The region was one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under name Sogdiana. Transoxiana, however, is Latin, and literally means "beyond the Oxus River", an older name for the Amu Darya, which describes the region perfectly from the viewpoint of the Greeks and Romans. The name stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of Alexander the Great, who extended Greek culture into the region with his conquests of the 4th century BC; Transoxiana represented the uttermost northeastern point of the Hellenistic cultur ...

See also:

Transoxiana, Transoxiana - History, Transoxiana - Other uses

Read more here: » Transoxiana: Encyclopedia II - Transoxiana - History

The Amu Darya (also Amudarya, Amudar'ya, in Persian آمودریا; Darya means "Sea" in Persian) is a river in Central Asia. It is navigable for over 1450 km (800 miles). Its total length is 2400 km (1500 miles). In Classical Antiquity, the river was known as the Oxus in Greek. It rises in the Pamir Mountains as the Pamir River, emerging from Zorkul, flowing east until Ishtragh, where it turns north and then east north-west through the Hindu Kush as the Panj, forming the border of Afgh ...

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Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic: الوليد بن عبد المالك) or Al-Walid I (668 - 715) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 705 - 715. He continued the expansion of the Islamic empire that was sparked by his father, and was an effective ruler. Al-Walid I was the eldest son of Abd al-Malik and succeeded him to the caliphate upon his death. Like his father, he continued to allow Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef free rein, and his trust in Al-Hajjaj paid off with the successful conquest ...

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(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 6th century BC - Overview. The 5th and 6th centuries BC were a time of empires, but more importantly, a time of learning and philosophy. Mediterranean: Beginning of Greek philosophy, flourishes during the 5th century BC East Asia: Chinese philosophy become the "religion" of China. Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, and Moism flourish. Middle East: During the Persian empire, Zoroaster, aka Zarathustra, founded Zoroastrianism ...

Including:

• 6th century BC - Overview
• 6th century BC - Events
• 6th century BC - Significant persons
• 6th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions

Read more here: » 6th century BC: Encyclopedia - 6th century BC

Chagatai Khan (alternative spellings Chagata, Chugta, Chagta, Djagatai, Jagatai), a son of Genghis Khan (1206—1227), controlled the part of the Mongol Empire which extended from the Ili river (eastern Kazakhstan) and Kashgaria (western Tarim Basin) to Transoxiana. He inherited most of what are now the five Central Asian states and northern Iran after the death of his father which he ruled until his death in 1242. The Empire later came to be known as the Chagatai Khanate, part of the Mongol Empire. These te ...

Including:

• Chagatai Khanate - Mongol successor states
• Chagatai Khanate - The Chagatai Khanate after Chagatai
• Chagatai Khanate - Tughlugh Timur and Tamerlane
• Chagatai Khanate - Successors of the Chagataites

Read more here: » Chagatai Khanate: Encyclopedia - Chagatai Khanate

Abul Hasan Yaminuddin Khusro (1253-1325 CE), better known as Amir Khusro Dehlavi, is one of the iconic figures in the cultural history of the Indian subcontinent. A Sufi mystic and a spiritual disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya of Delhi, Amir Khusro (or Khusrau or Khusraw) was not only one of India's greatest poets, he is also credited with being the founder of both Hindustani classical musi ...

Including:

• Amir Khusro - Amir Khusro and the origins of the Sitar and the Tabla
• Amir Khusro - Works
• Amir Khusro - References used

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Yuezhi (Chinese:月氏, also 月支, Wade-Giles: Yüeh-Chih) or Da Yuezhi (Chinese:大月氏, also 大月支, "Great Yuezhi") is the Chinese name for an ancient Central Asian people. They are believed to have been the same as or closely related to the people named Tocharians (τόχαροι) by ancient Greeks. They were originally settled in the Tarim Basin area, in what is today Gansu and Xinjiang, in China, before they migrated to Transoxiana, Bactria and then northern India, where they formed the Kushan Empire. Including:

• Yuezhi - Origins
• Yuezhi - The Yuezhi exodus
• Yuezhi - Settlement in Transoxiana
• Yuezhi - Invasion of Bactria
• Yuezhi - Expansion into the Hindu-Kush
• Yuezhi - Founders of the Kushan empire
• Yuezhi - Yuezhi monarchs

Read more here: » Yuezhi: Encyclopedia - Yuezhi

Genghis Khan ▶ (help·info) (c. 11621–August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан), (also spelled as Chinggis Khan, Jenghis Khan, etc.), (pronounced ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ), born as Tem ...

Including:

• Genghis Khan - Birth and early life
• Genghis Khan - His family
• Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations
• Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan
• Genghis Khan - Military campaigns
• Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia
• Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate
• Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire
• Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kieven Rus
• Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty
• Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire
• Genghis Khan - Politics and economics
• Genghis Khan - Military
• Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests
• Genghis Khan - Civilians
• Genghis Khan - Property and cultural treasures
• Genghis Khan - Division of Mongol Empire into Khanates
• Genghis Khan - Death and burial
• Genghis Khan - His personality
• Genghis Khan - Legacy
• Genghis Khan - In most of the world
• Genghis Khan - In Mongolia
• Genghis Khan - Name and title
• Genghis Khan - Short timeline
• Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia - Genghis Khan

Events September 29 - Leo succeeds Sixtus as Pope. Northern China is unified by the Wei Dynasty. Geiseric, king of the Vandals, captures Sicily. The Hepthalites, who will later be known as the Avars move south from the Altai region into Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan and eastern Persia. Births Bodhidharma was a semi-legendary Indian monk Deaths February 17 - Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk August 18 - Pope Sixtus III Paulinus, the master of the off ...

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The epics, Puranas and numerous other ancient Sanskrit texts all agree that the horses of the Kamboja, Bahlika and Sindhu regions were the finest breed. Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana. The Valmiki Ramayana refers to the horses from the Kamboja, Bahlika, Vanayu lands and addresses them as of best quality. It puts the horses from the Kamboja at the head of list of best breed and styles them as equal to Ucchaisrava, the steed of god Indra, the Lord of Heavens: Sanskrit: Kambo ...

See also:

Kamboja Horsemen, Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Jaina texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana, Kamboja Horsemen - Mahabharata, Kamboja Horsemen - Kautiliya Arthashastra, Kamboja Horsemen - Karanabhara of Bhaasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Asvashastra of Nakula, Kamboja Horsemen - Manasollasa of Someshvara, Kamboja Horsemen - Other Sanskrit literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions, Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous, Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants

Read more here: » Kamboja Horsemen: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts

The Oghuz Turks have perhaps been the most successful branch of Turkic peoples and families. Their history as kings, statesmen, warriors, as well as an enormous tribal union and large communal branch begins in the pre-Islamic period, yet their achievements and progression in the centuries after the arrival of Islam have left their mark on history and civilization. The original homeland of the Oghuz, like other Turks, was the Ural-Altay region of Central Asia known as Turkestan or Turan, which has been the domain of Turkic peopl ...

See also:

Oghuz Turks, Oghuz Turks - Name, Oghuz Turks - Origins, Oghuz Turks - Anthropology, Oghuz Turks - Social Unit, Oghuz Turks - Homeland in Transoxiana, Oghuz Turks - Dynasties, Oghuz Turks - Turcoman & Turkmen, Oghuz Turks - Literature

Read more here: » Oghuz Turks: Encyclopedia II - Oghuz Turks - Origins

Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence. The most acceptable view is that the ancient Kambojas originally belonged to the 'Galcha' speaking area (the Iranian Pamirs and Badakshan) in Central Asia (Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, p 455, Dr G. A. Grierson). Yaska's Nirukata (II/2.8) attests that verb 'shavati' in the sense 'to go' was used by the Kambojas and only the Kambojas (Early Eastern Iran and Atharvaveda, 1980, 92, Dr Michael Witzel; also Nilukata, Vol I, Sarup). shavatir gatikarmaa Ka ...

See also:

Kamboja Location, Kamboja Location - Kambojas: a tribe of Uttarapatha, Kamboja Location - Epic evidence, Kamboja Location - Puranic Bhuvankosa evidence, Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Linguistic evidence, Kamboja Location - Vamsa Brahmana and Aitareya Brahmana evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Raghuvamsa's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Commentator on Harsha-Carita, Kamboja Location - Hiun Tsang's evidence, Kamboja Location - Kalhana's evidence, Kamboja Location - Ramayana evidence, Kamboja Location - Sumerian evidence, Kamboja Location - Al-Idrisi's evidence, Kamboja Location - Praja Bhatta's evidence, Kamboja Location - Conclusion, Kamboja Location - Kamboja versus Parama Kamboja, Kamboja Location - Mahabharata evidence, Kamboja Location - Ptolemy's evidence, Kamboja Location - Evidence from Dasam-Granth, Kamboja Location - Galcha evidence, Kamboja Location - List of references

Read more here: » Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Location - Localization of Kamboja

The region of Khwarezmia became part of the Jagatai Khanate, and its capital of Old Urgench was rebuilt and again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand, and over the course of 5 campaigns, he destroyed Old Urgench completely in 1388. This together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya caused the center of Khwarezmia to shift to Khiva and, in the 16th century, the area came to be known as the Khanate of Khiva, ruled over by a branch ...

See also:

Khwarezmia, Khwarezmia - Etymology, Khwarezmia - Early history, Khwarezmia - Classical times, Khwarezmia - Middle Ages, Khwarezmia - Modern Age, Khwarezmia - External link

Read more here: » Khwarezmia: Encyclopedia II - Khwarezmia - Modern Age

Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it ...

See also:

Samarkand, Samarkand - History, Samarkand - Major Sights, Samarkand - Samarkand in literature

Read more here: » Samarkand: Encyclopedia II - Samarkand - History

Mongol Empire - Military setup. Main article: Military advances of Genghis Khan The Mongol military organization was simple, but effective. The organization was based on an old tradition of the steppe, which was like today’s decimal system: the army was built upon a squad of ten, called an arban; ten arbans constituted a company of a hundred, called a jaghun. Ten jaghuns made a regiment of a thousand, a mingghan. Ten mingghans would then constitute a regiment of ten thousand (tumen), ...

See also:

Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Overview, Mongol Empire - Formation, Mongol Empire - Major events in the Early Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire - Organization, Mongol Empire - Military setup, Mongol Empire - Law and governance, Mongol Empire - Trade networks, Mongol Empire - After Genghis Khan, Mongol Empire - Disintegration, Mongol Empire - Silk Road, Mongol Empire - Legacy, Mongol Empire - Sources

Read more here: » Mongol Empire: Encyclopedia II - Mongol Empire - Organization

The Muzaffarids originated in Khorasan but fled to Yazd during the Mongol invasion. Serving under the Il-Khans, they gained prominence when Sharaf al-Din Muzaffar was made governor of Maibud, a town near Yazd. He was tasked with crushing the robber-bands that were roaming around the country. Sharaf al-Din's son, Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad, was brought up at the Il-Khan's court but returned to Maibud upon the death of the Il-Khan Öljeitü. After some time, he defeated the ruler of Yazd and gained control of the city. Following this, he c ...

See also:

Muzaffarids, Muzaffarids - Rise to Power, Muzaffarids - The Reign of Shah Shuja, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Decline, Muzaffarids - Muzaffarid Rulers

Read more here: » Muzaffarids: Encyclopedia II - Muzaffarids - Rise to Power

There is debate as to the temporal and geographic extent of Khazar polities following Sviatoslav's sack of Atil in 967/9, or even whether any such states existed. The Khazars may have retained control over some areas in the Caucasus for another two centuries, but sparse historical records make this difficult to confirm. The evidence of later Khazar polities includes the fact that Sviatoslav did not occupy the Volga basin after he destroyed Atil, and departed relatively quickly to embark on his campaign in Bulgaria. The permanent conquest of the Volga basin seems to have bee ...

See also:

Khazars, Khazars - Origins and prehistory, Khazars - Tribes, Khazars - Rise, Khazars - Formation of the Khazar state, Khazars - Khazars and Byzantium, Khazars - Second Khazar-Arab war, Khazars - Khazar religion, Khazars - Turkic shamanism, Khazars - Conversion to Judaism and relations with world Jewry, Khazars - Other religions, Khazars - Government, Khazars - Khazar Kingship, Khazars - Army, Khazars - Other officials, Khazars - Judiciary, Khazars - Economic position, Khazars - Trade, Khazars - Khazar coinage, Khazars - Extent of influence, Khazars - Khazar towns, Khazars - Tributary and subject nations, Khazars - Decline and fall, Khazars - Rise of Rus, Khazars - Kabar rebellion and the departure of the Magyars, Khazars - Rus and Byzantine hostility, Khazars - Khazars outside of Khazaria, Khazars - Late references to the Khazars, Khazars - Jewish sources, Khazars - Muslim sources, Khazars - Kievan Rus sources, Khazars - Byzantine Georgian and Armenian sources, Khazars - Western sources, Khazars - Debate, Khazars - Date and extent of the conversion, Khazars - Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazim, Khazars - In Fiction, Khazars - Resources, Khazars - Books written before 1915

Read more here: » Khazars: Encyclopedia II - Khazars - Late references to the Khazars

Based on the estimates of relative ages of the various personages portrayed in the Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions, Dr Stein Konow, Dr R. K. Mukerjee and other noted scholars have concluded that Kharaosta Kamuio (Inscription E1) was the father of princess Aiyasi Kamuia, the chief queen (Agra-Mahisi, Inscription A2, A3) of the great Saka Strap Rajuvula (Ref: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, part I, p 36 & XXXVI, Dr Stein Konow). See also: [2]. Thus, Kharaosta ...

See also:

Kharahostes, Kharahostes - Kharaosta Kamuio Kambojaka, Kharahostes - Epilogue, Kharahostes - Epilogue 1, Kharahostes - Epilogue 2, Kharahostes - Notes

Read more here: » Kharahostes: Encyclopedia II - Kharahostes - Kharaosta Kamuio Kambojaka

List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

Read more here: » List of kings of Persia: Encyclopedia II - List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran

Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia. The Mongol federation created by Temüjin in 1206 was bordered to the south by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, who then ruled North China, and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin organized his people and his state to prepare for future battle with the Western Xia that was closer to the Mongol border. As well, the Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly-unified Mongols for the first time. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and they might ha ...

See also:

Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Birth and early life, Genghis Khan - His family, Genghis Khan - Uniting the Central Asian confederations, Genghis Khan - From Temüjin to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Military campaigns, Genghis Khan - First war with Western Xia, Genghis Khan - Conquest of the Khara-Khitan Khanate, Genghis Khan - Invasion of Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis Khan - The defeat of the Kievan Rus, Genghis Khan - Second war with Western Xia and Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan - Politics and economics, Genghis Khan - Military, Genghis Khan - Division of the empire into Khanates, Genghis Khan - After Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan - Destruction and effects after conquests, Genghis Khan - Death and burial, Genghis Khan - His personality, Genghis Khan - Legacy, Genghis Khan - In most of the world, Genghis Khan - In Mongolia, Genghis Khan - Name and title, Genghis Khan - Short timeline, Genghis Khan - Modern Descendents, Genghis Khan - Notes

Read more here: » Genghis Khan: Encyclopedia II - Genghis Khan - Military campaigns