transmigration program

West Kalimantan (Indonesian: Kalimantan Barat) is one of the provinces of Indonesia. It is one of four Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city Pontianak is located right on the Equator line. The province has an area of 146,807 km² with the population of about 3.74 million people (2000 census). Major ethnic groups include the Dayak, Malay, Chinese, which make up about 90% of the total population, as wel ...

Including:

• West Kalimantan - History
• West Kalimantan - Reference

Read more here: » West Kalimantan: Encyclopedia - West Kalimantan

The region of West New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea and has also been known as Irian Jaya or West Papua. A part of Indonesia since 1963, the region contains the provinces of West Irian Jaya and Papua, which shares its eastern border with the nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Part of the Australian land mass, the region’s tropical waters and coral reefs surround coastal wetlands and extensive (but threatened) rainforests rising pa ...

Including:

• Western New Guinea - History
• Western New Guinea - Dutch control
• Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance
• Western New Guinea - External links
• Western New Guinea - Regions
• Western New Guinea - Geography
• Western New Guinea - Tribal groupings in West New Guinea
• Western New Guinea - Ecology
• Western New Guinea - External links
• Western New Guinea - Culture
• Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia - Western New Guinea

The Republic of Indonesia is located in the Malay Archipelago, the world's largest archipelago, between Indochina and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world and the fourth most populous overall. It has had free elections since the 1998 Revolution which led to the resignation of President Suharto, who came to power in 1965. Indonesia - History. Under the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the islands of Sumatr ...

Including:

• Indonesia - History
• Indonesia - Politics
• Indonesia - Provinces
• Indonesia - Geography
• Indonesia - Economy
• Indonesia - Demographics
• Indonesia - Culture

Read more here: » Indonesia: Encyclopedia - Indonesia

Papuans, the native people of New Guinea, are a Pacific Melanesian people, as are those of the Solomons, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Fiji. Melanesians have inhabited the Australian continental islands of Papua and the Moluccas for over 40,000 years and have developed diverse cultures and languages; there are over 300 languages and two hundred additional dialects in West New Guinea alone (See Papuan languages). It is believed that the first Europeans to sight New Guinea were the Portuguese, but it was the Dutch vessel Duyfken< ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribes, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - History

Papuans, the native people of New Guinea, are a Pacific Melanesian people, as are those of the Solomons, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and Fiji. Melanesians have inhabited the Australian continental islands of Papua and the Moluccas for over 40,000 years and have developed diverse cultures and languages; there are over 300 languages and two hundred additional dialects in West New Guinea alone (See Papuan languages). It is believed that the first Europeans to sight New Guinea were the Portuguese, but it was the Dutch vessel Duyfken< ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribal groupings in West New Guinea, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - History

West Kalimantan was the site of substantial fighting during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation under the Sukarno government in the mid-1960s. After Suharto deposed Sukarno in 1965, the confrontation was quickly resolved. Domestic conflict continued, however, for another ten years between the new military Suharto government and fighters organized during the confrontation and backed by the banned Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). There was direct conflict between rebel fighters and the military occurred in the northern part of the region. In ...

See also:

West Kalimantan, West Kalimantan - History, West Kalimantan - Reference

Read more here: » West Kalimantan: Encyclopedia II - West Kalimantan - History

There was a war in the region between the indigenous Dayaks, who follow Kaharingan Hinduism, and Madurese immigrants, who were moved here as part of a government transmigration program that operated, in various forms, from 1905 until 2001. The Dayak fighters are known for their ferocious tactics, such as the beheading and mutilation of their victims. The indigenous populations of Kalimantan are divided into Dayaks, Malays particularly in West Kalimantan and along coastal lines , Banjarese-Malay in South Kalimantan. There are also many migrants from other parts such as Buginese, Javanese, Madurese and C ...

See also:

Kalimantan, Kalimantan - Flag, Kalimantan - Administration, Kalimantan - Demographics, Kalimantan - History, Kalimantan - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Kalimantan: Encyclopedia II - Kalimantan - Demographics

See also: History of Papua New Guinea The first inhabitants of New Guinea arrived at least 60,000 years ago, having travelled through the south-east Asian peninsula. These first inhabitants, from whom the Papuan people are probably descended, adapted to the range of ecologies and in time developed one of the earliest known agricultures. Remains of this agricultural system, in the form of ancient irrigation systems in the highlands of Papua New Guinea, are being studied by archaeologists. This work is still in its early stages so there is still uncertainty as to precisely what crop was being g ...

See also:

New Guinea, New Guinea - Political divisions, New Guinea - People, New Guinea - Ecology, New Guinea - History

Read more here: » New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - New Guinea - History

Under the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the islands of Sumatra and Java from the 7th to 14th century. The arrival of Arabs trading in spices later brought Islam, which became the dominant religion in many parts of the archipelago after the collapse of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms. When the Portuguese came in the early 16th century, they found a multitude of small states. These states were vulnerable to the Portuguese, and later other Europeans, who were in pursuit of dominating the spice trade. In the ...

See also:

Indonesia, Indonesia - History, Indonesia - Politics, Indonesia - Provinces, Indonesia - Geography, Indonesia - Economy, Indonesia - Demographics, Indonesia - Culture

Read more here: » Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Indonesia - History

Indonesia's 18,108 islands, of which about 6,000 are inhabited, are scattered around the equator, giving the country a tropical climate. The largest populated islands are Java, one of the most densely populated regions on Earth, where about half of the population lives, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Malaysia and Brunei), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea) and Sulawesi. The country borders Malaysia on the island of Borneo (Indonesian: Kalimantan), Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea and East Timor on the island of Timor. In addition to the capital city of Jakarta, principal Indonesian cities of high population include Surabaya, B ...

See also:

Indonesia, Indonesia - History, Indonesia - Politics, Indonesia - Provinces, Indonesia - Geography, Indonesia - Economy, Indonesia - Demographics, Indonesia - Culture

Read more here: » Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Indonesia - Geography

Currently, Indonesia has 33 provinces (of those, 2 are special territories and 1 capital city territory). The provinces are subdivided into regencies and cities, which are in turn split up in sub-districts. The provinces are: Bali, Bangka-Belitung, Banten, Bengkulu, Central Java, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, East Java, East Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, South Sumatra, Gorontalo, Jambi, Lampung, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, North Sumatra, Papua (Irian Jaya), Riau, Riau Kepulauan, South East Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Irian Jaya, West Java, West Kalimantan, West Nus ...

See also:

Indonesia, Indonesia - History, Indonesia - Politics, Indonesia - Provinces, Indonesia - Geography, Indonesia - Economy, Indonesia - Demographics, Indonesia - Culture

Read more here: » Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Indonesia - Provinces

Indonesia structures regions by Regencies and districts within those. Though names and areas of control of these regional structures can vary over time in accord with changing political and other requirements, in 2001 former Irian Jaya Province consisted of 12 regencies (kabupaten), 1 city (kotamadya), 117 subdistricts (kecamatan), 66 kelurahan, and 830 villages (desa). The Regencies in 2001 were: Biak Numfor; Fakfak (Fak-Fak); Jayapura; Jayawijaya; Manokwari; Merauke; Mimika; Paniai; Sorong; Timka; Wamena; and Yapen Waropen. In 2003 Irian Jaya Province was spli ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribes, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - Regions

During the 1960s, the region had its own postage stamps. The first were overprints reading "UNTEA" (United Nations Temporary Executive Authority) applied to the stamps of Dutch New Guinea, issued in 1962. There are four slightly different types of overprint, three types applied locally, and a fourth made in the Netherlands and sold by the UN in New York City. These were superseded on 1 May 1963 by stamps of Indonesia overprinted "IRIAN BARAT" and a series of six commemoratives whose designs included a map of Indonesia stretching "from ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribes, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

West Papuan culture was forcibly repressed under the forty years of Indonesian rule since 1963. Only in 2001 was Papua Province granted special autonomy by the Indonesian government, opening the possibility of developing indigenous cultural production and arts venues. However, in March 2003 John Rumbiak, West Papua's famous human rights investigator, stated that Papuan culture "will be extinct," within 10 to 20 years if the present rate of assimilation in the region continues.[2] The Indonesian government states that the specia ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribes, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - Culture

A vital tropical rainforest with the tallest tropical trees and vast biodiversity, Papua's known forest fauna includes marsupials (including possums, wallabies, tree kangaroos, cuscus), other mammals (including the endangered long-beaked echidna), many bird species (including birds of paradise, casuarius, parrots, cockatoos), the world's longest lizards (Papua monitor) and the world's largest butterflies. The island has an estimated 16,000 spec ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribes, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - Ecology

A central East-West mountain range dominates the geography of New Guinea, over 1600 km in total length. The western section is around 600 km long and 100 km across. Steep mountains 3000 to 4000 m and up to 5000 m high along the range ensures a steady supply of rain from the tropical atmosphere. The tree line is around 4000 m elevation and the tallest peaks are snowbound year round. Both north and west of the central ranges the land remains mountainous mostly 1000 to 2000 m high covered by thick rain forest and a warm humid year round climate. The third major habitat feature is the south east lowlands with extensive ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribes, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - Geography

Indonesia's economy suffered greatly in the late 1990s, in part as a result of the financial crisis that struck most of Asia at the time. The economy has stabilized somewhat since then. The country has extensive natural resources outside of Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper and gold. Indonesia is the world's second largest exporter of natural gas, though it has recently become a net importer of crude oil. Major agricultural products include rice, tea, coffee, spices and rubber. The central ban ...

See also:

Indonesia, Indonesia - History, Indonesia - Politics, Indonesia - Provinces, Indonesia - Geography, Indonesia - Economy, Indonesia - Demographics, Indonesia - Culture

Read more here: » Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Indonesia - Economy

West Papuan culture was forcibly repressed under the forty years of Indonesian rule since 1963. Only in 2001 was Papua Province granted special autonomy by the Indonesian government, opening the possibility of developing indigenous cultural production and arts venues. However, in March 2003 John Rumbiak, West Papua's famous human rights investigator, stated that Papuan culture will "will be extinct," within 10 to 20 years if the present rate of assimilation in the region continues.[1] The Indonesian government states that the s ...

See also:

Western New Guinea, Western New Guinea - History, Western New Guinea - Dutch control, Western New Guinea - Indonesian control and resistance, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Regions, Western New Guinea - Geography, Western New Guinea - Tribal groupings in West New Guinea, Western New Guinea - Ecology, Western New Guinea - External links, Western New Guinea - Culture, Western New Guinea - Postage stamps

Read more here: » Western New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - Western New Guinea - Culture

Populated by very nearly a thousand different Papua Melanesian tribal groups since 45,000 BC, New Guinea is the home of the world's oldest independent societies and a staggering number of separate languages, the Papuan languages. The separation was not merely linguistic; warfare among societies was a factor in the evolution of the men's house: separate housing of groups of adult men, from the single-family houses of the women and children, for mutual protection against the other groups. Pig-based trade between the groups and pig-based ...

See also:

New Guinea, New Guinea - Political divisions, New Guinea - People, New Guinea - Ecology, New Guinea - History

Read more here: » New Guinea: Encyclopedia II - New Guinea - People

Indonesia's population can be roughly divided into two groups. The west of the country is Asian and the people are mostly Malay, while the east is more Pacific and people on New Guinea are Papuan, with roots in the islands of Melanesia. There are, however, many more subdivisions, which is logical given the fact that Indonesia spans an area the size of Europe or the USA and that it consists of many islands that to a large degree had their own separate development. Many Indonesians identify with a more specific ethnic group that is often linke ...

See also:

Indonesia, Indonesia - History, Indonesia - Politics, Indonesia - Provinces, Indonesia - Geography, Indonesia - Economy, Indonesia - Demographics, Indonesia - Culture

Read more here: » Indonesia: Encyclopedia II - Indonesia - Demographics