Transport Layer Security

The SSL protocol exchanges records; each record can be optionally compressed, encrypted and packed with a message authentication code (MAC). Each record has a content_type field that specifies which upper level protocol is being used. When the connection starts, the record level encapsulates another protocol, the handshake protocol, which has content_type 22. The client sends and receives several handshake structures: It sends a ClientHello message specifying the list of cipher suites, compress ...

See also:

Transport Layer Security, Transport Layer Security - Description, Transport Layer Security - How it works, Transport Layer Security - Applications, Transport Layer Security - History and development, Transport Layer Security - Early weak keys, Transport Layer Security - Standards, Transport Layer Security - TLS 1.1

Read more here: » Transport Layer Security: Encyclopedia II - Transport Layer Security - How it works

Certificates can be used for the large-scale use of public-key cryptography. Securely exchanging secret keys amongst users becomes impractical to the point of effective impossibility for anything other than quite small networks. Public key cryptography provides a way to avoid this problem. In principle, if Alice wants others to be able to send her secret messages, she need only publish her public key. Anyone possessing it can then send her secure information. Unfortunately, David can also publish a public key (for which he knows the related ...

See also:

Public key certificate, Public key certificate - Use

Read more here: » Public key certificate: Encyclopedia II - Public key certificate - Use

VeriSign was founded in 1995 as a spin-off of the RSA Security certification services business. The new company received licenses to key cryptographic patents held by RSA and a time limited non-compete agreement. The new company served as a certificate authority (CA) — a role it still fulfills — and its initial mission was "providing trust for the Internet and Electronic Commerce through our Digital Authentication services and products." VeriSign now has more than 3,000,000 certificates in operation for everything from military to financ ...

See also:

VeriSign, VeriSign - History, VeriSign - Divisions, VeriSign - Controversies, VeriSign - Milestones

Read more here: » VeriSign: Encyclopedia II - VeriSign - History

A password is a form of secret authentication data that is used to control access to a resource. The password is kept secret from those not allowed access, and those wishing to gain access are tested on whether or not they know the password and are granted or denied access accordingly. The use of passwords goes back to ancient times. Sentries guarding a location would challenge for a password. They would only allow a person in if they knew the password. In modern times, passwords are used to control access to protected computer ...

Including:

• Password - Security and convenience
• Password - Factors in the security of a password system
• Password - Rate at which an attacker can try out guessed passwords
• Password - Form of stored passwords
• Password - Methods of verifying a password over a network
• Password - Procedures for changing passwords
• Password - Longevity of a password
• Password - Number of users per password
• Password - Design of the protected software
• Password - Factors in the security of an individual password
• Password - Likelihood that a password can be guessed
• Password - Likelihood that a password can be remembered
• Password - Likelihood that a password can be discovered
• Password - Alternatives to passwords for access control
• Password - Passwords in fiction

Read more here: » Password: Encyclopedia - Password

A security protocol (or cryptographic protocol) is an abstract or concrete protocol that performs a security-related function and applies cryptographic methods. Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application-level data transport. A cryptographic protocol usually incorporates at least some of these aspects: Key agreement or establishment Entity authentication Symmetric encryption and message authentication material construction Secured application ...

Read more here: » Cryptographic protocol: Encyclopedia - Cryptographic protocol

In recent years, VeriSign has faced some contentious issues with ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), the quasi-governmental body that oversees Internet protocols. In September 2003, VeriSign introduced a service called Site Finder, which redirected web browsers to a search service when users attempted to go to nonexistent .com or .net domain names. ICANN asserted that VeriSign had overstepped the terms of its contract with the Dept. of Commerce, which in essence grants VeriSign the right to operate the DNS for .com a ...

See also:

VeriSign, VeriSign - History, VeriSign - Divisions, VeriSign - Controversies, VeriSign - Milestones

Read more here: » VeriSign: Encyclopedia II - VeriSign - Controversies

The Internet Services division includes Naming & Directory Services, which houses the domain name registry for .com and .net, as well as other DNS-related services, and RFID services; and Security Services, which spans a diverse set of capabilities. Security Services includes managed security services (firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, vulnerability protection, phishing response, etc.), email security (anti-spam, anti-virus), strong authentication (tokens and remote access validation), payment services (ecommerce transaction ...

See also:

VeriSign, VeriSign - History, VeriSign - Divisions, VeriSign - Controversies, VeriSign - Milestones

Read more here: » VeriSign: Encyclopedia II - VeriSign - Divisions

The client gives each request a positive Message ID, and the server response has the same Message ID. The response includes a numeric result code indicating success, some error condition or some other special cases. Before the response, the server may send other messages with other result data - for example each entry found by the Search operation is returned in such a message. See also:

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Origin and influences, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Protocol overview, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Directory structure, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Search and Compare, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Bind authenticate, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Update operations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Start TLS, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Abandon, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Unbind, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Extended Operation, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP URLs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Schema, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Variations, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Other data models, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Terminology, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Supporting vendors, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - RFCs, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP fora, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - LDAP implementations

Read more here: » Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: Encyclopedia II - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - Operations

The security of a password-protected system depends on several factors. The system must, of course, be designed for sound overall security. See computer security and computer insecurity. Here are some password management issues that must be considered: Password - Rate at which an attacker can try out guessed passwords. The rate at which an attacker can submit guessed passwords is a key factor in determining system security. Some systems impose a long time out after a small number (e.g. 3) of failed passwor ...

See also:

Password, Password - Security and convenience, Password - Factors in the security of a password system, Password - Rate at which an attacker can try out guessed passwords, Password - Form of stored passwords, Password - Methods of verifying a password over a network, Password - Procedures for changing passwords, Password - Longevity of a password, Password - Number of users per password, Password - Design of the protected software, Password - Factors in the security of an individual password, Password - Likelihood that a password can be guessed, Password - Likelihood that a password can be remembered, Password - Likelihood that a password can be discovered, Password - Alternatives to passwords for access control, Password - Website Password Systems, Password - Passwords in fiction

Read more here: » Password: Encyclopedia II - Password - Factors in the security of a password system

Because e-mail connects through many routers on its way to the receipient, it is inherently vulnerable to both physical and virtual eavesdropping. Current industry standards do not place emphasis on security; information is transferred in plain text, and routers regularly conduct unprotected backups of e-mail that passes through. In effect, every e-mail leaves a digital papertrail in its wake that can be e ...

See also:

E-mail privacy, E-mail privacy - Need, E-mail privacy - Risks to user, E-mail privacy - Remedies

Read more here: » E-mail privacy: Encyclopedia II - E-mail privacy - Risks to user

To accomplish the attacks, the attacker must force the target DNS server to make a request for a domain controlled by one of the attacker's nameservers. DNS cache poisoning - Redirect the target domain's nameserver. The first variant of DNS cache poisoning involves redirecting the nameserver of the attacker's domain to the nameserver of the target domain, then assigning that nameserver an IP address specified by the attacker. DNS server's request: what are the address records for subdomain.example.com? subdomain. ...

See also:

DNS cache poisoning, DNS cache poisoning - Details, DNS cache poisoning - Variants, DNS cache poisoning - Redirect the target domain's nameserver, DNS cache poisoning - Redirect the NS record of the target domain, DNS cache poisoning - Responding before the real nameserver, DNS cache poisoning - Prevention and mitigation

Read more here: » DNS cache poisoning: Encyclopedia II - DNS cache poisoning - Variants

The security of a password-protected system depends on several factors. The system must, of course, be designed for sound overall security. See computer security and computer insecurity. Here are some password management issues that must be considered: Password - Rate at which an attacker can try out guessed passwords. The rate at which an attacker can submit guessed passwords is a key factor in determining system security. Some systems impose a long time out after a small number (e.g. 3) of failed passwor ...

See also:

Password, Password - Security and convenience, Password - Factors in the security of a password system, Password - Rate at which an attacker can try out guessed passwords, Password - Form of stored passwords, Password - Methods of verifying a password over a network, Password - Procedures for changing passwords, Password - Longevity of a password, Password - Number of users per password, Password - Design of the protected software, Password - Factors in the security of an individual password, Password - Likelihood that a password can be guessed, Password - Likelihood that a password can be remembered, Password - Likelihood that a password can be discovered, Password - Alternatives to passwords for access control, Password - Passwords in fiction

Read more here: » Password: Encyclopedia II - Password - Factors in the security of a password system

HTTPS is not, strictly, a separate protocol, as the data is still transferred using HTTP; however, instead of using plain text socket communication, the session data is encrypted using a version of the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols, thus ensuring reasonable protection from eavesdroppers and man in the middle attacks. The default TCP port of an https: U ...

See also:

Https: URI scheme, Https: URI scheme - How it works, Https: URI scheme - Caveats

Read more here: » Https: URI scheme: Encyclopedia II - Https: URI scheme - How it works

Some of the operations that can be realized using cookies can also be realized using other mechanisms. However, these alternatives to cookies have their own drawbacks, which make cookies usually preferred to them in practice. Most of the following alternatives allow for user tracing, even if not as reliably as cookies. As a result, privacy is an issue even if cookies are rejected by the browser or not set by the server. ...

See also:

HTTP cookie, HTTP cookie - Purpose, HTTP cookie - Realization, HTTP cookie - Misconceptions, HTTP cookie - Browser settings, HTTP cookie - Privacy and third-party cookies, HTTP cookie - Drawbacks of cookies, HTTP cookie - Inaccurate identification, HTTP cookie - Cookie theft, HTTP cookie - Cookie poisoning, HTTP cookie - Alternatives to cookies, HTTP cookie - IP address, HTTP cookie - URL query string, HTTP cookie - HTTP authentication, HTTP cookie - Macromedia Flash Local Stored Objects, HTTP cookie - History, HTTP cookie - Implementation, HTTP cookie - Setting a cookie, HTTP cookie - Cookie attributes, HTTP cookie - Expiration, HTTP cookie - Authentication, HTTP cookie - Personalization, HTTP cookie - Tracing, HTTP cookie - Third party cookies, HTTP cookie - Basket, HTTP cookie - Cookie theft

Read more here: » HTTP cookie: Encyclopedia II - HTTP cookie - Alternatives to cookies

WPA was created by The Wi-Fi Alliance, an industry trade group, which owns the trademark to the Wi-Fi name and certifies devices that carry that name. Certifications for implementations of WPA started in April 2003 and became mandatory in November 2003. The full 802.11i was ratified in June 2004. WPA is designed for use with an 802.1X authentication server, which distributes different keys to each user; however, it can also be used in a less secure "pre-shared key" (PSK) mode, where every user is given the same passphrase. The Wi-Fi A ...

See also:

Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi Protected Access - History, Wi-Fi Protected Access - WPA2, Wi-Fi Protected Access - Security in pre-shared key mode, Wi-Fi Protected Access - EAP types under WPA- and WPA2- Enterprise

Read more here: » Wi-Fi Protected Access: Encyclopedia II - Wi-Fi Protected Access - History

E-mail - How Internet e-mail works. The diagram above shows a stereotypical sequence of events that takes place when Alice sends an e-mail to Bob. Alice composes a message using her mail user agent (MUA). She types in, or selects from an address book, the e-mail address of her correspondent. She hits the "send" button. Her MUA formats the message in Internet e-mail format and uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to send the message to the local mail transfer agent (MTA), in this case ...

See also:

E-mail, E-mail - Origins of e-mail, E-mail - Growing popularity, E-mail - Modern Internet e-mail, E-mail - How Internet e-mail works, E-mail - Internet e-mail format, E-mail - Saved Message Extension, E-mail - Messages and mailboxes, E-mail - Spamming and e-mail worms, E-mail - Privacy problems regarding e-mail

Read more here: » E-mail: Encyclopedia II - E-mail - Modern Internet e-mail

A SASL mechanism is modelled as a series of challenges and responses. Defined SASL mechanisms [1] include: "EXTERNAL", where authentication is implicit in the context (e.g., for protocols already using IPsec or TLS) "ANONYMOUS", for unauthenticated guest access "PLAIN", a simple cleartext password mechanism. PLAIN obsoleted the LOGIN mechanism. "OTP", a one-time password mechanism. OTP obsoleted the SKEY Mechanism. "SKEY", a S/KEY mechanism. "CRAM-MD5", a simple challenge-response sch ...

See also:

Simple Authentication and Security Layer, Simple Authentication and Security Layer - SASL Mechanisms, Simple Authentication and Security Layer - SASL-aware Application Protocols

Read more here: » Simple Authentication and Security Layer: Encyclopedia II - Simple Authentication and Security Layer - SASL Mechanisms

To provide a reasonable level of privacy, all routers in the e-mail pathway, and all connections between them, must be secured. This is done through data encryption, which translates the e-mail's contents into incomprehensible text that, if designed correctly, can only be decrypted by the recipient. An industry-wide push toward regular encryption of e-mail correspondence is slow in the making. However, there are certain standards that are already in plac ...

See also:

E-mail privacy, E-mail privacy - Need, E-mail privacy - Risks to user, E-mail privacy - Remedies

Read more here: » E-mail privacy: Encyclopedia II - E-mail privacy - Remedies

Cookies are used for realizing functionalities that are specific to a user. Cookies were introduced for realizing a virtual shopping basket where the user can place item to purchase. This way, a user can navigate a site where items are shown, adding or removing them from the shopping basket at any time. Another use of cookies is for allowing users to log in a Web site. Users typically log in by inserting their credentials into a login page; cookies allow the server to know that the user is already authenticated, and is therefore allowed to access services or perform operatio ...

See also:

HTTP cookie, HTTP cookie - Purpose, HTTP cookie - Realization, HTTP cookie - Misconceptions, HTTP cookie - Browser settings, HTTP cookie - Privacy and third-party cookies, HTTP cookie - Drawbacks of cookies, HTTP cookie - Inaccurate identification, HTTP cookie - Cookie theft, HTTP cookie - Cookie poisoning, HTTP cookie - Alternatives to cookies, HTTP cookie - IP address, HTTP cookie - URL query string, HTTP cookie - HTTP authentication, HTTP cookie - Macromedia Flash Local Stored Objects, HTTP cookie - History, HTTP cookie - Implementation, HTTP cookie - Setting a cookie, HTTP cookie - Cookie attributes, HTTP cookie - Expiration, HTTP cookie - Authentication, HTTP cookie - Personalization, HTTP cookie - Tracing, HTTP cookie - Third party cookies, HTTP cookie - Basket, HTTP cookie - Cookie theft

Read more here: » HTTP cookie: Encyclopedia II - HTTP cookie - Purpose

The Wi-Fi alliance has announced the inclusion of additional EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) types to its certification programs for WPA- and WPA2- Enterprise. This was to ensure that WPA-Enterprise certified products can interoperate with one another. Previously, only EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security) was certified by the Wi-Fi alliance. The EAP types now included in the certification program are: EAP-TLS (previously tested) EAP-TTLS/M ...

See also:

Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi Protected Access - History, Wi-Fi Protected Access - WPA2, Wi-Fi Protected Access - Security in pre-shared key mode, Wi-Fi Protected Access - EAP types under WPA- and WPA2- Enterprise

Read more here: » Wi-Fi Protected Access: Encyclopedia II - Wi-Fi Protected Access - EAP types under WPA- and WPA2- Enterprise