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Trial

A Wisdom Archive on Trial

Trial

A selection of articles related to Trial

We recommend this article: Trial - 1, and also this: Trial - 2.
trial, Trial, trial and error

ARTICLES RELATED TO Trial

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Jury trial - History of jury trials

Juries were developed at least as early as the Dark Ages in England. The Anglo-Saxons passed on the system to the modern age; however, they may have been influenced by the customs of the Danes or earlier Saxon tradition. The English king Ethelred the Unready set up an early legal system through the Wantage Code of Ethelred, one provision of which stated that the twelve leading thegns (minor nobles) of each wapentake (a small district) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without a bias. These juries differed from the mod ...

See also:

Jury trial, Jury trial - History of jury trials, Jury trial - The role of jury trials, Jury trial - Pros and cons, Jury trial - The United States, Jury trial - Criminal Trial procedure, Jury trial - Civil Trial Procedure, Jury trial - Waiver of jury trial, Jury trial - Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas, Jury trial - United Kingdom, Jury trial - India

Read more here: » Jury trial: Encyclopedia II - Jury trial - History of jury trials

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Trial by combat - A trial from 1583

The last trial by combat under the authority of an English monarch is thought to have taken place during the reign of Elizabeth I, in the inner courtyard of Dublin Castle in Ireland at 9 o'clock on the morning of 7 September 1583. The dispute was between members of the O'Connor clan (ie. sept) in King's county (modern County Offaly), who were persuaded by two judges (referred to in the account below) to bring the ...

See also:

Trial by combat, Trial by combat - European Origins, Trial by combat - English common law, Trial by combat - In the United States, Trial by combat - A trial from 1583

Read more here: » Trial by combat: Encyclopedia II - Trial by combat - A trial from 1583

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials

The most commonly performed clinical trials evaluate new drugs, medical devices, biologics, or other interventions to patients in strictly scientifically controlled settings, and are required for Food and Drug Administration approval of new therapies. Trials may be designed to assess the safety and efficacy of an experimental therapy, to assess whether the new intervention is better than standard therapy, or to comp ...

See also:

Clinical trial, Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials, Clinical trial - Phases, Clinical trial - Phase I, Clinical trial - Phase II, Clinical trial - Phase III, Clinical trial - Phase IV

Read more here: » Clinical trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials

Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter

The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner. On the morning of his thirtieth birthday, a junior bank manager, Josef K., who lives in lodgings, is unexpectedly arrested by two unidentified agents for an unspecified crime. The agents do not name the authority for which they are acting. He is not taken away, but left at home to await instructions from the Interrogation Commission. That eve ...

See also:

The Trial, The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter, The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner, The Trial - First Interrogation, The Trial - In the Empty Interrogation Chamber - The Student - The Offices, The Trial - Fräulein Bürstner's Friend, The Trial - The Whipper, The Trial - K.'s Uncle - Leni, The Trial - Advocate - Manufacturer - Painter, The Trial - The Commercial Traveller - Dismissal of the Advocate, The Trial - In The Cathedral, The Trial - The End, The Trial - Evaluation, The Trial - Comparisons with other works, The Trial - Relations between The Trial and Crime and Punishment, The Trial - Published editions, The Trial - External link

Read more here: » The Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter

Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Evaluation

The Trial is a chilling story that maintains a constant, relentless atmosphere of unease, right up to the brutal ending. Superficially the subject matter is political; an illustration of a truly twisted brand of law enforcement. However, one of the strengths of the novel is in its description of the effect of these circumstances on the life and mind of Josef K. It presents the absurdity of human nature, of drudging along without direction, and without result. It can also be considered allegorically in a number of frameworks, for examp ...

See also:

The Trial, The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter, The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner, The Trial - First Interrogation, The Trial - In the Empty Interrogation Chamber - The Student - The Offices, The Trial - Fräulein Bürstner's Friend, The Trial - The Whipper, The Trial - K.'s Uncle - Leni, The Trial - Advocate - Manufacturer - Painter, The Trial - The Commercial Traveller - Dismissal of the Advocate, The Trial - In The Cathedral, The Trial - The End, The Trial - Evaluation, The Trial - Comparisons with other works, The Trial - Relations between The Trial and Crime and Punishment, The Trial - Published editions, The Trial - External link

Read more here: » The Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Evaluation

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The trial

The case began on December 19, 1894 at Cherche-Midi, and lasted four days. The court was composed of seven judges, none of them an artilleryman. The president was Colonel Maurel. From the start, the commissary of the government, Major Brisset, demanded a public trial. The protests of Demange, who tried to make it known that the accusation was based on a single document, were overruled by the president, and a secret trial was unanimously agreed to. In the courtroom there remained, besides the judges, only the accused and his attorney, the pre ...

See also:

Trial and conviction of Dreyfus, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The trial, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The dossier, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Sentence, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Military degradation, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Germany, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Island of Ré, Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - Devil's Island

Read more here: » Trial and conviction of Dreyfus: Encyclopedia II - Trial and conviction of Dreyfus - The trial

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Rivonia Trial - Charges

Charges were: recruiting persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives and in guerrilla warfare for the purpose of violent revolution and committing acts of sabotage conspiring to commit the aforementioned acts and to aid foreign military units when they invaded the Republic, acting in these ways to further the objects of communism soliciting and receiving money for these purposes from sympathizers in Algeria, Ethiopia, Liberia ...

See also:

Rivonia Trial, Rivonia Trial - Origins, Rivonia Trial - Arrests, Rivonia Trial - List of defendants, Rivonia Trial - Charges, Rivonia Trial - Escapes, Rivonia Trial - Results

Read more here: » Rivonia Trial: Encyclopedia II - Rivonia Trial - Charges

Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter

The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner. On the morning of his thirtieth birthday, a junior bank manager, Josef K., who lives in lodgings, is unexpectedly arrested by two unidentified agents for an unspecified crime. The agents do not name the authority for which they are acting. He is not taken away, but left at home to await instructions from the Interrogation Commission. That eve ...

See also:

The Trial, The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter, The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner, The Trial - First Interrogation, The Trial - In the Empty Interrogation Chamber - The Student - The Offices, The Trial - Fräulein Bürstner's Friend, The Trial - The Whipper, The Trial - K.'s Uncle - Leni, The Trial - Advocate - Manufacturer - Painter, The Trial - The Commercial Traveller - Dismissal of the Advocate, The Trial - In The Cathedral, The Trial - The End, The Trial - Evaluation, The Trial - Comparisons with other works, The Trial - Relations between The Trial and Crime and Punishment, The Trial - Published editions

Read more here: » The Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter

Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Evaluation

The Trial is a chilling story that maintains a constant, relentless atmosphere of unease, right up to the brutal ending. Superficially the subject matter is political; an illustration of a truly twisted brand of law enforcement. However, one of the strengths of the novel is in its description of the effect of these circumstances on the life and mind of Josef K. It presents the absurdity of human nature, of drudging along without direction, and without result. It can also be considered allegorically in a number of frameworks, for examp ...

See also:

The Trial, The Trial - Plot Synopsis by Chapter, The Trial - The Arrest - Conversation with Frau Grubach then Fräulein Bürstner, The Trial - First Interrogation, The Trial - In the Empty Interrogation Chamber - The Student - The Offices, The Trial - Fräulein Bürstner's Friend, The Trial - The Whipper, The Trial - K.'s Uncle - Leni, The Trial - Advocate - Manufacturer - Painter, The Trial - The Commercial Traveller - Dismissal of the Advocate, The Trial - In The Cathedral, The Trial - The End, The Trial - Evaluation, The Trial - Comparisons with other works, The Trial - Relations between The Trial and Crime and Punishment, The Trial - Published editions

Read more here: » The Trial: Encyclopedia II - The Trial - Evaluation

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Trial law - Types of trial divided by the finder of fact

Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial. Where the trial is held before a group of disinterested members of the community, it is called a jury trial. Bench trials involve fewer formalities, and are typically resolved faster. Furthermore, a favorable ruling for one party in a bench trial will frequently lead the other party to offer a settlement. Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. An appellate proce ...

See also:

Trial law, Trial law - Types of trial divided by the finder of fact, Trial law - Types of trial divided by the type of dispute, Trial law - Other kinds of trials

Read more here: » Trial law: Encyclopedia II - Trial law - Types of trial divided by the finder of fact

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

Recently released papers from the British War Cabinet have shown that, as early as December 1942, they had discussed their policy for the punishment of the leading Nazis if captured. Winston Churchill had then advocated a policy of summary execution, (possibly by electrocution), and was only dissuaded from this by US pressure later in the War. By 1944, victory for the Allies had become inevitable. Advocate groups (who had received detailed information regarding Nazi plans of mass extermination, or the "Final Solution") and governments ...

See also:

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

Read more here: » Nuremberg Trials: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Show trial - Moscow Trials

Show trials were a cornerstone of Joseph Stalin's regime. The Moscow Trials of the Great Purge period in the Soviet Union give pre-eminent examples of the show trial. The authorities not only pre-determined the guilt of the defendants, but also orchestrated the whole trial processes. Massive campaigns in newspapers and at numerous meetings shaped the opinion of the public towards the cases. The authorities staged the actual trials meticulously. If defendants refused to "cooperate", i.e., to admit guilt for their alleged and mostly fab ...

See also:

Show trial, Show trial - Moscow Trials, Show trial - Possible show trials, Show trial - Show-Prosecution

Read more here: » Show trial: Encyclopedia II - Show trial - Moscow Trials

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Phases

Drug clinical trials are commonly classified into four phases, and the drug-development process will normally proceed through all four stages over many years. If the drug successfully passes through the first three phases, it will usually be successfully approved for use in the general population. Before embarking on costly clinical trials, pharmaceutical companies will perform pre-clinical development to ensure that their investment is wise. < ...

See also:

Clinical trial, Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials, Clinical trial - Phases, Clinical trial - Phase I, Clinical trial - Phase II, Clinical trial - Phase III, Clinical trial - Phase IV

Read more here: » Clinical trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Phases

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Rivonia Trial - Arrests

Arrested were: Walter Sisulu Govan Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Andrew Mlangeni Elias Motsoaledi, trade union and ANC member Ahmed Kathrada Dennis Goldberg, a Cape Town engineer and leader of the Congress of Democrats. Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, architect and member of the Communist party Bob Hepple Arthur Goldreich Harold Wolpe, prominent attorney and activist James "Jimmy" Kantor, brother-in-law of Harold Wolpe and others. Goldberg, Bernstein, Hepple and Goldreich were Caucasian Jews, Kathrada was Indian, and Sisulu, ...

See also:

Rivonia Trial, Rivonia Trial - Origins, Rivonia Trial - Arrests, Rivonia Trial - List of defendants, Rivonia Trial - Charges, Rivonia Trial - Escapes, Rivonia Trial - Results

Read more here: » Rivonia Trial: Encyclopedia II - Rivonia Trial - Arrests

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Darwin on Trial - Introduction

Johnson, an evangelical Christian and "an academic lawyer with a specialty in analyzing the logic of arguments and identifying the assumptions that lie behind those arguments," had come to believe that the scientific theory of evolution was based on materialistic assumptions and empty rhetoric. In Darwin on Trial, he evaluates the evidence for evolution by natural selection using legal principles for assessing its probative value, and examines what he sees as the philosophi ...

See also:

Darwin on Trial, Darwin on Trial - Introduction, Darwin on Trial - Overview, Darwin on Trial - Criticisms, Darwin on Trial - Trivia

Read more here: » Darwin on Trial: Encyclopedia II - Darwin on Trial - Introduction

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

By 1944, victory for the Allies had become inevitable. Advocate groups (who had received detailed information regarding Nazi plans of mass extermination, or the "Final Solution") and governments in exile became concerned that the Nazis would unleash a final wave of atrocities. To help prevent the escalation of violence, the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) was established, an organization which began to compile a list of probable war criminals. However, the Allies did not consolidate these threats (of the possible prosecution of war crimes) against the ...

See also:

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

Read more here: » Nuremberg Trials: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes

1 Conquest, Robert The Great Terror A Reassessment London: Oxford University Press page 92. 2 Bauer, Eddy The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II Volume 22 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation 1972 page 3071. ...

See also:

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

Read more here: » Nuremberg Trials: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Trial of Socrates - Socrates' trial described by his contemporaries

The first Tetralogy of dialogues by Plato has the trial and execution of Socrates as central theme: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Phaedo. Also Xenophon wrote an Apology of Socrates. As told in Plato's Apology — one of the best-known works of Greek philosophy and literature — the Trial of Socrates was a dramatic court case that led to the death of Socrates, the Greek philosopher. Socrates's reasoning and philosophy, and the questions they raised — not only about ephemeral things but also ...

See also:

Trial of Socrates, Trial of Socrates - Socrates' trial described by his contemporaries, Trial of Socrates - Socrates' trial and death in art

Read more here: » Trial of Socrates: Encyclopedia II - Trial of Socrates - Socrates' trial described by his contemporaries

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Phases

Pharmaceutical clinical trials are commonly classified into four phases, and the drug-development process will normally proceed through all four stages over many years. If the drug successfully passes through the first three phases, it will usually be successfully approved for use in the general population. Before pharmaceutical companies start clinical trials on drugs, extensive pre-clinial studies are conducted. < ...

See also:

Clinical trial, Clinical trial - Types of clinical trials, Clinical trial - Phases, Clinical trial - Phase I, Clinical trial - Phase II, Clinical trial - Phase III, Clinical trial - Phase IV

Read more here: » Clinical trial: Encyclopedia II - Clinical trial - Phases

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

By 1944, victory for the Allies had become inevitable. Advocate groups (who had received detailed information regarding Nazi plans of mass extermination, or the "Final Solution") and governments in exile became concerned that the Nazis would unleash a final wave of atrocities. To help prevent the escalation of violence, the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) was established, an organization which began to compile a list of probable war criminals. However, the Allies did not consolidate these threats (of the possible prosecution of war crimes) against the ...

See also:

Nuremberg Trials, Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials, Nuremberg Trials - Creation of the court, Nuremberg Trials - Location, Nuremberg Trials - Participants, Nuremberg Trials - The validity of the court, Nuremberg Trials - The main trial, Nuremberg Trials - Influence on the development of international criminal law, Nuremberg Trials - Endnotes, Nuremberg Trials - Notes

Read more here: » Nuremberg Trials: Encyclopedia II - Nuremberg Trials - Origin of the trials

Trial: Encyclopedia II - Darwin on Trial - Overview

Johnson, begins by recounting Edwards v. Aguillard, a US Supreme Court case regarding a Louisiana law requiring the teaching of "creation-science"; the law was ruled an "establishment of religion". While not an advocate of creation-science, Johnson states that an associated amicus curiae brief by the National Academy of Sciences improperly "defined 'science' in such a way that [it was impossible to] dispute the claims of the scientific establishment" and a rule it proposed against "negative argumentation [eliminated] the possibility t ...

See also:

Darwin on Trial, Darwin on Trial - Introduction, Darwin on Trial - Overview, Darwin on Trial - Criticisms, Darwin on Trial - Trivia

Read more here: » Darwin on Trial: Encyclopedia II - Darwin on Trial - Overview




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