Cardiac Arrest is defined as a heartbeat which does not result in efficient pumping of blood. In many cases, lack of carotid pulse is the gold-standard for diagnosing cardiac arrest, but pulselessness (particularly in the peripheral pulses) may be a result of other conditions. In a hospital or ambulance, cardiac arrest is identified by the lack of a pulse (or lack of heartbeat if listened to through a steth ...

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Cardiac arrest, Cardiac arrest - Etiology, Cardiac arrest - Treatable causes, Cardiac arrest - Diagnosis, Cardiac arrest - Treatment, Cardiac arrest - First aid, Cardiac arrest - Other prehospital care, Cardiac arrest - Hospital treatment, Cardiac arrest - Ethical Issues

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Cardiac arrest - First aid. First aid treatment of cardiac arrest varies from country to country, but the general principles of the guidelines in all locales are to summon help (in the form of an ambulance) and then begin CPR. Cardiac arrest - Other prehospital care. In many situations in the UK and USA, lay people are trained in the use of an automated external defibrillator, which analyzes the heart rhythm and delivers a controlled electric shock to the heart if indicated.

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Cardiac arrest, Cardiac arrest - Etiology, Cardiac arrest - Treatable causes, Cardiac arrest - Diagnosis, Cardiac arrest - Treatment, Cardiac arrest - First aid, Cardiac arrest - Other prehospital care, Cardiac arrest - Hospital treatment, Cardiac arrest - Ethical Issues

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Definitive care requires in-hospital interventions. Prehospital interventions, even with Advanced Life Support-trained crews, cannot sufficiently treat the condition. Management of cardiac tamponade includes: 1. High flow oxygen either by non-rebreather mask or bag valve mask. 2. Timely identification of symptoms followed by rapid transport. 3. IV administration of electrolyte fluids (normal saline) to maintain a sysolic blood pre ...

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Cardiac tamponade, Cardiac tamponade - Causes, Cardiac tamponade - Diagnosis, Cardiac tamponade - First Aid, Cardiac tamponade - Pre-hospital care for EMTs, Cardiac tamponade - Clinical treatment

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Although an occlusive tumor may be suspected on a barium swallow or barium meal, the diagnosis is best made with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, endoscopy); this involves the passing of a flexible tube down the esophagus and visualising the wall. Biopsies taken of suspicious lesions are then examined histologically for signs of malignancy. Most tumors of the esophagus are malignant. A very small proportion (under 10%) is leiomyoma (smooth muscle tumor) or gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Malignant tumors are generally adenocarc ...

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Esophageal cancer, Esophageal cancer - Signs and symptoms, Esophageal cancer - Cause and risk factors, Esophageal cancer - Increased risk, Esophageal cancer - Decreased risk, Esophageal cancer - Diagnosis, Esophageal cancer - Staging, Esophageal cancer - Treatment, Esophageal cancer - General approaches, Esophageal cancer - Tumor treatments, Esophageal cancer - Follow-up and prognosis, Esophageal cancer - Epidemiology

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Patients are followed up frequently after a treatment regimen has been completed. Frequently, other treatments are necessary to improve symptoms and maximize nutrition. Prognosis of esophageal cancer is fairly poor. Even in patients who undergo surgery with curative intent, the five year survival rate is only 25%, and prognosis is poorer in those who are not fit for surgery. Early emphasis on symptom ...

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Esophageal cancer, Esophageal cancer - Signs and symptoms, Esophageal cancer - Cause and risk factors, Esophageal cancer - Increased risk, Esophageal cancer - Decreased risk, Esophageal cancer - Diagnosis, Esophageal cancer - Staging, Esophageal cancer - Treatment, Esophageal cancer - General approaches, Esophageal cancer - Tumor treatments, Esophageal cancer - Follow-up and prognosis, Esophageal cancer - Epidemiology

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Most fume hoods for industrial purposes are ducted. A large variety of ducted fume hoods exist. Air is removed from the workspace and dispersed into the atmosphere. Particular attention must be paid to the discharge location, so as not to risk public safety. Fumes are completely eradicated from the workplace. Low maintenance. Quiet operation, due to the extract fan being some distance from the operator. Unsightly ductwork. Heated air is removed from the workplace. Fumes are dispersed into th ...

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Fume hood, Fume hood - Construction and location, Fume hood - Recirculating Fume Hoods, Fume hood - Pre-Filtration, Fume hood - Main Filtration, Fume hood - Ducted Fume Hoods, Fume hood - Specific Fume Hood Types, Fume hood - Use, Fume hood - Control Panels, Fume hood - A warning

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To determine whether a chemical is likely to require a fume hood for safe usage, its MSDS should be consulted. If there is doubt, use a hood. An Operating and Maintenance manual should be provided with a new fume hood, which will detail full usage instructions for a new user. If you already know about the hood you're going to use, begin by making sure no one else is using it or has left things in it. If it's free collect what you need to be in the hood (reagents and/or the experimental apparatus if the produ ...

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Fume hood, Fume hood - Construction and location, Fume hood - Recirculating Fume Hoods, Fume hood - Pre-Filtration, Fume hood - Main Filtration, Fume hood - Ducted Fume Hoods, Fume hood - Specific Fume Hood Types, Fume hood - Use, Fume hood - Control Panels, Fume hood - A warning

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Esophageal cancer - Increased risk. There are a number of risk factors for esophageal cancer. Some subtypes of cancer are linked to particular risk factors: Age. Most patients are over 60. Sex. It is more common in men. Tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol use increase the risk, and together appear to increase the risk more than these two individually. Swallowing lye or other caustic substances Particular dietary substances, such as nitrosamine A medical hist ...

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Esophageal cancer, Esophageal cancer - Signs and symptoms, Esophageal cancer - Cause and risk factors, Esophageal cancer - Increased risk, Esophageal cancer - Decreased risk, Esophageal cancer - Diagnosis, Esophageal cancer - Staging, Esophageal cancer - Treatment, Esophageal cancer - General approaches, Esophageal cancer - Tumor treatments, Esophageal cancer - Follow-up and prognosis, Esophageal cancer - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Esophageal cancer: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal cancer - Cause and risk factors

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is the first symptom in most patients. Odynophagia (painful swallowing) may be present. Fluids and soft foods are usually tolerated, while hard or bulky substances (such as bread or meat) cause much more difficulty. Substantial weight loss is characteristic as a result of poor nutrition and the active cancer. Pain, often of a burning nature, may be severe and wo ...

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Esophageal cancer, Esophageal cancer - Signs and symptoms, Esophageal cancer - Cause and risk factors, Esophageal cancer - Increased risk, Esophageal cancer - Decreased risk, Esophageal cancer - Diagnosis, Esophageal cancer - Staging, Esophageal cancer - Treatment, Esophageal cancer - General approaches, Esophageal cancer - Tumor treatments, Esophageal cancer - Follow-up and prognosis, Esophageal cancer - Epidemiology

Read more here: » Esophageal cancer: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal cancer - Signs and symptoms

Birds ventilate their lungs by means of crosscurrent flow: the air flows at a 90° angle to the flow of blood in the lungs' capillaries. In addition to the lungs themselves, birds have posterior and anterior air sacs (typically nine) which control air flow through the lungs, but do not play a direct role in gas exchange. There are three parts involved in respiration: the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics), the lungs, and the posterior air sacs (posteri ...

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Bird, Bird - High-level taxonomy, Bird - Bird orders, Bird - Evolution, Bird - Reproduction, Bird - Mating systems and parental care, Bird - Respiration, Bird - Other anatomy, Bird - Birds and humans, Bird - Trivia

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A physical examination will often reveal decreased intensity of breath sounds (rhonchi) and extended expiration. A common test when evaluating a patient for bronchitis is a sputum culture. In this test, a sample of sputum from a patient is stained and examined for the presence of bacteria that can cause disease. There are a variety of lab test results that indicate the presence of chronic bronchitis in a patient, namely: a chest x-ray that reveals hyperinflation and increased bronchovascular markings a pul ...

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Bronchitis, Bronchitis - Features, Bronchitis - Signs and symptoms, Bronchitis - Morphology, Bronchitis - Diagnosis, Bronchitis - Pathophysiology, Bronchitis - Treatment, Bronchitis - Prognosis, Bronchitis - Prevention, Bronchitis - History

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Pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, and chronic respiratory failure are possible complications of chronic bronchitis. The prognosis for patients with severe chronic bronchitis is poor. The median survival time of patients with severe bronchitis is four years (Medical Diagnosis and Treatment). ...

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Bronchitis, Bronchitis - Features, Bronchitis - Signs and symptoms, Bronchitis - Morphology, Bronchitis - Diagnosis, Bronchitis - Pathophysiology, Bronchitis - Treatment, Bronchitis - Prognosis, Bronchitis - Prevention, Bronchitis - History

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Cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. In general, though, the term cilia is used when they are numerous, short and coordinated while flagella is used when they are relatively sparse and long. The name cilium may also be used to emphasize their differences from bacterial flagella. A cilium has an outer membrane that surrounds a core called an axoneme, which contains nine pairs of microtubule doublets and other associated proteins. Motile cilia have a central co ...

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Cilium, Cilium - Types and distribution, Cilium - Structure, Cilium - Cilium-related disease

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Hyper- and hypofunction: Hypothyroidism Hashimoto's thyroiditis / thyroiditis Ord's thyroiditis Postoperative hypothyroidism Postpartum thyroiditis Silent thyroiditis Acute thyroiditis Iatrogenic hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Thyroid storm Graves-Basedow disease Toxic thyroid nodule Toxic nodular struma (Plummer's disease) Hashitoxicos ...

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Thyroid, Thyroid - Anatomy, Thyroid - Gross anatomy, Thyroid - Blood supply, Thyroid - Histology of the thyroid, Thyroid - Physiology, Thyroid - T3 and T4 production and action, Thyroid - T3 and T4 regulation, Thyroid - Calcitonin, Thyroid - The significance of iodine, Thyroid - Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid - Diagnosis, Thyroid - Treatment, Thyroid - Medical treatment, Thyroid - Thyroid surgery, Thyroid - History, Thyroid - External link

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Small amounts of alcohol do not act as a carcinogen. However, many studies have shown that large amounts of alcohol greatly increase the risk of developing a cancer. The strongest link between alcohol and cancer involves cancers of the upper digestive tract, including the esophagus, the mouth, the pharynx, and the larynx. Less consistent data link alcohol consumption and cancers of the liver, breast, and colon. Upper digestive tract. Chronic heavy drinkers have a higher incidence of esophageal cancer than does the general popul ...

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Effects of alcohol on the body, Effects of alcohol on the body - Intoxication, Effects of alcohol on the body - Action on the brain, Effects of alcohol on the body - Carcinogenic effects, Effects of alcohol on the body - Metabolism of alcohol and action on the liver, Effects of alcohol on the body - Dehydration, Effects of alcohol on the body - Hangover, Effects of alcohol on the body - Beneficial effects of alcohol, Effects of alcohol on the body - Effects by dose, Effects of alcohol on the body - Moderate doses, Effects of alcohol on the body - Excessive doses

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The liver contains a special enzyme (alcohol dehydrogenase) that breaks down alcohols into acetaldehyde, which is turned into acetic acid by the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and then yet another enzyme converts the acetate into fats or carbon dioxide and water. The fats are mostly deposited locally which leads to the characteristic "beer belly". Chronic drinkers, however, so tax this metabolic pathway that things go awry: fatty acids build up as plaques in the capillaries around liver cells and those cells begin to die, which leads to ...

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Effects of alcohol on the body, Effects of alcohol on the body - Intoxication, Effects of alcohol on the body - Action on the brain, Effects of alcohol on the body - Carcinogenic effects, Effects of alcohol on the body - Metabolism of alcohol and action on the liver, Effects of alcohol on the body - Dehydration, Effects of alcohol on the body - Hangover, Effects of alcohol on the body - Beneficial effects of alcohol, Effects of alcohol on the body - Effects by dose, Effects of alcohol on the body - Moderate doses, Effects of alcohol on the body - Excessive doses

Read more here: » Effects of alcohol on the body: Encyclopedia II - Effects of alcohol on the body - Metabolism of alcohol and action on the liver

Normal alveolar partial pressures for O2 and CO2 are 105 mmHg and 40 mmHg respectively. For dry air at sea level, the partial pressures for O2 and CO2 are 160mmHg and 0.3mmHg respectively. The alveolar oxygen pressure is lower than the atmospheric O2 partial pressure for two reasons. Firstly, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway, thus the partial pressure of water vapour (47 mmHg) reduces the oxygen partial pressure to about 150 mmHg. The rest of the differen ...

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Pulmonary alveolus, Pulmonary alveolus - Location, Pulmonary alveolus - Structure, Pulmonary alveolus - Details, Pulmonary alveolus - Alveolar gas pressures, Pulmonary alveolus - Exchange between blood and gas, Pulmonary alveolus - Matching air supply and blood supply in alveoli, Pulmonary alveolus - Diseases

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The blood that enters the pulmonary capillaries is the systemic venous blood which enter the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Due to differences in partial pressures across the alveolar-capillary membrane, O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses out. Thus, the blood that returns to the heart has nearly the same PO2 and PCO2 as the alveolar air. The more pulmonary capillaries participating in this process, the more total O2 and CO2 that can be exchanged. The magnitude of the difference between the alveolar PO2 and arterial PO< ...

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Pulmonary alveolus, Pulmonary alveolus - Location, Pulmonary alveolus - Structure, Pulmonary alveolus - Details, Pulmonary alveolus - Alveolar gas pressures, Pulmonary alveolus - Exchange between blood and gas, Pulmonary alveolus - Matching air supply and blood supply in alveoli, Pulmonary alveolus - Diseases

Read more here: » Pulmonary alveolus: Encyclopedia II - Pulmonary alveolus - Exchange between blood and gas

Ethanol is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches the brain. As a small molecule, it is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The euphoric effects of ethanol are probably due to its causing the release of endorphins, the body's natural response to pleasurable activity. The CNS depressant effect likely is due to ethanol's acting on the BK channels.[1] A BK channel is a calcium dependent potassium channel. Ethanol potentiates the activity of BK channels, which reduces the excitability of the neuron. [2] It has been known to ...

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Effects of alcohol on the body, Effects of alcohol on the body - Intoxication, Effects of alcohol on the body - Action on the brain, Effects of alcohol on the body - Carcinogenic effects, Effects of alcohol on the body - Metabolism of alcohol and action on the liver, Effects of alcohol on the body - Dehydration, Effects of alcohol on the body - Hangover, Effects of alcohol on the body - Beneficial effects of alcohol, Effects of alcohol on the body - Effects by dose, Effects of alcohol on the body - Moderate doses, Effects of alcohol on the body - Excessive doses

Read more here: » Effects of alcohol on the body: Encyclopedia II - Effects of alcohol on the body - Action on the brain

In small amounts, ethanol causes a mild euphoria and removes inhibitions. In large doses, ethanol acts as a central nervous system depressant and causes drunkenness, generally at a blood ethanol content of about 0.1%. At higher contents, alcohol causes intoxication, coma and death. A blood ethanol content above 0.4% can be fatal, although regular heavy drinkers can tolerate somewhat higher levels than non-drinkers. Eight to ten drinks per hour is considered a fatal dosage for the average 54 kg (119 lb.) person. One drink is equivalent to one shot of 40% abv (80 proof) liquor, one 12 US fl oz (35 ...

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Effects of alcohol on the body, Effects of alcohol on the body - Intoxication, Effects of alcohol on the body - Action on the brain, Effects of alcohol on the body - Carcinogenic effects, Effects of alcohol on the body - Metabolism of alcohol and action on the liver, Effects of alcohol on the body - Dehydration, Effects of alcohol on the body - Hangover, Effects of alcohol on the body - Beneficial effects of alcohol, Effects of alcohol on the body - Effects by dose, Effects of alcohol on the body - Moderate doses, Effects of alcohol on the body - Excessive doses

Read more here: » Effects of alcohol on the body: Encyclopedia II - Effects of alcohol on the body - Intoxication

Birds have a complex but highly efficient crosscurrent exchange system in their lungs, accompanied by air sacs to control the flow of gas through it. See bird respiration for a detailed account of this system. The lungs of birds differ significantly from those of mammals. In addition to the lungs themselves, birds have posterior and anterior air sacs (typically nine) which control air flow through the lungs, but do not play a direct role in gas exchange. They hav ...

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Lung, Lung - The respiratory function of the lung, Lung - Nonrespiratory functions of the lung, Lung - Mammalian lungs, Lung - Anatomy, Lung - Avian lungs, Lung - Reptilian lungs, Lung - Amphibian lungs, Lung - Arachnid lungs, Lung - Crustacean lungs, Lung - Origins

Read more here: » Lung: Encyclopedia II - Lung - Avian lungs

The measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels is often used by doctors as a screening test. Elevated TSH levels can signify an inadequate hormone production, while suppressed levels can point at excessive unregulated production of hormone. If TSH is abnormal, decreased levels of thyroid hormones T4 and T3 may be present; these may be determined to confirm this. Autoantibodies may be detected in various disease states (anti-TG, anti-TPO, TSH receptor stimulating antibodies). Infrequently, TBG and transthyretin levels may be abno ...

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Thyroid, Thyroid - Anatomy, Thyroid - Gross anatomy, Thyroid - Blood supply, Thyroid - Histology of the thyroid, Thyroid - Physiology, Thyroid - T3 and T4 production and action, Thyroid - T3 and T4 regulation, Thyroid - Calcitonin, Thyroid - The significance of iodine, Thyroid - Diseases of the thyroid gland, Thyroid - Diagnosis, Thyroid - Treatment, Thyroid - Medical treatment, Thyroid - Thyroid surgery, Thyroid - History, Thyroid - External link

Read more here: » Thyroid: Encyclopedia II - Thyroid - Diagnosis