Early documents record the city name as Thorun (1226, 1466),Turon, Turun, Toron, and Thoron, and, after the 15th century, the current Polish name Toruń. The Teutonic Knights usually spelled it Thorun, which later became the German Thorn. When Toruń became a royal city, subject to the kings of Poland, Latin documents and coins usually spelled it Thorun, Thorunium, civitas Thorunensi ...

See also:

Toruń, Toruń - City name, Toruń - History, Toruń - Landmarks and monuments, Toruń - Administrative divisions, Toruń - Culture and science, Toruń - Education, Toruń - Higher education, Toruń - Parks and recreation, Toruń - Transport, Toruń - Health care and public services, Toruń - Sport, Toruń - Professional sport clubs, Toruń - Economy, Toruń - Major corporations, Toruń - Famous people from Toruń, Toruń - Sister cities, Toruń - Politics, Toruń - Toruń Representatives

Read more here: » Toruń: Encyclopedia II - Toruń - City name

Early documents record the city name as Thorun (1226, 1466),Turon, Turun, Toron, and Thoron, and, after the 15th century, the current Polish name Toruń. The Teutonic Knights usually spelled it Thorun, which later became the German Thorn. When Toruń became a royal city, subject to the kings of Poland, Latin documents and coins usually spelled it Thorun, Thorunium, civitas Thorunensi ...

See also:

Toruń, Toruń - City name, Toruń - History, Toruń - Landmarks and monuments, Toruń - Culture and science, Toruń - Education, Toruń - Media, Toruń - Transport, Toruń - Professional sport clubs, Toruń - Famous people from Toruń, Toruń - Twin cities, Toruń - Members of Parliament from Toruń

Read more here: » Toruń: Encyclopedia II - Toruń - City name

A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose vast regions. Walls are usually made of stone or clay and are generally as tall as a man's own height, although oftentimes much taller. Depending ...

Including:

• Defensive wall - History
• Defensive wall - Composition
• Defensive wall - Decline
• Defensive wall - Modern Era
• Defensive wall - Africa
• Defensive wall - Austria
• Defensive wall - Azerbaijan
• Defensive wall - Canada
• Defensive wall - China
• Defensive wall - Croatia
• Defensive wall - France
• Defensive wall - Germany
• Defensive wall - Greece
• Defensive wall - Hungary
• Defensive wall - Israel
• Defensive wall - Ireland
• Defensive wall - Middle East
• Defensive wall - Morocco and Western Sahara
• Defensive wall - the Netherlands
• Defensive wall - Philippines
• Defensive wall - Poland
• Defensive wall - Spain
• Defensive wall - Sweden
• Defensive wall - Turkey
• Defensive wall - United Kingdom
• Defensive wall - United States

Read more here: » Defensive wall: Encyclopedia - Defensive wall

Brick Gothic is a reduced style of Gothic architecture in Northern Europe, especially in the regions around the Baltic Sea without natural rock resources. The buildings are built more or less using only bricks. The resultant style is called Backsteingotik in Germany and Poland. Brick Gothic buildings therefore are to be found in the Baltic countries Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia and Sweden. Many of them are World Heritage Sites. Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Denmark. Including:

• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Denmark
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Sweden
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Estonia
• Brick Gothic - Tartu
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Germany
• Brick Gothic - Bremen
• Brick Gothic - Hamburg
• Brick Gothic - Lübeck
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Latvia
• Brick Gothic - Riga
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Lithuania
• Brick Gothic - Vilnius
• Brick Gothic - Kaunas
• Brick Gothic - Trakai
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Poland
• Brick Gothic - Chełmno
• Brick Gothic - Gdańsk
• Brick Gothic - Kraków
• Brick Gothic - Malbork
• Brick Gothic - Szczecin
• Brick Gothic - Toruń
• Brick Gothic - Wrocław
• Brick Gothic - Brick Gothic in Russia

Read more here: » Brick Gothic: Encyclopedia - Brick Gothic

1411 - Events. February 11 : Peace of Toruń 1411 signed in Toruń, Poland 1411 - Births. September 21 - Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (died 1460) Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (died 1456) 1411 - Deaths. June 3 - Duke Leopold IV of Austria (born 1371) November 4 - Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (born 1384) Hasdai Crescas, Je ...

Including:

• 1411 - Events
• 1411 - Births
• 1411 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1411: Encyclopedia - 1411

The Vistula (Polish: Wisła) is the longest river in Poland. It is 1,047 kilometers (678 miles) long and drains about 192,000 square kilometers (74,000 sq. miles), or almost two thirds of Poland's surface. The Vistula has its source in the south of the country, at Barania Góra (1220 m high) in the Beskidy Mountains where it starts with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polis ...

Including:

• Vistula - History
• Vistula - Navigation
• Vistula - Towns and tributaries
• Vistula - Towns and tributaries
• Vistula - Right tributaries
• Vistula - Left tributaries

Read more here: » Vistula: Encyclopedia - Vistula

Mikołaj Kopernik (February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543), more commonly known by the Latin form Nicolaus Copernicus, was a Polish[1] astrologer, astronomer, mathematician, administrator and economist. He is mainly remembered for developing a scientifically-useful heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. Copernicus worked in Royal Prussia as a church canon, governor, administrator, economist, jurist, physician, astrologer and, in con ...

Including:

• Nicolaus Copernicus - Biography
• Nicolaus Copernicus - The Copernican heliocentric system
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Earlier theories
• Nicolaus Copernicus - The Ptolemaic system
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernican theory
• Nicolaus Copernicus - De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Copernicus and Copernicanism
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Quotes
• Nicolaus Copernicus - University
• Nicolaus Copernicus - Grave

Read more here: » Nicolaus Copernicus: Encyclopedia - Nicolaus Copernicus

Warmia (Polish: Warmia, German: Ermland, Latin: Varmia, also historically known as Ermeland) is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria it forms the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodship. To the west of Warmia is Pomesania, to the south Chełmno Land, Sassinia and Galindia (later called Masuria) and to the east Sambia. In the north it borders the Vistula Bay. Because it is located in a border area ...

Including:

• Warmia - History
• Warmia - Major towns
• Warmia - Famous Warmians

Read more here: » Warmia: Encyclopedia - Warmia

Wrocław, ([:vrɔʦwaf], German Breslau, Czech Vratislav, Latin Wratislavia; many Polish documents in English use the spelling Wroclaw) is the capital of Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Oder River (Odra). As of 2004, the city's population was estimated to be 638,000. It is the principal city of the Lower Silesia region and the administrative seat of the Lower Silesian Voivodship (since 1999), previously of Wrocław Voivo ...

Including:

• Wrocław - City's name
• Wrocław - History
• Wrocław - Significant events in the 20th century
• Wrocław - Historical population
• Wrocław - Administrative division
• Wrocław - Prominent people from Wrocław
• Wrocław - Nobel Prize laureates from Wrocław
• Wrocław - Education
• Wrocław - Economy and transportation
• Wrocław - Economy
• Wrocław - Major corporations
• Wrocław - Politics
• Wrocław - Wrocław constituency
• Wrocław - Municipal politics
• Wrocław - Sports
• Wrocław - Men's professional teams
• Wrocław - Women's professional teams
• Wrocław - Amateur teams
• Wrocław - Notable places and buildings
• Wrocław - Books

Read more here: » Wrocław: Encyclopedia - Wrocław

Thorn has several meanings: Thorn, a sharp structure or growth on plants. See spine (biology) Thorn (letter) ( Þ, þ ), a letter in the Icelandic and Old English Latin alphabets Thorn (horse), racehorse that won the Kentucky Futurity in 1897 Thorn EMI Thorn Skroch, radio personality Thorn, California Thorn Cycles, British bicycle manufacturer Thorn, Mississippi Thorn, Netherlands Toruń, Poland (known as Thorn in German) Rose and Th

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August II the Strong (Polish: August II Mocny; German: August II der Starke; May 12, 1670 – February 1, 1733) was Elector of Saxony (where he was known as Frederick Augustus I) 1694-1733, and King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1697-1706 and again 1709-1733. He embroiled the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the disastrous Great Northern War. His attempts at internal reforms and at bolstering the royal power came to naught, while his mistakes allowed the Russia ...

Including:

• August II the Strong - Royal titles
• August II the Strong - Biography

Read more here: » August II the Strong: Encyclopedia - August II the Strong

He studied composition with Kazimierz Sikorski and piano with Stanisław Szpinalski at the State Higher School of Music in Łódź and graduated in 1946. He continued in Paris, studying composition with Nadia Boulanger and piano with Lazare Lévy, before graduating in 1947-1948. Between 1946 and 1951 he performed many times as a concert pianist in Poland and abroad, but for the rest of his career, he was focused exclusively on composition. Serocki's output is concentrated in two main spheres: orchestral music and vocal-instrumental pieces to Polis ...

See also:

Kazimierz Serocki, Kazimierz Serocki - Life, Kazimierz Serocki - Works, Kazimierz Serocki - Chamber Music, Kazimierz Serocki - Orchestral works and concertos, Kazimierz Serocki - Solo instruments, Kazimierz Serocki - Voice and piano, Kazimierz Serocki - 4-Part unaccompanied mixed choir

Read more here: » Kazimierz Serocki: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz Serocki - Life

The political agenda is Christian left. However, recently the party has begun to emphasize populism, patriotism and far right social values. The party combines social conservatism with isolationism and left-wing economic policies, based upon its own interpretation of Catholic social teaching. The party is Eurosceptic. Although it was the only significant political force in Poland that unconditionally opposed Polish membership in the European Union, believing that a union formed by social liberals from the ground up could never be refo ...

See also:

League of Polish Families, League of Polish Families - History, League of Polish Families - Political agenda, League of Polish Families - Attitude towards the European Union, League of Polish Families - Stance on Homosexuality, League of Polish Families - Members of Polish Parliament Sejm 2001-2005, League of Polish Families - League of Polish Families - Electoral Committee, League of Polish Families - Members of Polish Senate 2001-2005, League of Polish Families - Members of European Parliament, League of Polish Families - Eurosceptic caucus: Independence and Democracy

Read more here: » League of Polish Families: Encyclopedia II - League of Polish Families - Political agenda

In comparison with the other major conservative party (the PO), PiS projects a more traditional, eurosceptic and populist image overall. It has been claimed that their social policies are based on the anti-socialist Social Magisterium of the Catholic Church. Economically, the party has rather leftist views. It supports a state-guaranteed minimum social safety-net, and intervention of the state into economic issues (within market economy bounds). It proposes two personal tax rates (18% and 32%), and tax rebates related to the n ...

See also:

Law and Justice, Law and Justice - Political program, Law and Justice - Vocal criticism, Law and Justice - History, Law and Justice - Prominent members, Law and Justice - Party Chairmen, Law and Justice - Members of the PolishCabinet, Law and Justice - Other prominent positions, Law and Justice - Members of Polish Parliament Sejm 2001-2005, Law and Justice - Members of Polish Senate 2001-2005, Law and Justice - Members of the European Parliament, Law and Justice - Trivia

Read more here: » Law and Justice: Encyclopedia II - Law and Justice - Political program

Each delegation consists of up to four students, and two mentors (one of them is designated as the head of the delegation). A delegation may also include a guest and a scientific observer. Students must be under the age of 20 and must not be enrolled as regular students in any post-secondary education institution. The International Information Center of the International Chemistry Olympiad is based in Bratislava, Slovakia. Countries who wish to participate in the IChO must send observers to two consecutive olympiads before their students can participate in the event. ...

See also:

International Chemistry Olympiad, International Chemistry Olympiad - Structure and rules of the competition, International Chemistry Olympiad - Preparation for the competition, International Chemistry Olympiad - Past and future International Chemistry Olympiads

Read more here: » International Chemistry Olympiad: Encyclopedia II - International Chemistry Olympiad - Structure and rules of the competition

The rivers in this section are sorted east (Novaya Zemlya) to west (North Cape, Norway). In Russia: Pechora (north-east of Naryan-Mar) Usa (west of Usinsk) Kolva (near Usinsk) Northern Dvina (in Severodvinsk) Pinega (in Ust-Pinega) Yomtsa (near Bolshaya Gora) Vaga (near Bereznik) Uftyuga (near Krasnoborsk) Vychegda (in Kotlas) Vishera Yug (in Veliki Ustyug) Sukhona (in Veliki Ustyug) ...

See also:

List of rivers of Europe, List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - Atlantic Ocean, List of rivers of Europe - On Iceland, List of rivers of Europe - Norwegian coast, List of rivers of Europe - Scottish Irish Welsh and English coast, List of rivers of Europe - French Spanish and Portuguese coast, List of rivers of Europe - Baltic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Black Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Caspian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - English Channel, List of rivers of Europe - North coast, List of rivers of Europe - South coast, List of rivers of Europe - Irish Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Mediterranean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Western Mediterranean, List of rivers of Europe - Adriatic Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Ionian Sea, List of rivers of Europe - Aegean Sea, List of rivers of Europe - North Sea, List of rivers of Europe - European countries, List of rivers of Europe - Other contintents

Read more here: » List of rivers of Europe: Encyclopedia II - List of rivers of Europe - Barents Sea and White Sea Arctic Ocean

Gorzów Wielkopolski - Gorzow Wielkopolski/Zielona Gora constituency. Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from this constituency Dariusz Bachalski, PO Andrzej Brachmański, SLD-UP Jakub Derech-Krzycki, SLD-UP Stanisław Gudzowski, LPR Jan Kochanowski, SLD-UP Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, PiS Henryk Ostrowski, Samoobrona Alfred Owoc, SLD-UP Robert Smoleń, SLD-UP Franciszek Wołowicz, SLD-UP Bogusła ...

See also:

Gorzów Wielkopolski, Gorzów Wielkopolski - Universities and colleges, Gorzów Wielkopolski - Sports, Gorzów Wielkopolski - Politics, Gorzów Wielkopolski - Gorzow Wielkopolski/Zielona Gora constituency, Gorzów Wielkopolski - Famous People, Gorzów Wielkopolski - External link

Read more here: » Gorzów Wielkopolski: Encyclopedia II - Gorzów Wielkopolski - Politics

There are some common types of city nicknames. List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals. Many cities have nicknames which claim that the international or, less commonly, the national or regional capital of a particular industry, hobby or other phenomenon, especially the agricultural production of a certain plant. These include: Almond Capital of the World - Sacramento, California, Chico, California, both in the USA Apple Capital of the World - Wenatch ...

See also:

List of city nicknames, List of city nicknames - Patterns, List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals, List of city nicknames - Self-proclaimed Capitals of the World, List of city nicknames - Birthplace, List of city nicknames - Comparative nicknames, List of city nicknames - 'Venice of ...', List of city nicknames - Folk heroes, List of city nicknames - Paradises, List of city nicknames - Complete list, List of city nicknames - Cities in Argentina, List of city nicknames - Cities in Australia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Belgium, List of city nicknames - Cities in Brazil, List of city nicknames - Cities in Canada, List of city nicknames - Cities in China, List of city nicknames - Cities in Colombia, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Czech Republic, List of city nicknames - Cities in Denmark, List of city nicknames - Cities in Egypt, List of city nicknames - Cities in Finland, List of city nicknames - Cities in France, List of city nicknames - Cities in Germany, List of city nicknames - Cities in Guatemala, List of city nicknames - Cities in Hungary, List of city nicknames - Cities in India, List of city nicknames - Cities in Iran, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Republic of Ireland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Israel, List of city nicknames - Cities in Italy, List of city nicknames - Cities in Japan, List of city nicknames - Cities in Lebanon, List of city nicknames - Cities in Malaysia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Mexico, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Netherlands, List of city nicknames - Cities in New Zealand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Norway, List of city nicknames - Cities in Peru, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Philippines, List of city nicknames - Cities in Poland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Portugal, List of city nicknames - Cities in Puerto Rico, List of city nicknames - Cities in Romania, List of city nicknames - Cities in Russia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Serbia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Slovakia, List of city nicknames - Cities in South Africa, List of city nicknames - Cities in Spain, List of city nicknames - Cities in Sweden, List of city nicknames - Cities in Switzerland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Thailand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Ukraine, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United Kingdom, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United States, List of city nicknames - Cities in Venezuela

Read more here: » List of city nicknames: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns

List of medical schools - Argentina. Medical School of the University of Buenos Aires List of medical schools - Bolivia. List of medical schools - Brazil. Currently, Brazil has 113 medical schools, distributed throughout the majority of the states of the federation, with about 67% of schools in the Southern and Southeastern states. A total of almost 10,800 new places are offered each year. An estimated 64,000 undergraduate students are currently enrolled, and 10,000 new physicians graduate each year. < ...

See also:

List of medical schools, List of medical schools - Europe, List of medical schools - Austria, List of medical schools - Bosnia and Herzegovina, List of medical schools - Croatia, List of medical schools - Czech Republic, List of medical schools - Denmark, List of medical schools - Finland, List of medical schools - France, List of medical schools - Germany, List of medical schools - Hungary, List of medical schools - Iceland, List of medical schools - Ireland, List of medical schools - Italy, List of medical schools - Malta, List of medical schools - Netherlands, List of medical schools - Norway, List of medical schools - Poland, List of medical schools - Portugal, List of medical schools - Russia, List of medical schools - Spain, List of medical schools - Sweden, List of medical schools - Switzerland, List of medical schools - United Kingdom, List of medical schools - Ukraine, List of medical schools - North America, List of medical schools - Canada, List of medical schools - Mexico, List of medical schools - USA, List of medical schools - Central America, List of medical schools - Costa Rica, List of medical schools - Guatemala, List of medical schools - San Salvador, List of medical schools - Caribbean, List of medical schools - Antigua, List of medical schools - Cayman Islands, List of medical schools - Cuba, List of medical schools - Dominica, List of medical schools - Dominican Republic, List of medical schools - Grenada, List of medical schools - Jamaica, List of medical schools - South America, List of medical schools - Argentina, List of medical schools - Bolivia, List of medical schools - Brazil, List of medical schools - Chile, List of medical schools - Colombia, List of medical schools - Equador, List of medical schools - Guianas, List of medical schools - Paraguay, List of medical schools - Peru, List of medical schools - Uruguay, List of medical schools - Venezuela, List of medical schools - Middle East, List of medical schools - Israel, List of medical schools - Iran, List of medical schools - Iraq, List of medical schools - Jordan, List of medical schools - Palestine, List of medical schools - Asia, List of medical schools - Cambodia, List of medical schools - China, List of medical schools - India, List of medical schools - Indonesia, List of medical schools - Laos, List of medical schools - Malaysia, List of medical schools - Nepal, List of medical schools - North Korea, List of medical schools - Pakistan, List of medical schools - Japan, List of medical schools - Singapore, List of medical schools - South Korea, List of medical schools - Sri Lanka, List of medical schools - Thailand, List of medical schools - Vietnam, List of medical schools - Philippines, List of medical schools - Africa, List of medical schools - Angola, List of medical schools - Egypt, List of medical schools - Morocco, List of medical schools - Mozambique, List of medical schools - Namibia, List of medical schools - South Africa, List of medical schools - Kenya, List of medical schools - Oceania, List of medical schools - Australia, List of medical schools - New Zealand

Read more here: » List of medical schools: Encyclopedia II - List of medical schools - South America

There are some common types of city nicknames. List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals. Many cities have nicknames which claim that the international or, less commonly, the national or regional capital of a particular industry, hobby or other phenomenon, especially the agricultural production of a certain plant. These include: Almond Capital of the World - Sacramento, California, Chico, California, both in the USA Apple Capital of the World - Wenatch ...

See also:

List of city nicknames, List of city nicknames - Patterns, List of city nicknames - Agricultural or Industrial Capitals, List of city nicknames - Self-proclaimed Capitals of the World, List of city nicknames - Birthplace, List of city nicknames - Comparative nicknames, List of city nicknames - 'Venice of ...', List of city nicknames - Folk heroes, List of city nicknames - Complete list, List of city nicknames - Cities in Argentina, List of city nicknames - Cities in Australia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Brazil, List of city nicknames - Cities in Canada, List of city nicknames - Cities in China, List of city nicknames - Cities in Colombia, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Czech Republic, List of city nicknames - Cities in Denmark, List of city nicknames - Cities in Egypt, List of city nicknames - Cities in Finland, List of city nicknames - Cities in France, List of city nicknames - Cities in Germany, List of city nicknames - Cities in Guatemala, List of city nicknames - Cities in Hungary, List of city nicknames - Cities in India, List of city nicknames - Cities in Iran, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Republic of Ireland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Israel, List of city nicknames - Cities in Italy, List of city nicknames - Cities in Japan, List of city nicknames - Cities in Lebanon, List of city nicknames - Cities in Malaysia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Mexico, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Netherlands, List of city nicknames - Cities in New Zealand, List of city nicknames - Cities in Peru, List of city nicknames - Cities in the Philippines, List of city nicknames - Cities in Poland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Portugal, List of city nicknames - Cities in Puerto Rico, List of city nicknames - Cities in Romania, List of city nicknames - Cities in Russia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Serbia, List of city nicknames - Cities in Slovakia, List of city nicknames - Cities in South Africa, List of city nicknames - Cities in Spain, List of city nicknames - Cities in Sweden, List of city nicknames - Cities in Switzerland, List of city nicknames - Cities in Thailand, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United Kingdom, List of city nicknames - Cities in the United States, List of city nicknames - Cities in Venezuela

Read more here: » List of city nicknames: Encyclopedia II - List of city nicknames - Patterns