toxin - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Zoanthid: Encyclopedia - Zoanthid
Epizoanthidae Parazoanthidae Zoanthidae Zoanthids (order Zoanthidea) are a type of soft coral commonly found in coral reefs all around th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Botulism: Encyclopedia - Botulism
Botulism (from Latin botulus, "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioterrorism: Encyclopedia - Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally-occurring or human-modified toxin or biological...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Warfare: Encyclopedia - Chemical Warfare
Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or inc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cottonseed Oil: Encyclopedia - Cottonseed Oil
Cottonseed oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. It must be refined...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vibrio Cholerae: Encyclopedia - Vibrio Cholerae
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium with a curved-rod shape that causes cholera in humans. It and other species of the genus Vib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium: Encyclopedia - Clostridium
Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia - Bee
Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Heterogynaidae Megachilidae Melittidae Oxaeidae Stenotritidae Bees (Apoidea superfamily) are flyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cashew: Encyclopedia - Cashew
The Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a tree in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil, wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apitoxin: Encyclopedia - Apitoxin
Apitoxin, or honey bee venom, is a bitter colorless liquid. The active portion of the venom is a complex mixture of proteins, which cause...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antidote: Encyclopedia - Antidote
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristolochiaceae: Encyclopedia - Aristolochiaceae
See text The Aristolochiaceae, or the Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with 7 genera and about 400 species belonging to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacillus Thuringiensis: Encyclopedia - Bacillus Thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that lives in the soil, in the caterpillars of some moths and butterflies and also on the surface o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard: Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard
Biohazard is a shorthand term for "biological hazard". It refers to biological substances that pose a threat to (primarily) human health....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia - Animal Testing
Animal testing refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments. It is estimated that 50–100 million animals worldwide [4] [5] [6]...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Agent: Encyclopedia - Biological Agent
A biological agent is an infectious disease, or toxin that can be used in bioterrorism or biological warfare. There are more than 1200 di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warfarin: Encyclopedia - Warfarin
Warfarin Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin® and Marevan®) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered ora...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amin Al-husayni: Encyclopedia - Amin Al-husayni
Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (ca. 1895-July 4, 1974, أمين الحسيني, alternatively known as al-Husseini, el-Husseini, Al-Hajj Amin o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - History
The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee - Eusocial And Quasisocial Bees
Bees may be solitary, or may live in various sorts of communities. The most advanced of these are eusocial colonies, found among the hone...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hiv Structure And Genome: Encyclopedia Ii - Hiv Structure And Genome - Protein Function
HIV structure and genome - p24 p6 p7 p17. These proteins are encoded by the gag gene, and provide structural elements of the virus: p24...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hawaiian Baby Woodrose: Encyclopedia Ii - Hawaiian Baby Woodrose - History
The plant is a rare example of a herb the hallucinogenic properties of which have only recently been discovered. While its cousins in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Pathogenic Agents
An early theory on the causes of food poisoning involved ptomaines, alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter. While some p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee Sting: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee Sting - Honeybee Stings
A honeybee that is away from the hive foraging for nectar or pollen will rarely sting, except when stepped on or roughly handled. Honeybe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Desensitization: Encyclopedia Ii - Desensitization - In Medicine
For example, if a person with diabetes mellitus has a bad allergic reaction to taking a full dose of beef insulin, the doctor gives the p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Hazard - Levels Of Biohazard
The United States' CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard; Level 1 being mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poison Ivy: Encyclopedia Ii - Poison Ivy - How To Recognize Poison Ivy
The leaves are compound with three almond-shaped leaflets, giving rise to the mnemonic, "Leaflets three, let it be". The berries (actuall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hormesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Hormesis - Policy Consequences
Traditionally, regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Nuc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - History
Asymmetric · Attrition · Conventional · Ground · Guerrilla · Fortification · Maneuver · Naval · Network-centric · Siege · Tota...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Regulation
Animal testing - United States. In the United States, animal testing is primarily regulated by the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, which is en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mycotoxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Mycotoxin - Classification
Major groups of toxins include: Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus species, they are largely associated with commodities produced in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moonraker: Encyclopedia Ii - Moonraker - The Novel
The title, Moonraker wasn't the first choice by Fleming. In fact Fleming first suggested: "The Infernal Machine", and later "The Inhuman ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caulerpa Taxifolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Caulerpa Taxifolia - Initial Infection
It appears that, in 1984, this seaweed was accidentally released into coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea just below the Oceanographi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Poisonous Plants: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Poisonous Plants - Poisonous Ornamental Plants
List of poisonous plants - Notes. poinsettias are notable for not being poisonous despite persistent beliefs to the contrary. [1] ....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Ehrlich: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Ehrlich - Life
Paul Ehrlich was born into a Jewish family on 14 March 1854 in Strehlen (Silesia). Even as a schoolboy and student of medicine he was int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Doctor Who Villains: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Doctor Who Villains - S
List of Doctor Who villains - Sabbath. List of Doctor Who villains - Scaroth. Scaroth was the last of the Jagaroth, a vicious and cal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Monoclonal Antibodies: Encyclopedia Ii - Monoclonal Antibodies - Applications
Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence and quantity of this substan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Termite: Encyclopedia Ii - Termite - Social Structure And Behaviour
As social insects, termites live in colonies that number from several hundred to several million individuals at maturity. They are a prim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transgenic Maize: Encyclopedia Ii - Transgenic Maize - Bt Corn
Bt corn is a variant of maize, genetically altered to express the bacterial Bt toxin, which is poisonous to insect pests. In the case of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Poison Dart Frog: Encyclopedia Ii - Poison Dart Frog - Background
These frogs received their common name from the toxin (called pumiliotoxin) found in the skin of a few species, such as the most poisonou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Variability: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Variability - Social Significance And Valuation Of Human Variability
Human beings rarely give all possible values for a given parameter the same value, though not all people agree on the values or relative ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Family History Medicine: Encyclopedia Ii - Family History Medicine - Uses
Although often neglected[1], many doctors glean information on family morbidity of particular diseases (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, aut...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - History
The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transfection: Encyclopedia Ii - Transfection - Methods Of Transfection
There are various methods of introducing foreign DNA into a cell. One of the cheapest (and least reliable) ones is transfection by calciu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Henri Ducard: Encyclopedia Ii - Henri Ducard - Comics
In the comics, Bruce Wayne approached Ducard for training in his early days. Ducard is a knowledgeable detective with excellent man hunti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fathers 4 Justice Protests: Encyclopedia Ii - Fathers 4 Justice Protests - House Of Commons Protest
The Fathers 4 Justice House of Commons protest, also dubbed The Fun Powder Plot, is an incident that took place on May 19, 2004. Two memb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolution Of Flagella: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolution Of Flagella - The Eukaryotic Flagellum
There are two competing groups of models for the evolutionary origin of the eukaryotic flagellum (referred to as a cilium below to distin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioterrorism: Encyclopedia Ii - Bioterrorism - Types Of Biological Agents
Bioterrorism - Category A agents. These are biological agents with both a high potential for adverse public health impact and that als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euphorbia Poisonii: Encyclopedia Ii - Euphorbia Poisonii - Toxic Activity
The active toxin Resiniferatoxin binds to pain receptors in the same way as capsaicin but much more powerfully. It stimulates the neurons...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Hazard: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Hazard - Levels Of Biohazard
The United States' CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard; Level 1 being mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ototoxicity: Encyclopedia Ii - Ototoxicity - Causes
A number of drugs have been associated with damage to the cochlea. The best known are aminoglycoside antibiotics, aspirin, nicotine and f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warfarin: Encyclopedia Ii - Warfarin - Uses
Warfarin - Medical use. Warfarin is given to people with an excessive tendency for thrombosis. This can prevent growth or embolism (spr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amin Al-husayni: Encyclopedia Ii - Amin Al-husayni - Palestinian Nationalism
Viewing the Balfour Declaration as a betrayal of the Arabs by the British, al-Husayni organized violent anti-Zionist demonstrations in Je...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kawasaki Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Kawasaki Disease - Incidence Causes And Risk Factors
Kawasaki disease occurs mainly in Japan, though its incidence in the United States is increasing. Kawasaki disease is predominantly a dis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apitoxin: Encyclopedia Ii - Apitoxin - Components Of Apitoxin
The main component is melittin comprising 52% of venom peptides. Melittin is one hundred times stronger than cortisol as an anti-inflamma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Neuroimaging: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Neuroimaging - Recent Breakthroughs
Recent breakthroughs in non-invasive brain imaging have been somewhat limited because most of them have not been completely novel; rather...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Botulism: Encyclopedia Ii - Botulism - Infant Botulism
Infant botulism is the most common form of the ailment in the United States. The mode of action of this form is through actual infection ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - Prevention
E. coli O157:H7 will continue to be an important public health concern as long as it contaminates meat. Preventive measures may reduce th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Regulation
Animal testing - United States. In the United States, animal testing is primarily regulated by the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, which is en...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cashew: Encyclopedia Ii - Cashew - Uses
The cashew apple is used for its juicy but acidic pulp, which can be eaten raw or used in the production of jam, chutney, or various beve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Clostridium Botulinum: Encyclopedia Ii - Clostridium Botulinum - Subtypes
Each of the seven subtypes of C. botulinum produces a different botulin toxin. These are labeled with letters and are called A to G types...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Warfare - History
Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare in ancient and classical times. Chemical weapons have been used for millennia in the form of poison...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee - Eusocial And Quasisocial Bees
Bees may be solitary, or may live in various sorts of communities. The most advanced of these are eusocial colonies, found among the hone...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - Attacking Crops And Animals
Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Neuroimaging: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Neuroimaging - Early Uses Of Brain Imaging
The desire to understand the human mind has been one of the main desires of philosophers throughout the ages. Questions about thoughts, d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee - Miscellaneous
Bees figure more prominently in myth than any other insect. See Bee (mythology). Bees are the favorite meal of Merops apiaster, a bird. O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - What Is Escherichia Coli O157:h7?
E. coli O157:H7 is one of hundreds of strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli. Although most strains are harmless and live in the intes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - Protective Measures
The primary civil defense against biological weaponry is to wash one's hands whenever one moves to a different building or set of people,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kawasaki Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Kawasaki Disease - Signs And Tests
A physical examination will demonstrate many of the symptoms listed above. Procedures such as ECG and echocardiography may reveal signs o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Neuroimaging: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Neuroimaging - Development Of Modern Techniques
In 1927 Egas Moniz, professor of neurology in Lisbon, introduced cerebral angiography, whereby both normal and abnormal blood vessels in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Caulerpa Taxifolia: Encyclopedia Ii - Caulerpa Taxifolia - Other Infections
In 2000 the strain was found in the coast of California (U.S.A.), near San Diego, and also in the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - Biological Weapons Characteristics
Ideal characteristics of biological weapons are high infectivity, high potency, availability of vaccines, and delivery as an aerosol. Dis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fathers 4 Justice Protests: Encyclopedia Ii - Fathers 4 Justice Protests - Buckingham Palace Protest
The Fathers 4 Justice Buckingham Palace protest was an incident that took place in London, England on September 13, 2004. At 14:20 BST, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kawasaki Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Kawasaki Disease - Treatment
Children with Kawasaki disease are hospitalized and care is normally shared between pediatric cardiology and infectious disease specialis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - How Is E. Coli O157:h7 Spread?
The organism can be found on a small number of cattle farms and can live in the intestines of healthy cattle. Meat can become contaminate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Species Used
Rats and mice are used in large proportion because they are small, cheap, easy to handle and care for, and can produce up to 100 babies i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Number Of Animals Used
Accurate global figures for animal testing are difficult to collect. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) estimates ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - Long-term Consequences Of Infection
Persons who only have diarrhea usually recover completely. About one-third of persons with hemolytic uremic syndrome have abnormal kidney...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Amin Al-husayni: Encyclopedia Ii - Amin Al-husayni - Early Life
Amin al-Husayni was born in Jerusalem in 1895 (some sources say 1893). He attended Al-Azhar University in Cairo (where he founded an anti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Types Of Experiment
There are a range of scientific uses of animals, which can be split into three broad and at times overlapping categories. The Nuffield Co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - How Is E. Coli O157:h7 Infection Diagnosed?
Infection with E. coli O157:H7 is diagnosed by detecting the bacterium in the stool. Most laboratories that culture stool do not test for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Cosmetic Testing On Animals
Cosmetics testing is particularly controversial. It is banned in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the UK [78] (pdf), and in 2002, after 13 y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - How Is The Illness Treated?
Most persons recover without antibiotics or other specific treatment in 5-10 days. There is no evidence that antibiotics improve the cour...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Allegations Of Abuse
Undercover investigations by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Controversy
Animal testing - Advocates of animal testing. Testing advocates argue that: It would be unethical to test substances or drug with pote...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Termite: Encyclopedia Ii - Termite - Human Interaction
Because of their wood-eating habits, termites sometimes do great damage to buildings and other wooden structures. Their habit of remainin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Termite: Encyclopedia Ii - Termite - Mounds
In some regions, notably arid tropical savannas, termites construct extremely large and elaborate mounds which house their colonies. Thes...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee - Solitary And Communal Bees
Other species of bee such as the carpenter bee, Orchard Mason bee (Osmia lignaria) and the hornfaced bee (Osmia cornifrons) are solitary ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Evolution Of Flagella: Encyclopedia Ii - Evolution Of Flagella - The Bacterial Flagellum
An approach to the evolutionary origin of the bacterial flagellum is suggested by the fact that a subset of flagellar components can func...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fathers 4 Justice Protests: Encyclopedia Ii - Fathers 4 Justice Protests - Tower Bridge Protest
On October 31st 2003, David Chick, dressed as Spider-Man, climbed a crane near Tower Bridge in London to add his voice to the Fathers 4 J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee - Kleptoparasitic Bees
Cuckoo bees are bumblebee look-alikes that invade bumblebee nests and lay their eggs. The bumblebees raise the young as their own. Megach...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Escherichia Coli O157:h7: Encyclopedia Ii - Escherichia Coli O157:h7 - What Illness Does E. Coli O157:h7 Cause?
E. coli O157:H7 infection often causes severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps; sometimes the infection causes nonbloody diarrhea or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Transgenic Maize: Encyclopedia Ii - Transgenic Maize - Herbicide Resistant Corn
Corn varieties resistant to glufosinate (Liberty) herbicides and Roundup have been produced. There are also corn hybrids with tolerance t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Termite: Encyclopedia Ii - Termite - Diet
Termites are generally grouped according to their feeding behaviour. Thus the commonly used general groupings are: Subterranean, Soil-fee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Warfare - The Role Of Public Health Departments And Disease Surveillance
It is important to note that all of the classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Termite: Encyclopedia Ii - Termite - Appearance And Morphology
Termites do not physically resemble ants; their "white ant" name is probably due to their similar size and social habits. Termites have b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Animal Testing: Encyclopedia Ii - Animal Testing - Alternatives To Animal Testing
Most scientists and governments say they agree that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and that anim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Doctor Who Villains: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Doctor Who Villains - W
List of Doctor Who villains - WOTAN. An acronym of the words Will Operating Thought ANalogue, this malevolent supercomputer resided in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chemical Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Chemical Warfare - Sociopolitical Climate Of Chemical Warfare
While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bee: Encyclopedia Ii - Bee - Solitary And Communal Bees
Other species of bee such as the carpenter bee, Orchard Mason bee (Osmia lignaria) and the hornfaced bee (Osmia cornifrons) are solitary ...   » Read the article