toxin

Epizoanthidae Parazoanthidae Zoanthidae Zoanthids (order Zoanthidea) are a type of soft coral commonly found in coral reefs all around the world. These animals come in a variety of different colonizing formations and in numerous colors. They can be found as individual polyps, attached by a fleshy stolon or a mat that can be created from pieces of sediment, sand and rock. There are a large amount of different morphs of the same or similar species depending on the location on the reef each colony occupies ...

Including:

• Zoanthid - Dangers

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Botulism (from Latin botulus, "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botulin is the most potent known toxin, blocking nerve function and leading to respiratory and musculoskeletal paralysis. There are three main kinds of botulism: Foodborne botulism is a form of foodborne illness and is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin. Wound botulism is caused by toxin pr ...

Including:

• Botulism - Symptoms foodborne and wound forms
• Botulism - Infant botulism
• Botulism - Botulinum toxin
• Botulism - Diagnosis
• Botulism - Treatment
• Botulism - Complications
• Botulism - Prevention
• Botulism - Reference

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Bioterrorism is terrorism using germ warfare, an intentional human release of a naturally-occurring or human-modified toxin or biological agent. Bioterrorism - Types of biological agents. Bioterrorism - Category A agents. These are biological agents with both a high potential for adverse public health impact and that also have a serious potential for large-scale dissemination. The Category A agents are anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism, tularemia, and viral hemor ...

Including:

• Bioterrorism - Types of biological agents
• Bioterrorism - Category A agents
• Bioterrorism - Category B agents
• Bioterrorism - Category C agents
• Bioterrorism - Biological warfare programmes and convention on biological weapons
• Bioterrorism - Modern bioterrorist incidents
• Bioterrorism - Planning and reacting to a bioterrorist attack
• Bioterrorism - Plants as sensors
• Bioterrorism - Publications

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Chemical warfare is warfare (and associated military operations) using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy. Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered to be biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e ...

Including:

• Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare technology
• Chemical warfare - Chemical weapon agents
• Chemical warfare - Chemical agent delivery
• Chemical warfare - Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare
• Chemical warfare - Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
• Chemical warfare - Chemical weapon proliferation
• Chemical warfare - History
• Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare in ancient and classical times
• Chemical warfare - The rediscovery of chemical warfare
• Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare in World War I
• Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare in the interwar years
• Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare in World War II
• Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare during the Cold War
• Chemical warfare - Chemical weapons and terrorism

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Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. It is meant to incapacitate or kill an adversary. The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons is outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, signed by over 100 states, because a successful attack could conceivably result in thousands, possibly even millions, of deaths and could cause severe disruptions to societies and economies. Oddly ...

Including:

• Biological warfare - History
• Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics
• Biological warfare - Attacking Crops & Animals
• Biological warfare - Protective measures
• Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance
• Biological warfare - Examples of biological warfare
• Biological warfare - 1984 Rajneeshee salmonella attack
• Biological warfare - 2001 anthrax attack

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Cottonseed oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. It must be refined to remove gossypol, a naturally occurring toxin that protects the cotton plant from insect damage. Therefore, unrefined cottonseed oil is sometimes used as a pesticide. Cottonseed oil has no cholesterol and is very low in trans fatty acids. It is commonly used ...

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Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium with a curved-rod shape that causes cholera in humans. It and other species of the genus Vibrio belong to the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. There are two major strains, classic and El Tor, and numerous other serogroups. It colonizes the gut, where it adheres to villous absorptive cells via filaments, and secretes a toxin, c ...

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Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium aerotolerans Clostridium botulinum Clostridium colicanis Clostridium difficile Clostridium formicaceticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani etc. Clostridium is a large genus of Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the Firmicutes. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. Individual cells are rod-shaped, which gives them th ...

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Andrenidae Apidae Colletidae Halictidae Heterogynaidae Megachilidae Melittidae Oxaeidae Stenotritidae Bees (Apoidea superfamily) are flying insects, closely related to wasps and ants. They are adapted for feeding on nectar and pollen, the former primarily as an energy source, and the latter primarily for protein and other nutrients. Most pollen is used for food for the brood. Bees have a long proboscis that enables them to obtain the nectar from flowers. Bees have antennae made up of thirteen segments in males and twelve in females. They have two pairs of wings, t ...

Including:

• Bee - Eusocial and quasisocial bees
• Bee - Honeybee pheromones
• Bee - Solitary and communal bees
• Bee - Kleptoparasitic bees
• Bee - Communication
• Bee - Miscellaneous

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The Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a tree in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The plant is native to northeastern Brazil, where it is called by its Portuguese name Caju (the fruit) or Cajueiro (the tree). It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples. Originally spread from Brazil by the Portuguese, the cashew tree today can be found in all regions with a sufficiently warm and humid climate. What appears on the tree to be the fruit of the cashew tree is an ov ...

Including:

• Cashew - Uses

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Apitoxin, or honey bee venom, is a bitter colorless liquid. The active portion of the venom is a complex mixture of proteins, which causes local inflammation and acts as an anticoagulant. The venom is produced in the abdomen of worker bees from a mixture of acidic and basic secretions. Apitoxin is acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.5). A honeybee can inject 0.1 mg of venom via its stinger. Apitoxin is similar to snake venom and nettle toxin. It is estimated that 1% of the population is allergic to bee st ...

Including:

• Apitoxin - Components of Apitoxin

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An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting antibodies are extracted from the animals' blood. The venom produced by some snakes and spiders is often treatable by the use of antidotes, although a number do lack one, and a b ...

Including:

• Antidote - Poison and Toxic Signs

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See text The Aristolochiaceae, or the Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with 7 genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The Aristolochiaceae are basal dicots (paleodicots), most closely related orders Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, and Piperales, which form a monophyletic clade called the Magnoliids. Some newer classification schemes, such as the Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, place the family Aristolochiacea in the order Piperales, but it is still quite common, though superseded, for the Aristolochi ...

Including:

• Aristolochiaceae - Genera

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Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that lives in the soil, in the caterpillars of some moths and butterflies and also on the surface of plants. It was discovered 1901 in Japan and 1911 in Germany by Ernst Berliner (he discovered a disease called "Schlaffsucht" in caterpillars of the flour moth). It seems that it is the same organism as B. cereus, a soil bacterium, and B. anthracis, the cause of anthrax; the three organisms only differ in their plasmids. Like other members of the ...

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Biohazard is a shorthand term for "biological hazard". It refers to biological substances that pose a threat to (primarily) human health. This can include medical waste, samples of a microoganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can affect humans, and so forth. It is generally used as a warning, so that those potentially exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. It can also include substances harmful to animals. There is also a biohazard HCS/WHMIS logo which utilizes the same symbol. In Unicode, the biohazard sign is U+2623 (☣). Graphic novelist Mitchell Vega u ...

Including:

• Biological hazard - Levels of Biohazard
• Biological hazard - Fictional Biohazard Viruses
• Biological hazard - External link

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Animal testing refers to the use of non-human animals in experiments. It is estimated that 50–100 million animals worldwide [4] [5] [6] are used annually and subsequently killed in scientific procedures, mostly inside universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. Testing is also carried out on farms, in defense-research establishments, and by public-health authorities, on a variety of species ...

Including:

• Animal testing - Terminology
• Animal testing - Regulation
• Animal testing - United States
• Animal testing - Europe
• Animal testing - Japan
• Animal testing - Number of animals used
• Animal testing - Species used
• Animal testing - Types of experiment
• Animal testing - Toxicology tests
• Animal testing - Drug testing
• Animal testing - Controversy
• Animal testing - Advocates of animal testing
• Animal testing - Opponents of animal testing
• Animal testing - Allegations of abuse
• Animal testing - Huntingdon Life Sciences
• Animal testing - Covance
• Animal testing - University of Cambridge
• Animal testing - University of California Riverside
• Animal testing - Columbia University
• Animal testing - Cosmetic testing on animals
• Animal testing - Alternatives to animal testing

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A biological agent is an infectious disease, or toxin that can be used in bioterrorism or biological warfare. There are more than 1200 different kinds of biological agents. Biological agents include prions, microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and fungi) and some unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes (for example parasites) and their associated toxins. They have the ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from allergic reactions that are usually relatively mild, to serious medical conditions, even ...

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Warfarin Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin® and Marevan®) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally. It is used for the prophylaxis of thrombosis and embolism in many disorders. Its activity has to be monitored by frequent blood testing for the international normalized ratio (INR). It is named for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Warfarin was originally developed as a rat poison, and is still widely used as such, although warfarin-resistant rats ...

Including:

• Warfarin - Mechanism of action
• Warfarin - Uses
• Warfarin - Medical use
• Warfarin - Pesticide use
• Warfarin - Source
• Warfarin - Advantages and disadvantages
• Warfarin - Pharmacokinetics and antagonism
• Warfarin - Side effects
• Warfarin - Interactions and contraindications
• Warfarin - Overdose
• Warfarin - History
• Warfarin - Other coumarins
• Warfarin - Notes

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Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (ca. 1895-July 4, 1974, أمين الحسيني, alternatively known as al-Husseini, el-Husseini, Al-Hajj Amin or Haj Amin), was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim religious leader. A member of Jerusalem's most prominent family, his most important positions were as Mufti of Jerusalem and President of the Supreme Muslim Council. Known as the "Grand Mufti of Jerusalem", he received this title in 1921 after the death of his father (the Mufti of Jerusalem) under the auspi ...

Including:

• Amin al-Husayni - Early life
• Amin al-Husayni - Palestinian nationalism
• Amin al-Husayni - Nazi ties and World War II
• Amin al-Husayni - Pre-war
• Amin al-Husayni - In Nazi-occupied Europe
• Amin al-Husayni - The Holocaust
• Amin al-Husayni - Post-war activities
• Amin al-Husayni - Mufti's influence
• Amin al-Husayni - Footnotes

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The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material use of microorganisms, toxins or animals, living or dead, in a weapon system use of biologically inoculated fabrics Biological warfare has been practised repeatedly throughout history. During the 6th Century B.C., the Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with a fungus that would make the enemy delusional. In 184 BC, Hannibal of Carthage had clay pots filled with poisonous snakes and instructed his soldiers to thr ...

See also:

Biological warfare, Biological warfare - History, Biological warfare - Biological weapons characteristics, Biological warfare - Attacking crops and animals, Biological warfare - Protective measures, Biological warfare - The role of public health departments and disease surveillance

Read more here: » Biological warfare: Encyclopedia II - Biological warfare - History