles in the nucleus of an atom. If the strong nuclear force were slightly weaker, by as little as 2%, multi-proton nuclei would not hold together and hydrogen would be the only element in the universe. If the strong force were slightly stronger, by as little as 1%, hydrogen would be rare in the universe and elements heavier than iron (elements resulting from fusion during the explosion of supernovae) would also be rare. See also:

Fine-tuned universe, Fine-tuned universe - Nature of the constants, Fine-tuned universe - Meaning of universe, Fine-tuned universe - Known physical constants and possible examples of fine tuning, Fine-tuned universe - Explaining fine-tuned universe, Fine-tuned universe - Naturalism and the fine tuning argument, Fine-tuned universe - Naturalistic fine-tuned universe arguments, Fine-tuned universe - Ikeda-Jefferys argument

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Unlike the electric bass guitar, which is generally a solid body instrument, the acoustic bass guitar usually has a hollow wooden body similar to (though usually somewhat larger than) that of the steel-string acoustic guitar. The majority of acoustic basses are fretted, but a significant number are fretless instead. Semi-fretted versions also exist, although they are rare. Like the Fender Precision Bass and the double bass, the acoustic bass guitar commonly has four strings, which are normally tuned E-A-D-G, making it an octave below ...

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Acoustic bass guitar, Acoustic bass guitar - History, Acoustic bass guitar - Construction and tuning, Acoustic bass guitar - Manufacturers, Acoustic bass guitar - Mexican acoustic bass guitars

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If the first 15 harmonics are transposed into the span of one octave, they approximate some of the notes in what the West has adopted as the chromatic scale based on the fundamental tone. The Western chromatic scale has been modified into twelve equal semitones, and in relation to that scale, many of the harmonics are slightly out of tune, and the 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics are significantly so. In the late 1930s, composer Paul Hindemith ranked musical intervals according to their relative ...

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Harmonic series music, Harmonic series music - Description of the harmonic series, Harmonic series music - Terminology, Harmonic series music - Harmonics and tuning, Harmonic series music - Timbre of musical instruments, Harmonic series music - Register and special effects of musical instruments

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During much of the 20th century it was assumed that Bach wanted equal temperament, which had been described by theorists and musicians for at least a century before Bach's birth. However, research has continued into various unequal systems contemporary with Bach's career. Accounts of Bach's own tuning practice are few and inexact. The two most cited sources are Forkel, Bach's first biographer, who received information from Bach's sons and pupils; and Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg and Johann Kirnberger, two of those pupils. Forkel reports that Ba ...

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Well-Tempered Clavier, Well-Tempered Clavier - Composition history, Well-Tempered Clavier - Later significance and influence, Well-Tempered Clavier - What tuning did Bach intend?, Well-Tempered Clavier - Media, Well-Tempered Clavier - Links

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Long after the composer's death, his melody was used as the tune of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's Das Lied der Deutschen (1841), whose text begins "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; see the Wikipedia article just cited for full details concerning this setting. The tune has also been used as a hymn in English, to lyrics by John Newton which begin "Glorious things of thee are spoken/Zion, city of our God." 1, 2 After the death of Francis in 1835, the tune was given new lyrics that praised his successor, Ferdinand: "Segen Öst'reichs ...

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Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - Words and music, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - History, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - Composition, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - Later uses of the tune, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - Full text, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - Burney's translation, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser - External link

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The body and neck of the instrument are carved out of one piece of wood, the body forming a bowl or gourd like a lute. The top (soundboard), of straight-grained softwood (pine???) is also carved, with a shallower arch. The overall construction is quite heavy compared to, say, a violin, though some gadulkas are exquisitely built. (The instrument generally lacks any real decoration or ornamentation, apart from the design of the peghead.) The bridge, placed between the two roughly "D"-shaped soundholes, has one foot placed on the top, while the ...

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Gadulka, Gadulka - Construction, Gadulka - Tuning, Gadulka - Pronunciation

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It is possible to tune the familiar diatonic scale or chromatic scale in just intonation, in many ways, all of which make certain chords purely tuned and as consonant as possible, and others considerably more dissonant and indeed seeming out-of-tune to modern ears (see below for more on this). The prominent notes of a given scale are tuned so that the ratios of their frequencies are comprised of relatively small integers. For example, in the key of G major, the ratio of the frequencies of the not ...

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Just intonation, Just intonation - The diatonic scale in just intonation, Just intonation - Why isn't just intonation used much?, Just intonation - Singing in just intonation, Just intonation - Bagpipe tuning, Just intonation - Non-western tuning, Just intonation - Western composers who specified just intonation

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It is commonly associated with music from Hawaii where the name roughly translates as "jumping flea" and was developed there in the 1880s as a combination of the Madeiran Portuguese braguinha and rajão. A braguinha is a cavaquinho-like instrument built in the city of Braga and named after it; the Brazilian cavaquinho is usually tuned in D-G-B-D, a G-major chord. The Madeiran rajão is tuned D-G-C-E-A, in other words. the D and G strings are both re-entrant, i.e., tuned an octave higher than expected in the normal low-to high course of strings. The GCEA strings of the rajão are the source of the re-en ...

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Ukulele, Ukulele - History, Ukulele - Ukulele musicians, Ukulele - Tahitian ukulele, Ukulele - Tuning a Tahitian ukulele, Ukulele - Audio samples

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Ukulele, Ukulele - History, Ukulele - Ukulele musicians, Ukulele - Tahitian ukulele, Ukulele - Tuning a Tahitian ukulele, Ukulele - Audio samples

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Producer Leon Schlesinger had already produced one cartoon in the Looney Tunes series, and its success prompted him to try to sell a sister series to Warner Bros. His selling point was that the new cartoons would feature music from the soundtracks of Warner Bros. films and would thus serve as advertisements for Warner Bros. recordings. The studio agreed, and Schlesinger dubbed the series Merrie Melodies. Walt Disney Productions had already scored with their Silly Symphonies. Since cartoon production usually began with a soundtrack, animating a piece of music made it easier t ...

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Merrie Melodies, Merrie Melodies - History, Merrie Melodies - Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodies

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Most composers don't specify how instruments are to be tuned, although historically most have assumed one tuning system which was common in their time; in the 20th century most composers assumed equal temperament would be used. However, a few have specified just intonation systems for some or all of their compositions, including Glenn Branca, Wendy Carlos, Stuart Dempster, Arnold Dreyblatt, Kyle Gann, Kraig Grady, Lou Harrison, Ben Johnston, Elodie Lauten, Pauline Oliveros, Harry Partch, Robert Rich, Terry Riley, James Tenney, Ernesto Rodrig ...

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Just intonation, Just intonation - The diatonic scale in just intonation, Just intonation - Why isn't just intonation used much?, Just intonation - Singing in just intonation, Just intonation - Bagpipe tuning, Just intonation - Non-western tuning, Just intonation - Western composers who specified just intonation

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Egghead - Looney Tunes' Egghead. Tex Avery had a character at Warner Bros. named Egghead, whom he used in several pictures such as "Daffy Duck and Egghead," "Cinderella Meets Fella," "Hamateur Night," and "A Day at the Zoo," all in the late 1930s. Egghead alternated from having a Moe Howard haircut to being bald and wearing a brown derby, a baggy suit, and a high-collared shirt. His voice, laugh, and mannerisms were very Joe Penner. Egghead is thought to be the prototype of Elmer Fudd. Egghead himself returned de ...

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Egghead, Egghead - TV and animated characters named Egghead, Egghead - Looney Tunes' Egghead, Egghead - Looney Tunes' Egghead Jr., Egghead - Batman's Egghead, Egghead - Marvel Comic's Egghead, Egghead - KIds Next Door's egghead

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The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin but is larger in size and more variable in its proportions. It is increasingly common to see professional violists playing on instruments which, at first glance, bear little resemblance to the traditional shape of violins (see External Links). On average, the full size viola's body length is between one and four inches greater than the full size violin's. The viola's four strings are tuned in fifths: the C an octave below middle C is the lowest, with G, D and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth b ...

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Viola, Viola - The form of the viola, Viola - Playing the viola, Viola - Tuning, Viola - Viola music, Viola - Violists, Viola - The viola in popular music, Viola - Audio examples

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The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin but is larger in size and more variable in its proportions. It is increasingly common to see professional violists playing on instruments which, at first glance, bear little resemblance to the traditional shape of violins (see External Links). On average, the full size viola's body length is between one and four inches greater than the full size violin's. The viola's four strings are tuned in fifths: the C an octave below middle C is the lowest, with G, D and A above it. This tuning is exactly one fifth below the violin, so that they have three strings in common - G ...

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Viola, Viola - The form of the viola, Viola - Playing the viola, Viola - Tuning, Viola - Viola music, Viola - Violists, Viola - The viola in popular music, Viola - Audio examples

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A whole number of just perfect fifths will never add up to a whole number of octaves, because they are incommensurable (see Fundamental theorem of arithmetic). Therefore, a chromatic scale in Pythagorean tuning must have one fifth that is out of tune by the Pythagorean comma, called a wolf fifth. Most meantone temperaments share this problem, except for the case where the fifth is exactly 700 cents (tempered by approximately 1/11 of a syntonic comma) and the meantone becomes the ...

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Meantone temperament, Meantone temperament - Meantone temperaments, Meantone temperament - Wolf intervals and extended meantones

Read more here: » Meantone temperament: Encyclopedia II - Meantone temperament - Wolf intervals and extended meantones

Some fixed just intonation scales and systems, such as the diatonic scale above, produce wolf intervals. The above scale allows a minor tone to occur next to a semitone which produces the awkward ratio 32:27 for C:A, and still worse, a minor tone next to a fourth giving 40:27 for E:A. Moving A down to 10/9 alleviates these difficulties but creates new ones: D:A becomes 27:20, and A:F# becomes 32:27. You can have more frets on a guitar to handle both A's, 9/8 with G and 10/9 with G so that C:A can be played as 6:5 while D:A can still b ...

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Just intonation, Just intonation - The diatonic scale in just intonation, Just intonation - Why isn't just intonation used much?, Just intonation - Singing in just intonation, Just intonation - Bagpipe tuning, Just intonation - Non-western tuning, Just intonation - Western composers who specified just intonation

Read more here: » Just intonation: Encyclopedia II - Just intonation - Why isn't just intonation used much?