Encyclopedia - Tosefta: Encyclopedia - Tosefta
The Tosefta is a second compilation of oral law from the period of the Mishnah. In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tosefta: Encyclopedia Ii - Tosefta - Non-orthodox Scholars
However, recent scholarship, especially by Professor Judith Hauptman reveals that the Tosefta draws on source material earlier than the l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah Talmud - The Tosefta
Curious as is the order of subjects followed in this treatise, in which several mishnaic sources have been combined, the Tosefta follows ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia - Yeshu
Yeshu (ישו in Hebrew) and slight variations such as Jeshu (Bible English transliteration) or Yeishu (Yiddish pronunciation), is the na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia - Mishnah
The Mishnah (Hebrew משנה, "repetition") is a major source of rabbinic Judaism's religious texts. It is the first recording of the ora...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia - Talmud
The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish trad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zeraim: Encyclopedia - Zeraim
Zeraim (זרעים) is the first Order of the Mishnah (and Tosefta and Talmud). Of the six orders of the Mishnah, Zeraim is the shortest....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baraita: Encyclopedia - Baraita
Baraita (Aramaic ברייתא: "external", "outside"; pl. Baraitot. Also Baraitha, Beraita ) designates a tradition in the Jewish oral la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yehezkel Abramsky: Encyclopedia - Yehezkel Abramsky
Rabbi Yehezkel Abramsky (1886–1976) was one of the world's most eminent Orthodox rabbis of the 20th century. He was born in Lithuania a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bruriah: Encyclopedia - Bruriah
Bruriah is the only woman quoted as a sage in the Talmud. She was the wife of the Tanna Rabbi Meir and the daughter of Rabbi Hananiah Ben...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vayechi: Encyclopedia - Vayechi
Vayechi or Vayehi (ויחי – Hebrew for “and he lived”) is the twelfth weekly parshah or portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Tor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vayigash: Encyclopedia - Vayigash
Vayigash (ויגש – Hebrew for “and he went up” or “then he went up,” the first word of the parshah) is the eleventh weekly pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia - Gemara
The Gemara (גמרא - from gamar: Hebrew "[to] complete"; Aramaic "[to] study") is a component of the Talmud, comprising the rabbinical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vayeshev: Encyclopedia - Vayeshev
Vayeshev or Vayeishev (וישב – Hebrew for “and he lived,” the first word of the parshah) is the ninth weekly parshah or portion ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Va'eira: Encyclopedia - Va'eira
Va'eira, Va'era, or Vaera (וארא – Hebrew for “and I appeared” the first word that God speaks in the parshah, in Exodus 6:3) is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature
Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism's rabbinic writing/s throughout history. However, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merkabah: Encyclopedia - Merkabah
Merkabah (מרכבה, literally: "chariot") is the term used to describe the earliest form of Jewish mysticism, usually "Merkabah mystici...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Primary References To Yeshu
In 1554 the Vatican issued a papal bull censoring the Talmud and other Jewish texts, resulting in the removal of references to Yeshu. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Ben-pandera And Ben-stada
Yeshu - ben-Pandera. In the Tosefta reference to Yeshu, the title ben-Pandera (son of Pandera) is added after the name. The surname Pan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Identification Of Yeshu With Jesus
Many Jews and Christians have traditionally assumed that the term Yeshu in the Talmud and Tosefta refers to Jesus. Since at least the 12t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - The Medieval Toledot Yeshu Narratives
Toledot Yeshu literally "Generations of Yeshu", is the title of several mediaeval manuscripts containing legends and folktales concerning...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Interpretations Of The Name
There is some debate over the meaning of "Yeshu." It has been used as an acronym for the Hebrew expression yemach shemo vezichro, meaning...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - Historical Study
Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will confl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - Oral Traditions And Pronunciation
The Mishnah was and still is traditionally studied through recitation (out loud). Many medieval manuscripts of the Mishnah are vowelized,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - External Attacks On The Talmud
The history of the Talmud reflects in part the history of Judaism persisting in a world of hostility and persecution. Almost at the very ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - Relation Between The Hebrew Bible And The Mishnah
Rabbinical Judaism holds that the Five Books of Moses called the (Written) Torah have always been transmitted in parallel with an oral tr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - The Writing Of The Mishnah
According to Jewish Law, the Written Law must be transmitted from a written source, and the Oral Law orally. Therefore, it was forbidden ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - The Structure Of The Mishnah
The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim). This explains the traditional name for the Talmud as Shas, which is an abbreviation of shis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Modern Day Talmud Scholars
Talmud scholars of the 20th century include: Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman Rabbi Boruch Ber Lebowitz (the Bircas Shm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Translations
Talmud - Translations of Talmud Bavli. There are four contemporary translations of the Talmud into English: The Soncino Hebrew-English...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Structure And Function
Traditional Judaism has always held that the books of the Tanakh were transmitted in parallel with a living, oral tradition. Thus, the To...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Attitude To The Talmud Within Judaism
The Talmud and its study spread from Babylon to Egypt, northern Africa, Italy, Spain, France, and Germany, regions destined to become abo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Historical Study
The Talmud contains little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avodah Zarah Tractate: Encyclopedia Ii - Avodah Zarah Tractate - Mishna
The tractate consists of five chapters. The number of mishnayot is according to the standard numbering; however, different versions split...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - The Two Talmuds
There is only one Mishnah but there are two distinct Gemaras: the Yerushalmi and the Bavli, and two corresponding Talmuds. (Today the wor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - Rabbinic Acceptance Of Astrology
However, other statements in the Talmud and in the midrash literature show that many Jews had some level of admiration for astrology. Som...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Midrash Halakha: Encyclopedia Ii - Midrash Halakha - Abstract And Midrash Halakah
It is to a law stated in this form - i.e., together with the Biblical passage from which it is derived - that the name midrash is applied...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saul Lieberman: Encyclopedia Ii - Saul Lieberman - Work
Combining vast erudition in all fields of talmudic and rabbinic literature with a penetrating knowledge of the classical world, Lieberman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names For Books Of Judeo-christian Scripture: Encyclopedia Ii - Names For Books Of Judeo-christian Scripture - Jewish Perspective
For Jews, the Bible means... Torah - The five books of Moses. The word Torah literally means instruction. It is also called Chumash (Heb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merkabah: Encyclopedia Ii - Merkabah - History
The earliest merkabah speculations were exegetical expositions of the prophetic visions of God in the heavens, and the divine retinue of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - Argumentation And Debate
The distinctive character of the gemara derives largely from the intricate use of argumentation and debate, described above. In each sugy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vayigash: Encyclopedia Ii - Vayigash - Summary
Joseph’s brothers showed themselves fearful and penitent. Judah offered himself as a slave in place of Benjamin. Joseph revealed his id...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Noahide Laws: Encyclopedia Ii - Noahide Laws - Origin
According to the Biblical narrative, the Deluge covered the whole world killing everyone except Noah and his family and the creatures of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herbert Danby: Encyclopedia Ii - Herbert Danby - Jerusalem
In 1919, Danby moved to Jerusalem to become Librarian of St. George's Cathedral. He was Residentiary Canon there, 1921-36. From 1923, he ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zohar: Encyclopedia Ii - Zohar - Appendices And Additions
The Zohar is not considered complete without the addition of certain appendixes, which are often attributed either to the same author, or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - Gemara And Mishnah
The Gemara and the Mishnah together make up the Talmud. The Talmud thus comprises two components: the Mishnah - the core text; and the ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herbert Danby: Encyclopedia Ii - Herbert Danby - Oxford
In 1936, he returned to Oxford as Regius Professor of Hebrew and Canon of Christ Church. He was Grinfield Lecturer on the Septuagint, 193...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names For Books Of Judeo-christian Scripture: Encyclopedia Ii - Names For Books Of Judeo-christian Scripture - Differences
Jews regard the "Old Testament" part of the Christian Bible as scriptural, but not the New Testament. Christians generally regard both th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishneh Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishneh Torah - Opposition
Mishneh Torah - Critics and criticism. The Mishneh Torah was strongly opposed almost as soon as it appeared. Major sources of contentio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saul Lieberman: Encyclopedia Ii - Saul Lieberman - Personal Paradoxes
Although deeply involved in the Seminary, Lieberman was personally a traditionally observant Jew, who would not pray in a synagogue with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - The Torah And The Oral Law
Orthodox Judaism holds that the Torah has been transmitted in parallel with an oral tradition. They point to the text of the Torah, where...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ark Of The Covenant: Encyclopedia Ii - Ark Of The Covenant - Fate Of The Ark
In contrast to the general consensus of historians (that supposes that the ark was taken away and destroyed), variant traditions about th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vayeshev: Encyclopedia Ii - Vayeshev - Summary
Vayeshev - Joseph the dreamer. Joseph, Jacob's favorite son, was hated by his brothers because of his dreams predicting his future domi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vayechi: Encyclopedia Ii - Vayechi - Summary
When Jacob felt the approach of death, he sent for Joseph and made Joseph swear not to bury him in the land of Egypt. (Gen. 47:28–31.) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - The Sugya
The analysis of the Amoraim is generally focused on clarifying the positions, words and views of the Tannaim. These debates and exchanges...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Later Works By Category
Rabbinic literature - Jewish law. Halakha is the Jewish way of life. Notable works in this category include: The major codes of Jewish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zohar: Encyclopedia Ii - Zohar - Effects On Judaism
The Zohar was lauded by many rabbis because it opposed religious formalism, stimulated one's imagination and emotions, and for many peopl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zohar: Encyclopedia Ii - Zohar - Influence On Christian Mysticism
The enthusiasm felt for the Zohar was shared by many Christian scholars, such as Pico de Mirandola, Reuchlin, Ægidius of Viterbo, etc., ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shemot Parsha: Encyclopedia Ii - Shemot Parsha - Summary
A new Pharaoh, who "knew not Joseph," became concerned about the military implications of the large increase in the Israelite population....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - Structure
The five books contain both a complete and ordered system of laws, particularly the 613 mitzvot (613 distinct "commandments", individuall...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacob Neusner: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacob Neusner - Impact
Neusner’s enterprise has been aimed at a humanistic and academic reading of classics of Judaism, yet with full regard for their specifi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Terminology
The threefold division reflected in the acronym Tanakh is well attested to in documents from the Second Temple period and in Rabbinic lit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - The Canon
According to the Jewish tradition, the Tanakh consists of twenty-four books (enumerated below). The Torah has five books, Nevi'im contain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishneh Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishneh Torah - Omissions
Maimonides did not surrender his independent judgment even when his views were in conflict with other authorities. It was impossible, in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names For Books Of Judeo-christian Scripture: Encyclopedia Ii - Names For Books Of Judeo-christian Scripture - Christian Perspective
For Christians, the Bible refers to the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Protestant Old Testament is largely identical to what Je...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah Database: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah Database - Page-image Software Packages
Torah database - Otzar HaHochma. This ambitious new project is based on page-images of close to 20,000 printed books (and even a few ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saul Lieberman: Encyclopedia Ii - Saul Lieberman - Biography
Born in Motol (now Motal'), near Pinsk, Belarus (then Russian empire), he studied at the yeshivot of Malch and Slobodka. While studying a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Responsa: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Responsa - Talmudic Era
The responsa of the first five centuries are not contained in special works; they are scattered through the writings of both Talmuds (the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacob Neusner: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacob Neusner - Contributions To Scholarship
Neusner is most well known for applying critical-historical scholarship to the documents of classical rabbinic literature. One of his inn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Noahide Laws: Encyclopedia Ii - Noahide Laws - The Seven Laws
The seven laws are: Avodah zarah - Do not worship false gods/idols. Shefichat damim - Do not murder. Gezel - Do not steal. Gilui arayot ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Books Of The Tanakh
The Hebrew text originally consisted only of consonants, together with some inconsistently applied letters used as vowels (matres lection...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Noahide Laws: Encyclopedia Ii - Noahide Laws - Recent Developments
Judaism does not usually support proselytization, but some Jewish groups have been active in promoting Noahidism among non-Jews, particul...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zohar: Encyclopedia Ii - Zohar - Pardes And Biblical Exegesis
The Zohar assumes four kinds of Biblical exegesis: Peshat ("simple/literal meaning"), Remez ("hint/allusion"), Derash ("interpretative/an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - Production And Usage Of A Torah Scroll
A Torah can be written for ritual purposes (i.e. religious services) on a scroll, called a Sefer Torah ("Book [of] Torah"). These are wri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jacob Neusner: Encyclopedia Ii - Jacob Neusner - Reframing The Paradigm: From Judaism To Judaisms
Neusner calls that encompassing Judaism that the canon presents a "system," when it is composed of three necessary components: an account...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - In The Bible
Astrology is not specifically mentioned in the Torah, the five books of Moses. There are two commandments which have been used by some au...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - Rabbinic Rejection Of Astrology
In early classical rabbinic works written in the land of Israel (Jerusalem Talmud and Palestinian midrash compilations) astrologers are k...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbinic Literature: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbinic Literature - Later Works By Historical Period
Rabbinic literature - Works of the Geonim. The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in Babylon (650 - 1250) : She'iltoth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Astrology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Astrology - Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
In Derekh Hashem Section II, chapter 7, Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto discusses the influence of stars on humanity and events on earth. Ther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishneh Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishneh Torah - Maimonides' Sources
Maimonides sought brevity and clarity in his Mishneh Torah and as in his Commentary on the Mishnah, he refrained from detailing his sourc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Views Of Religious Pluralism: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Views Of Religious Pluralism - Classical Jewish Views
Jewish views of religious pluralism - General classical views on other religions. Jews believe that God chose the Jewish people to be i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Idolatry In Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Idolatry In Judaism - In Classical Rabbinic Literature
The Talmud has a treatise on idolatry, Avodah Zarah, and discusses the subject elsewhere in many passages. A passage in the midrash liter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Chapters And Verse Numbers, Book Divisions
The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Noahide Laws: Encyclopedia Ii - Noahide Laws - Definition Of Noahides
According to rabbinic Judaism, as expressed in the Talmud, the Noahide Laws apply to all humanity through their descent from one paternal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abba Arika: Encyclopedia Ii - Abba Arika - Overview
His surname, Arika (English, "Long"— that is, "Tall"; it occurs only once—Ḥul. 137b), he owed to his height, which, according to a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Va'eira: Encyclopedia Ii - Va'eira - Summary
God spoke to Moses, identified Himself as the God of the Patriarchs, and acknowledged hearing the moaning of the Israelites. (Ex. 6:2–4...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Torah - The Torah As The Core Of Judaism
The Torah is the primary document of Judaism, and is the source of all Biblical commandments, in an ethical framework. According to Jewis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - Writing System
The earliest Aramaic alphabet was based on the Phoenician script. In time, Aramaic developed its distinctive 'square' style. The ancient ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aramaic Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Aramaic Language - History
Here follows a comprehensive history of Aramaic. The history is broken down into three broad periods: Old Aramaic (1100 BCE–200 CE), i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ark Of The Covenant: Encyclopedia Ii - Ark Of The Covenant - Terminology
The Hebrew word aron is used in the Bible to designate any type of ark, chest or coffer, for any purpose (Genesis 50:26; 2 Kings 12:9, 10...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ark Of The Covenant: Encyclopedia Ii - Ark Of The Covenant - Media References
The Ark of the Covenant was the focus of the highly popular 1981 adventure film, Raiders of the Lost Ark. The plot suggests that Adolf Hi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Responsa: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Responsa - Twentieth Century
History of Responsa - Conservative and Masorti responsa. Main articles: Conservative responsa, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tanakh: Encyclopedia Ii - Tanakh - Chapters And Verse Numbers Book Divisions
The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prophet: Encyclopedia Ii - Prophet - Prophets In Jewish Thought
Classical Jewish texts teach that the most direct forms of prophecy ended shortly after the destruction of the Second Temple in 586 CE an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishneh Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishneh Torah - Influence
Mishneh Torah - Decisors. Thus the work of Maimonides, notwithstanding the sharp attacks upon it, soon won general recognition as an au...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Germany - Early Settlements
The date of the first settlement of Jews in the regions called by the Romans "Germania Superior," "Germania Inferior," and "Germania Magn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tosafot: Encyclopedia Ii - Tosafot - Mostly Of French Origin
The chief home of tosafot literature was incontestably France, for it began with Rashi's pupils, and was continued mainly by the heads of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saul Lieberman: Encyclopedia Ii - Saul Lieberman - The Agunah Issue
In the 1950s the Conservative movement's Rabbinical Assembly worked on the agunah issue. According to Jewish law when a couple gets divor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Prophet: Encyclopedia Ii - Prophet - Prophets In Jewish Thought
Classical Jewish texts teach that the most direct forms of prophecy ended shortly after the destruction of the First Temple in 586 BCE an...   » Read the article

Article - Popular Pages Sitemap Viii - T
This is a sitemap for Popular Pages VIII - T . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word....   » Read the article