toxin

Bees may be solitary, or may live in various sorts of communities. The most advanced of these are eusocial colonies, found among the honeybees and stingless bees. Sociality is believed to have evolved separately in different groups of bees. Eusocial bees live in colonies, each of which has a single queen, together with workers and drones. When humans provide a home for a colony, the structure is called a hive. A hive can typically contain up to about 40,000 individual bees at their annual peak ...

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Bee, Bee - Eusocial and quasisocial bees, Bee - Honeybee Queens, Bee - Honeybee pheromones, Bee - Solitary and communal bees, Bee - Kleptoparasitic bees, Bee - Communication, Bee - Miscellaneous

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HIV structure and genome - p24 p6 p7 p17. These proteins are encoded by the gag gene, and provide structural elements of the virus: p24 makes up the viral capsid, p6 and p7 provide the nucleocapsid, and p17 provides a protective matrix. When a Western blot test is used to detect HIV infection, p24 is one of the three major proteins tested for, along with gp120/gp160 and gp41. HIV structure and genome - Reverse transcriptase. Main article: Reverse transcriptase Common to all retroviruses, th ...

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HIV structure and genome, HIV structure and genome - Genome organisation, HIV structure and genome - Protein function, HIV structure and genome - p24 p6 p7 p17, HIV structure and genome - Reverse transcriptase, HIV structure and genome - Integrase, HIV structure and genome - Protease, HIV structure and genome - gp120, HIV structure and genome - gp41, HIV structure and genome - Tat, HIV structure and genome - Rev, HIV structure and genome - Nef, HIV structure and genome - Vif, HIV structure and genome - Vpr, HIV structure and genome - Vpu, HIV structure and genome - External link

Read more here: » HIV structure and genome: Encyclopedia II - HIV structure and genome - Protein function

The plant is a rare example of a herb the hallucinogenic properties of which have only recently been discovered. While its cousins in the Convolvulaceae family, such as the Rivea corymbosa (Ololiuhqui) and Ipomoea violacea (Tlitliltzin) were used in shamanic rituals of Latin America for centuries, the Hawaiian baby woodrose was not traditionally recognised as a hallucinogen. Its properties were first brought to attention in the 1960s, despite the fact that the chemical composition of its seeds is near identical to those of the two species mentioned above, and in fact contain the highest concentrati ...

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Hawaiian baby woodrose, Hawaiian baby woodrose - History, Hawaiian baby woodrose - Psychotropic use, Hawaiian baby woodrose - Chemistry

Read more here: » Hawaiian baby woodrose: Encyclopedia II - Hawaiian baby woodrose - History

An early theory on the causes of food poisoning involved ptomaines, alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter. While some poisonous alkaloids are the cause of poisoning, the discovery of bacteria left the ptomaine theory obsolete. Foodborne illness - Bacteria. Bacterial infection is the most common cause of food poisoning. In the United Kingdom during 2000 the individual bacteria involved were as follows: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia co ...

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Foodborne illness, Foodborne illness - Symptoms and mortality, Foodborne illness - Incubation period, Foodborne illness - Infectious dose, Foodborne illness - Pathogenic agents, Foodborne illness - Bacteria, Foodborne illness - Viruses, Foodborne illness - Parasites, Foodborne illness - Natural toxins, Foodborne illness - Other pathogenic agents, Foodborne illness - Statistics, Foodborne illness - In the United States, Foodborne illness - In France, Foodborne illness - Outbreaks, Foodborne illness - Political issues, Foodborne illness - United Kingdom, Foodborne illness - United States

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A honeybee that is away from the hive foraging for nectar or pollen will rarely sting, except when stepped on or roughly handled. Honeybees will actively seek out and sting when they perceive the hive to be threatened. Although it is widely believed that a worker honeybee can sting only once, this is a misconception: although the stinger is in fact barbed so that it lodges in the victim's skin, tearing loose from the bee's abdomen and leading to her death in minutes, this only happens if the victim is a mammal. The bee's stinge ...

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Bee sting, Bee sting - Honeybee stings

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For example, if a person with diabetes mellitus has a bad allergic reaction to taking a full dose of beef insulin, the doctor gives the person a very small amount of the insulin at first. Over a period of time, larger doses are given until the person is taking the full dose. This is one way to help the body get used to the full dose and to avoid having the allergic reaction to beef-origin insulin. (See Hyposensitization.) At the cellular level, administration of small doses of toxin produces a IgG response which eventu ...

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Desensitization, Desensitization - In medicine, Desensitization - In psychology, Desensitization - In animals

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The United States' CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard; Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being extreme risk. Biohazard Level 1: Bacillus subtilis, canine hepatitis, E. coli, varicella (chicken pox). Biohazard Level 2: Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, Lyme disease, West Nile virus, salmonella, scrapie. Biohazard Level 3: Anthrax, BSE, HIV, mumps, SARS, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, Yellow fever. Biohazard Level 4: Bolivian fever, Dengue fever, Ebola, Hanta virus, Lassa virus, and other ...

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Biological hazard, Biological hazard - Levels of Biohazard, Biological hazard - External link

Read more here: » Biological hazard: Encyclopedia II - Biological hazard - Levels of Biohazard

The leaves are compound with three almond-shaped leaflets, giving rise to the mnemonic, "Leaflets three, let it be". The berries (actually drupes) are a grayish-white color and are a favorite winter food of some birds. The color ranges from light green (usually the younger leaves) to dark green (mature leaves), and bright red in fall. The leaflets are 3-12 cm long, rarely up to 30 cm. Each leaflet has a few or no teeth along its edge, and the leaf surface is smooth. To compare, blackberry and raspberry leaves also come in threes, but ...

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Poison ivy, Poison ivy - Habitat and range, Poison ivy - How to recognize poison ivy, Poison ivy - Avoidance treatment and safety

Read more here: » Poison ivy: Encyclopedia II - Poison ivy - How to recognize poison ivy

Traditionally, regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) use a threshold model for non-carcinogens, and a linear no-threshold model for carcinogens (including radiation). In the threshold model, anything above a certain dose is considered dangerous, and anything below it safe. In the linear model, there is no safe dosage. Changing to a hormesis model would likely change exposure standards for these toxins in air, water, food and soil. As a result, costs of environmental regulations and ...

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Hormesis, Hormesis - Possible explanation, Hormesis - Policy consequences, Hormesis - Low doses always beneficial?, Hormesis - Medical and Veterinary uses, Hormesis - Slow acceptance, Hormesis - Source, Hormesis - Theory and Philosophy

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Asymmetric · Attrition · Conventional · Ground · Guerrilla · Fortification · Maneuver · Naval · Network-centric · Siege · Total · Trench · Unconventional The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material use of microorganisms, toxins or animals, living or dead, in a weapon system

Animal testing - United States. In the United States, animal testing is primarily regulated by the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, which is enforced by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). It contains provisions to ensure animals used in research receive humane care and treatment. [16] However mice, rats and birds are exempt, meaning over 95% of research animals in the USA are not covered by this legislation. [17] However, the Act does require each institu ...

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Animal testing, Animal testing - Terminology, Animal testing - Regulation, Animal testing - United States, Animal testing - Europe, Animal testing - Japan, Animal testing - Number of animals used, Animal testing - Species used, Animal testing - Types of experiment, Animal testing - Advancing scientific knowledge, Animal testing - Studying disease and developing medicines, Animal testing - Assessing the safety of chemicals, Animal testing - Controversy, Animal testing - Advocates of animal testing, Animal testing - Opponents of animal testing, Animal testing - Allegations of abuse, Animal testing - Huntingdon Life Sciences, Animal testing - Covance, Animal testing - University of Cambridge, Animal testing - University of California Riverside, Animal testing - Columbia University, Animal testing - Cosmetic testing on animals, Animal testing - Alternatives to animal testing

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Major groups of toxins include: Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species, they are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and sub-tropics, such as groundnuts, other edible nuts, figs, spices and maize. Alflatoxin B1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been associated with liver cancer. Ochratoxin A is produced by Penicillium verrucosum, which is generally associated with temperate climates, and Aspergillus ochraceus which grows in warm humid conditions. I ...

See also:

Mycotoxin, Mycotoxin - Classification, Mycotoxin - Mycotoxins in fiction

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The title, Moonraker wasn't the first choice by Fleming. In fact Fleming first suggested: "The Infernal Machine", and later "The Inhuman Element", or "Wide of the Mark". The publishers, however, favoured "The Moonraker Sense", "The Moonraker Plan", or "Bond & The Moonraker". Other titles that are known to have been suggested include: "Mondays are Hell", "Hell is Here", "The Moonraker", "The Moonraker Plot", "The Moonraker Secret", and "Too Hot to Handle". Ultimately, it was Fle ...

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Moonraker, Moonraker - The novel, Moonraker - Plot summary, Moonraker - Comic strip adaptation, Moonraker - The film, Moonraker - Plot summary, Moonraker - Cast & characters, Moonraker - Crew, Moonraker - Soundtrack, Moonraker - Vehicles & gadgets, Moonraker - Locations, Moonraker - Novelisation, Moonraker - Trivia, Moonraker - Influence

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It appears that, in 1984, this seaweed was accidentally released into coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea just below the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco. By 1989, the species had grown to cover a large area and was preventing other plants from growing, leading to the nickname "Killer Algae". The plant began to spread between ports along the Mediterranean coast. C. taxifolia has been discovered off the coasts of Australia and the United States, though none of those encroachments have been anywhere n ...

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Caulerpa taxifolia, Caulerpa taxifolia - Initial infection, Caulerpa taxifolia - Reproduction mechanism, Caulerpa taxifolia - Other infections, Caulerpa taxifolia - Possible natural control method

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List of poisonous plants - Notes. poinsettias are notable for not being poisonous despite persistent beliefs to the contrary. [1] ...

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List of poisonous plants, List of poisonous plants - Poisonous food plants, List of poisonous plants - Poisonous garden plants, List of poisonous plants - Poisonous ornamental plants, List of poisonous plants - Notes, List of poisonous plants - Poisonous wild plants

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Paul Ehrlich was born into a Jewish family on 14 March 1854 in Strehlen (Silesia). Even as a schoolboy and student of medicine he was interested in staining microscopic tissue substances. In his dissertation at the Leipzig university he picked up the topic again ("Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung"). After his clinical education and habilitation ("Das Sauerstoffbedürfnis des Organismus") at the Charité in Berlin in 1887 he received a call from Robert Koch to join the Institute for ...

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Paul Ehrlich, Paul Ehrlich - Life, Paul Ehrlich - Magic Bullet, Paul Ehrlich - External link

Read more here: » Paul Ehrlich: Encyclopedia II - Paul Ehrlich - Life

List of Doctor Who villains - Sabbath. List of Doctor Who villains - Scaroth. Scaroth was the last of the Jagaroth, a vicious and callous warlike race, appearing in the serial City of Death. The last Jagaroth spacecraft exploded upon takeoff on prehistoric Earth. The energy from that explosion ignited the primordial soup that led to life developing on Earth and also fractured Scaroth into 12 aspects, scattered throughout Earth's history. Each splinter had the ability to ...

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List of Doctor Who villains, List of Doctor Who villains - A, List of Doctor Who villains - Animus, List of Doctor Who villains - B, List of Doctor Who villains - Beep the Meep, List of Doctor Who villains - Black Guardian, List of Doctor Who villains - Borusa, List of Doctor Who villains - C, List of Doctor Who villains - Lady Cassandra, List of Doctor Who villains - Celestial Toymaker, List of Doctor Who villains - Harrison Chase, List of Doctor Who villains - D, List of Doctor Who villains - Davros, List of Doctor Who villains - E, List of Doctor Who villains - Editor, List of Doctor Who villains - F, List of Doctor Who villains - Fendahl, List of Doctor Who villains - Fenric, List of Doctor Who villains - G, List of Doctor Who villains - Sabalom Glitz, List of Doctor Who villains - Gods of Ragnarok, List of Doctor Who villains - Magnus Greel, List of Doctor Who villains - Count Grendel, List of Doctor Who villains - H, List of Doctor Who villains - I, List of Doctor Who villains - J, List of Doctor Who villains - Jagrafess, List of Doctor Who villains - Sharaz Jek, List of Doctor Who villains - K, List of Doctor Who villains - Kandy Man, List of Doctor Who villains - L, List of Doctor Who villains - Lytton, List of Doctor Who villains - M, List of Doctor Who villains - Malus, List of Doctor Who villains - Mara, List of Doctor Who villains - Master, List of Doctor Who villains - Master of the Land of Fiction, List of Doctor Who villains - Meddling Monk, List of Doctor Who villains - Monarch, List of Doctor Who villains - Morbius, List of Doctor Who villains - N, List of Doctor Who villains - Nimrod, List of Doctor Who villains - O, List of Doctor Who villains - Omega, List of Doctor Who villains - P, List of Doctor Who villains - Q, List of Doctor Who villains - R, List of Doctor Who villains - Rani, List of Doctor Who villains - Rassilon, List of Doctor Who villains - S, List of Doctor Who villains - Sabbath, List of Doctor Who villains - Scaroth, List of Doctor Who villains - Shadow, List of Doctor Who villains - Sil, List of Doctor Who villains - Josiah Samuel Smith, List of Doctor Who villains - Mehendri Solon, List of Doctor Who villains - Henry van Statten, List of Doctor Who villains - Sutekh, List of Doctor Who villains - T, List of Doctor Who villains - Timewyrm, List of Doctor Who villains - U, List of Doctor Who villains - V, List of Doctor Who villains - Valeyard, List of Doctor Who villains - W, List of Doctor Who villains - WOTAN, List of Doctor Who villains - War Chief, List of Doctor Who villains - X, List of Doctor Who villains - Xoanon, List of Doctor Who villains - Y, List of Doctor Who villains - Z, List of Doctor Who villains - Professor Zaroff

Read more here: » List of Doctor Who villains: Encyclopedia II - List of Doctor Who villains - S

Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence and quantity of this substance, for instance in a Western blot test (to detect a substance in a solution) or an immunofluorescence test (to detect a substance in a whole cell). Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to purify a substance with techniques called immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography. In medicinal treatments, the small variation (if any) in recognizing the antigen helps to reduce side effects. However, t ...

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Monoclonal antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies - Production, Monoclonal antibodies - Applications, Monoclonal antibodies - Monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment, Monoclonal antibodies - Chimeric and humanized antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies - FDA approved monoclonal antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies - Discovery

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As social insects, termites live in colonies that number from several hundred to several million individuals at maturity. They are a prime example of decentralised, self-organised systems using swarm intelligence and use this cooperation to exploit food sources and environments that could not be available to any single insect acting alone. A typical colony contains workers, soldiers, and reproductive individuals of both sexes, often containing several egg-laying quee ...

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Termite, Termite - Appearance and Morphology, Termite - Social Structure and Behaviour, Termite - Queen and King, Termite - Workers, Termite - Soldiers, Termite - Hiding, Termite - Diet, Termite - Mounds, Termite - Human interaction, Termite - Fighting termites, Termite - Ecology, Termite - Relationships and Evolutionary History

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Bt corn is a variant of maize, genetically altered to express the bacterial Bt toxin, which is poisonous to insect pests. In the case of corn, the pest is the European Corn Borer. Expressing the toxin was achieved by inserting a gene from the soil-dwelling microorganism Bacillus thuringiensis into the corn genome. This gene codes for a toxin that will crystallize in the digestive tract ...

See also:

Transgenic maize, Transgenic maize - Herbicide resistant corn, Transgenic maize - Bt corn, Transgenic maize - Bt corn and monarch butterflies, Transgenic maize - Cross pollination, Transgenic maize - The StarLink corn controversy

Read more here: » Transgenic maize: Encyclopedia II - Transgenic maize - Bt corn

These frogs received their common name from the toxin (called pumiliotoxin) found in the skin of a few species, such as the most poisonous dart frog, Phyllobates terribilis, also known as the golden poison dart frog. More than 100 toxins have been identified in the skin secretions of members of the Dendrobatidae family of frogs, especially Dendrobates and Phyllobates. Members of the genus Dendrobates (of which there are at least 44 known species) are also known as "poison dart" or "poison arrow" frogs. However, only frog ...

See also:

Poison dart frog, Poison dart frog - Background, Poison dart frog - Species

Read more here: » Poison dart frog: Encyclopedia II - Poison dart frog - Background