Although Hunter's Civic Biology was primarily a biology textbook, it reflected a marked bias towards eugenics - hence the use of the word "Civic" in the title. Indeed, part of the text was in fact authored by Charles Davenport, director of the Eugenics Record Office, a privately funded research organization. This was one of the main issues which fueled Bryan's opposition to evolutionary thought. The text supported the notion of the inherent superiority of the white race, and promoted a eugenics-oriented policy as a means of elimi ...

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Scopes Trial, Scopes Trial - Butler Act, Scopes Trial - Testing the Butler Act, Scopes Trial - Textbook in question, Scopes Trial - Trial, Scopes Trial - Cross-examination of Bryan, Scopes Trial - Biblical miracles and creation days, Scopes Trial - Darrow's motivation, Scopes Trial - Appeal to Supreme Court of Tennessee, Scopes Trial - Publicity and drama, Scopes Trial - Publicity, Scopes Trial - Humor and the Scopes Trial, Scopes Trial - Inherit the Wind

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In Europe, at least, it would appear to be a Germanic custom. It was in use among the ancient Geats, Goths, Swedes, and Franks, but it was generally unknown in Roman law and does not figure in the Torah or the laws of Hammurabi. Extensive statutes governing its use appear in the capitularies of Louis the Pious, king of the Franks, in 819. As it existed in the mediæval laws of western Europe, it was typically explained as a judicium Dei, the judgment of God. In theory, the trial so conducted would yield a just result because Go ...

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Trial by combat, Trial by combat - European Origins, Trial by combat - English common law, Trial by combat - In the United States, Trial by combat - A trial from 1583

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Randomized trials are employed to test efficacy while avoiding these factors. Trials may be open, blind or double-blind. Randomized controlled trial - Open trial. In an open trial, the researcher knows the full details of the treatment, and so does the patient. These trials are open to challenge for bias, and they do nothing to reduce the placebo effect. However, sometimes they are unavoidable, particularly in relation to surgical techniques, where it may not be possible or ethical to hide from the patient which treatment he or she received. See also:

Randomized controlled trial, Randomized controlled trial - Types of trials, Randomized controlled trial - Open trial, Randomized controlled trial - Blind trials, Randomized controlled trial - Controlled aspect, Randomized controlled trial - Difficulties

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A major difficulty in dealing with trial results comes from commercial, political and/or academic pressure. Most trials are expensive to run, and will be the result of significant previous research, which is itself not cheap. There may be a political issue at stake (compare MMR vaccine) or vested interests (compare homeopathy). In such cases there is great pressure to interpret results in a way which suits the viewer, and great care must be ...

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Randomized controlled trial, Randomized controlled trial - Types of trials, Randomized controlled trial - Open trial, Randomized controlled trial - Blind trials, Randomized controlled trial - Controlled aspect, Randomized controlled trial - Difficulties

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Salem witch trials - Clerical participants and commentators. The Rev. Cotton Mather The Rev. Samuel Parris The Rev. Increase Mather The Rev. Francis Dane The Rev. Deodat Lawson The Rev. Samuel Willard The Rev. John Hale Salem witch trials - Presiding officials. Presiding officials, Court of Oyer and Terminer Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton, Chief Magistrate Captain Jo ...

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Salem witch trials, Salem witch trials - Background, Salem witch trials - The ending, Salem witch trials - Ergot Theory, Salem witch trials - Participants, Salem witch trials - Clerical participants and commentators, Salem witch trials - Presiding officials, Salem witch trials - Associate Magistrates, Salem witch trials - Afflicted, Salem witch trials - Accused, Salem witch trials - Executed, Salem witch trials - Died in jail, Salem witch trials - Note

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The trial ended on December 16, 1987, almost two years after it commenced. Of the 474 defendants - both those present and those tried in absentia - 360 were convicted. They included Michele Greco, as well as the fugitives Salvatore Riina and Bernardo Provenzano. 2,665 years of prison sentences were shared out between the guilty. 114 were acquitted, including Luciano Leggio, who had been charged with helping to run the Corleonisi Mafia Family from behind bars. The judge decided there was not enough evidence. It made littl ...

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Maxi Trial, Maxi Trial - Preceeding Events, Maxi Trial - Location and Defendants, Maxi Trial - The Trial, Maxi Trial - The Verdicts, Maxi Trial - Appeals, Maxi Trial - Aftermath

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The Maxi Trial was largely regarded as a success. However, the appeals process soon began, which resulted in a shocking number of successful appeals on minor technicalities. Most of this was thanks to Corrado Carnevale, a judge in the pay of the Mafia who was handed control over most of the appeals by the corrupt politician Salvatore Lima. Carnevale was eventually nicknamed l'ammazza-sentenze - "The Sentence Killer" - because of his tendency to overturn Mafia convictions for trivial reasons. He threw out some drug-trafficking c ...

See also:

Maxi Trial, Maxi Trial - Preceeding Events, Maxi Trial - Location and Defendants, Maxi Trial - The Trial, Maxi Trial - The Verdicts, Maxi Trial - Appeals, Maxi Trial - Aftermath

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In January 1992, Falcone and Borsellino managed to take charge of further Maxi Trial appeals. Not only did they turn many appeals down, they reversed previous successful ones, resulting in many Mafiosi who had recently swaggered out of prison after their convictions were overturned being unceremoniously rounded up and put back behind bars, in many cases for the rest of their lives. This naturally angered the Mafia bosses, particularly Salvatore Riina, who had been hoping his in absentia sentence for murder would be reversed and allow him to retire in ...

See also:

Maxi Trial, Maxi Trial - Preceeding Events, Maxi Trial - Location and Defendants, Maxi Trial - The Trial, Maxi Trial - The Verdicts, Maxi Trial - Appeals, Maxi Trial - Aftermath

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The first UK individual time trial on public roads is reputed to have been held on 5 October 1895 over a 50-miles course just north of London, organised by Frederick Thomas Bidlake. For many years in the UK, time trials were the main road-based cycling competitions ('massed start' road racing only gained grudging approval after the Second World War), and remain popular today. Organised by Cycling Time Trials (formerly the Roa ...

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Individual time trial, Individual time trial - Events by terrain, Individual time trial - Professional time trialling, Individual time trial - Performance and tactics, Individual time trial - UK time trial competition

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Trials of Saddam Hussein - Charges. At the moment the trial of Saddam Hussein and his regime focuses on a few (relatively minor) cases, rather than the allegedly wide-spread abuses of human rights, and possible crimes against humanity. Such events are also said to have taken place during the Iran-Iraq War. Some observers heavily criticize this approach. The spotty selection of cases is widely considered to be caused by strong opposition from the United States, which is known to have supported polic ...

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Trials of Saddam Hussein, Trials of Saddam Hussein - First hearing, Trials of Saddam Hussein - Pre-trial events, Trials of Saddam Hussein - Al-Dujail trial, Trials of Saddam Hussein - Criticism, Trials of Saddam Hussein - Charges, Trials of Saddam Hussein - General arrangements, Trials of Saddam Hussein - Notes and references

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The witch trials ended in January 1693, although people already jailed for witchcraft were not all released until the next spring. The royal appointed governor of Massachusetts, Sir William Phips, disturbed when his wife was accused of witchcraft, ended them by appealing to the Boston-area clergy headed by Increase Mather. In October 3, 1692, Increase Mather published "Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits." In it, Increase Mather stated "It were better that Ten Suspected Witches should escape, than that the Innocent Person should be C ...

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Salem witch trials, Salem witch trials - Background, Salem witch trials - The ending, Salem witch trials - Ergot Theory, Salem witch trials - Participants, Salem witch trials - Clerical participants and commentators, Salem witch trials - Presiding officials, Salem witch trials - Associate Magistrates, Salem witch trials - Afflicted, Salem witch trials - Accused, Salem witch trials - Executed, Salem witch trials - Died in jail, Salem witch trials - Note

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In the town of Salem in 1692, eight young townswomen fell victim to "fits, outbreaks of obscene babbling, and wild partying in the local woodland. (Woolf 2004)" The girls claimed they were bewitched by other members of the community and possessed by the devil. Among the first accused were Sarah Good, Sarah Osbourne, and Tituba. Good, orphaned as a teenager at the death of her mother (a French innkeeper) was the town beggar, noted for her strange "muttering." Osborne was a bedridden elderly woman who had gotten on the wrong side of the ...

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Salem witch trials, Salem witch trials - Background, Salem witch trials - The ending, Salem witch trials - Ergot Theory, Salem witch trials - Participants, Salem witch trials - Clerical participants and commentators, Salem witch trials - Presiding officials, Salem witch trials - Associate Magistrates, Salem witch trials - Afflicted, Salem witch trials - Accused, Salem witch trials - Executed, Salem witch trials - Died in jail, Salem witch trials - Note

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In a Stage race, teams usually consist of several members. Each member of the team is credited with the time of the N-th team member to cross the finish line; this is usually after the median member of a nine-person team (e.g. the fifth out of nine members of a team in the Tour de France). However, if a rider is dropped from the team's main group on the course, finishing separately in (N+1)-th position or later, then the dropped rider will get his actual time, not that of the fifth rider. This means there are often difficult decisions to make regarding hanging back for a team leader, and chaos can o ...

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Team time trial, Team time trial - Tactics and formation, Team time trial - Professional team time trialling, Team time trial - Team time trials in stage racing, Team time trial - UK team time trial competition

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See the constituent serials' articles for full plot details. The Sixth Doctor is taken out of time, his TARDIS transported to a mysterious space station where it is revealed that his people, the Time Lords, are putting him on trial once again. He is accused of "conduct unbecoming a Time Lord" and transgressing the First Law of Time. The Ultimate Court of Appeal is composed of the High Council of Time Lords, including the Inquisitor (fulfilling the role of adjudicator), and the Valeyard who has raised the charges against the Doc ...

See also:

The Trial of a Time Lord, The Trial of a Time Lord - Synopsis, The Trial of a Time Lord - Notes

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I — Indicted   G — Indicted and found guilty Those sentenced to death were hanged on June 2, 1948 in Landsberg prison, Bavaria. Generally, the difference between a prison term and the death sentence was membership in "an organization declared criminal by the judgement of the International Military Tribunal" — namely the SS. ...

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Doctors' Trial, Doctors' Trial - Indictment, Doctors' Trial - Defendants

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Dreyfus was unanimously pronounced guilty. He was sentenced to transportation for life to a fortress, preceded by military degradation. Upon hearing this decision, communicated to him by the clerk of the court, Dreyfus, who firmly believed he would be acquitted, was stunned. Taken back to prison, he was seized with despair, and begged for a revolver. Forzinetti, who had not lost faith in his innocence, had great difficulty in calming him. However, the touching letters from his wi ...

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Trial and conviction of Dreyfus, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The trial, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The dossier, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Sentence, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Military degradation, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Germany, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Island of Ré, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Devil's Island

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In the meantime, serious complications with Germany were expected. Once assured by Schwarzkoppen and by the War Office at Berlin that Dreyfus was utterly unknown to them, the German government protested publicly against the statements in the newspapers that persisted in bringing Germany into the case. Several times after the arrest of Dreyfus, semi-official notes of protest had been inserted in the different organs of the press; Count Münster, the German ambassador, denied to Hanotaux that Germany had taken any part in the affair. These dec ...

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Trial and conviction of Dreyfus, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The trial, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The dossier, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Sentence, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Military degradation, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Germany, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Island of Ré, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Devil's Island

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The jury selection for the jury trial started on January 31, 2005, and lasted less than a month. Twelve out of about 200 people were selected for the final list of jurors in the 2005 Michael Jackson trial. The final 12 Jurors consisted of 8 women and 4 men with 8 alternate jurors which consisted of 4 men and 4 women. There were no African-American jurors in the final 12, however there was 1 African-American juror among the alternate jurors. There were 91 prosecution and 50 defense witnesses, although fewer than planned. Melvill ...

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2005 trial of Michael Jackson, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Early events, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Bashir documentary, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Visit to Florida and subsequent stay at Neverland Ranch, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Rebuttal video, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - DCFS interview, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Plans for a trip to Brazil final departure from Neverland, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Mother of accuser seeks legal advice, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department investigation, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Searches, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Miscellaneous allegations, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Gavin Arvizo, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Arrest and investigation, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Grand jury proceedings and indictment, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Alleged co-conspirators, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - The charges, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - The trial, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Alleged prior sexual crimes Evidence Code 1108, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Accuser's mother, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Chris Carter, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Jackson's finances, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Court Dates, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Verdict, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Allegations of juror misconduct, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - After the trial

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Members of the Council of National Unity: Kazimierz Bagiński - 1 year, later released and forced to emigrate to the USA Head of Zjednoczenie Demokratyczne Eugeniusz Czarnowski - 6 months Head of Stronnictwo Pracy - Józef Chaciński - 4 months Stanisław Mierzwa - 4 months Zbigniew Stypułkowski - 4 months, later released and forced to emigrate to the United Kingdom Feliks Urbański - 4 months Stanisław Michałowski - acquitted of all the charges Kazimier ...

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Trial of the Sixteen, Trial of the Sixteen - History, Trial of the Sixteen - People involved, Trial of the Sixteen - Aftermath, Trial of the Sixteen - Book references:, Trial of the Sixteen - English language, Trial of the Sixteen - Polish language

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Janet Arvizo, the mother of the accuser, was charged with welfare fraud on August 23, 2005 for allegedly collecting nearly $19,000 in payments while making false claims. During her testimony at the Jackson trial, Arvizo cited the Fifth Amendment against criminal self-incrimination in refusing to answer questions about how she succeeded in illegally obtaining welfare payments while having more than $30,000 in the bank. During the defense case, a Jackson lawyer walked a California Department of Social Services representative through Arvizo's w ...

See also:

2005 trial of Michael Jackson, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Early events, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Bashir documentary, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Visit to Florida and subsequent stay at Neverland Ranch, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Rebuttal video, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - DCFS interview, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Plans for a trip to Brazil final departure from Neverland, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Mother of accuser seeks legal advice, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department investigation, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Searches, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Miscellaneous allegations, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Gavin Arvizo, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Arrest and investigation, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Grand jury proceedings and indictment, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Alleged co-conspirators, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - The charges, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - The trial, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Alleged prior sexual crimes Evidence Code 1108, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Accuser's mother, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Chris Carter, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Jackson's finances, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Court Dates, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Verdict, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - Allegations of juror misconduct, 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - After the trial

Read more here: » 2005 trial of Michael Jackson: Encyclopedia II - 2005 trial of Michael Jackson - After the trial

At the meetings in Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945) and Potsdam (1945), the three major wartime powers USA, USSR and Great Britain agreed on the format to punish those responsible for war-crimes during World War II. France was also awarded a place on the tribunal. The legal basis for the trial was established by the 'London Charter', issued on August 8, 1945, which restricted the trial to "punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries". Thus, accusations of Allied war crimes could not be tried. Some 200 German war cr ...

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Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

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The Einsatzgruppen were special units of the SD, the Reichssicherheitsdienst. These were veritable death squads, operating in general behind the frontline in eastern Europe. They indiscriminately killed Jews and non-cooperating civilians in large numbers. From 1941 to 1943 alone, they murdered more than one million Jews and tens of thousands of "partisans", Roma, disabled persons, political commisars, and others. The 24 defendants in this trial were all officers (all but three commissioned officers) of these EinsatzgruppenSee also:

Einsatzgruppen Trial, Einsatzgruppen Trial - The case, Einsatzgruppen Trial - Indictment, Einsatzgruppen Trial - Defendants, Einsatzgruppen Trial - Quotes

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