Traumatic brain injury (TBI), traumatic injuries to the brain, also called acquired brain injury, intracranial injury, or simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. Parts of the brain that can be damaged include the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem (see brain damage). Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Outcome can be anything from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. Traumatic brain injury ...

Including:

• Traumatic brain injury - Epidemiology
• Traumatic brain injury - Signs and Symptoms of TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Causes of and Risk Factors for TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Types of TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Effects on consciousness
• Traumatic brain injury - Complications
• Traumatic brain injury - General Trauma
• Traumatic brain injury - Disabilities Resulting From TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Other Long-Term Problems Associated With TBI
• Traumatic brain injury - Treatment
• Traumatic brain injury - Rehabilitation
• Traumatic brain injury - Prevention
• Traumatic brain injury - Famous persons with TBI

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Traumatic brain injury, Traumatic brain injury - Epidemiology, Traumatic brain injury - Signs and Symptoms of TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Causes of and Risk Factors for TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Types of TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Effects on consciousness, Traumatic brain injury - Complications, Traumatic brain injury - General Trauma, Traumatic brain injury - Disabilities Resulting From TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Other Long-Term Problems Associated With TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Treatment, Traumatic brain injury - Rehabilitation, Traumatic brain injury - Prevention, Traumatic brain injury - Famous persons with TBI

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Rehabilitation is an important part of the recovery process for a TBI patient. During the acute stage, moderately to severely injured patients may receive treatment and care in an intensive care unit of a hospital. Once stable, the patient may be transferred to a subacute unit of the medical center, to a rehabilitation inpatient unit within the acute trauma center, or to an independent rehabilitation hospital. Moderately to severely injured patients may receive specialized rehabilitation treatment that draws on the skills of many specialists ...

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Traumatic brain injury, Traumatic brain injury - Epidemiology, Traumatic brain injury - Signs and Symptoms of TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Causes of and Risk Factors for TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Types of TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Effects on consciousness, Traumatic brain injury - Complications, Traumatic brain injury - General Trauma, Traumatic brain injury - Disabilities Resulting From TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Other Long-Term Problems Associated With TBI, Traumatic brain injury - Treatment, Traumatic brain injury - Rehabilitation, Traumatic brain injury - Prevention, Traumatic brain injury - Famous persons with TBI

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Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, illnesses, or injuries. Possible causes of widespread (diffuse) brain damage include prolonged hypoxia (shortage of oxygen), poisoning, infection, and neurological illness. Common causes of focal or localized brain damage are physical trauma (traumatic brain injury), stroke, aneurysm, or neurological illness. The extent and effect of brain injury is often assessed by the use of neurological examinatio ...

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In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head close to the primary sensory apparatus and the mouth. While all vertebrate nervous systems have a brain, invertebrate nervous systems may have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ; for example, the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others [1]. T ...

Including:

• Brain - Mind and brain
• Brain - History
• Brain - Modern neuroscience
• Brain - Comparative anatomy
• Brain - Invertebrates
• Brain - Vertebrates
• Brain - Neurobiology
• Brain - Histology
• Brain - Function
• Brain - Brain pathology
• Brain - The study of the brain
• Brain - Fields of study
• Brain - Methods of observation
• Brain - Other matters
• Brain - Brain as food

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Unconsciousness, more appropriately referred to as loss of consciousness or lack of consciousness, is a dramatic alteration of mental state that involves complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli. Being in a comatose state or coma is an illustration of unconsciousness. Fainting due to a drop in blood pressure and a decrese of the oxygen supply to the brain is an illustration of a temporary loss of consciousness. Loss of consciousness must not be confused with altered st ...

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• Unconsciousness - Law and medicine

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Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), is the most common and least serious type of brain injury. A milder type of diffuse axonal injury, concussion involves a transient loss of mental function. It can be caused by acceleration or deceleration forces, by a direct blow, or by penetrating injuries. Concussion of the brain - Pathophysiology. The brain floats within the skull surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), one of the functions of which is to cushion the brain from light bounc ...

Including:

• Concussion of the brain - Pathophysiology
• Concussion of the brain - Symptoms
• Concussion of the brain - Grades
• Concussion of the brain - Lasting effects
• Concussion of the brain - Second Impact Syndrome

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The Arachnoid mater is one of the three layers of the meninges, interposed between the dura mater and the pia mater and separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. The pia and arachnoid membranes are called leptomeninges (Orlando Regional Healthcare, 2004). The delicate, spiderweb-like arachnoid layer, attached to the inside of the dura, surrounds the brain and spinal cord but does not line the brain down into its sulci (folds). Cerebrospinal fluid flows under this membrane in the subarachnoid space, which is full of the delicate fibres of th ...

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• Arachnoid mater - Reference

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Clinical neuropsychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that specialises in the clinical assessment and treatment of patients with brain injury or neurocognitive deficits. Typically, a clinical neuropsychologist will hold an advanced degree in clinical psychology (in most countries, this requires a doctorate level qualification: Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.) and will have completed further studies in neuropsychology. This usually involves the completion of a one-year internship with substantial training in clinical neuropsychology, as ...

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Aphasia is a loss or impairment of the ability to produce or comprehend language, due to brain damage. It is usually a result of damage to the language centres of the brain (like Broca's area). These areas are always located in the left hemisphere and in most people this is where the ability to produce and comprehend language is found. However in a very small number of people language ability is found in the right hemisphere. Damage to these language areas can be caused by a stroke or physical injury. Depending on the area and extent ...

Including:

• Aphasia - Who has aphasia?
• Aphasia - Causes
• Aphasia - Diagnosis
• Aphasia - Treatment
• Aphasia - What research is being done for aphasia?
• Aphasia - Types of aphasia

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Amnesia (or amnaesia in Commonwealth English) is a condition in which memory is disturbed. The causes of amnesia are organic or functional. Organic causes include damage to the brain, through trauma or disease, or use of certain (generally sedative) drugs. Functional causes are psychological factors, such as defense mechanisms. Hysterical post-traumatic amnesia is an example of this. Amnesia may also be spontaneous, in the case of transient global amnesia. T ...

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• Amnesia - Types of amnesia
• Amnesia - Amnesia in fiction

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Brain plasticity refers to the changes that occur in the organisation of the brain, and in particular changes that occur to the location of specific information processing functions, as a result of the effect of experience. The term cortical plasticity is more commonly used, however there is no particular restriction of the phenomenon to the cortex. A common and surprising consequence of plasticity is that the location of a given funct ...

Including:

• Plasticity brain - Brain plasticity and cortical maps
• Plasticity brain - Brain plasticity during operation of brain-machine interfaces

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Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central and peripheral nervous system diseases amenable to mechanical intervention. Neurosurgery is widely viewed as one of the most prestigious fields in medicine. This is due to the extremely complex knowledge base required to master the field as well as the highly selective admission criteria for entry into neurosurgery residency programs. Finally, the minimal 6-7 year postgraduate training period required for neurosurgery is also among the longest and most ch ...

Including:

• Neurosurgery - Definition and scope
• Neurosurgery - Training
• Neurosurgery - Conditions
• Neurosurgery - Reference

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Contusions, which are frequently associated with edema, are especially likely to cause increases in intracranial pressure (ICP) and concomitant crushing of delicate brain tissue. Contusions are also more likely to result in hemorrhage than is diffuse axonal injury because they occur more often in the cortex, an area with more blood vessels (GE Healthcare, 2004). Contusions typically form in a wedge-shape with the widest part in the outermost p ...

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Brain contusion, Brain contusion - Causes, Brain contusion - Features, Brain contusion - Multiple Petechial Hemorrhages, Brain contusion - Cerebral Lacerations, Brain contusion - Outcome

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In penetrating injury from high velocity missiles, injuries may occur not only from initial laceration and crushing of brain tissue by the projectile but also from the subsequent cavitation. High velocity objects create centrifugal forces and can create a shock wave that cause stretch injuries, forming a cavity that is three to four times greater in diameter than the missile itself (Vinas and Pilistis, 2004). A pulsating temporary cavity is also formed by a high-speed missile and can have a diameter thirty times greater than that of the miss ...

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Penetrating head injury, Penetrating head injury - Mechanisms, Penetrating head injury - Pathophysiology, Penetrating head injury - Outcome

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Brain - The brain in animals. Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates and their cousins) [1]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central ...

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Brain, Brain - The importance of the brain, Brain - The brain in animals, Brain - Pathology of the brain, Brain - Other matters, Brain - The biology of the brain, Brain - Histology, Brain - Anatomy, Brain - Brain regions in vertebrates, Brain - Function, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - History, Brain - The brain as a food

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Common symptoms of head injury include those indicitave of traumatic brain injury: loss of consciousness, confusion, drowsiness, personality change, seizures, nausea and vomiting, headache, a lucid interval, during which a patient appears conscious only to deteriorate later Symptoms of skull fracture can include: leaking cerebrospinal fluid (a clear fluid drainage from nose, mouth or ear) may be and is strongly indicative of basilar skull f ...

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Head injury, Head injury - Head Trauma, Head injury - Causes, Head injury - Types of Head Injuries, Head injury - Symptoms, Head injury - Mild concussion, Head injury - Epidural hematoma, Head injury - Subdural hematoma, Head injury - Cerebral contussion, Head injury - Diagnosis, Head injury - Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, Head injury - Eye Opening, Head injury - Verbal Response, Head injury - Motor Response

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Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates)[6]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing^{See also:}

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - Comparative anatomy

Though it is more likely to cause infection, penetrating trauma is similar to closed head injury such as cerebral contusion or intracranial hemorrhage in a number of ways. As in closed head injury, intracranial pressure is likely to increase due to swelling or bleeding, potentially crushing delicate brain tissue. Most deaths from penetrating trauma are caused by damage to blood vessels, which can lead to intracranial hematomas and ischemia, which can in turn lead to a biochemical cascade called the ischemic cascade. Diffuse injury such as di ...

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Penetrating head injury, Penetrating head injury - Mechanisms, Penetrating head injury - Pathophysiology, Penetrating head injury - Outcome

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The highest velocity injuries tend to have the worst associated damage (Dawodu, 2004). Penetrating injury from any missile such as a bullet has a mortality rate of 92% (Vinas and Pilistis, 2004). Thus, firearms cause the most head injury-related deaths (BIAUSA). Injuries in which the projectile exits the other side are called perforating injuries, and these have an even worse prognosis (Vinas and Pilistis, 2004). Penetrating head trauma can cause loss of abilities controlled by parts of the brain that are damaged. A famous case of pen ...

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Penetrating head injury, Penetrating head injury - Mechanisms, Penetrating head injury - Pathophysiology, Penetrating head injury - Outcome

Read more here: » Penetrating head injury: Encyclopedia II - Penetrating head injury - Outcome