Tolkaappiyam

The terms Dravidians and Dravidian Race are sometimes given to the peoples of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Tamil (தமிழ்), Telugu (తెలుగు), Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), Malayalam (മലയാളം) and Tulu (ತುಳು). Dravidian people - Ethnology. The term arose from nineteenth century Western scholars assumptions that Dravidian speakers were a distinct group within India, separate from the speak ...

Including:

• Dravidian people - Ethnology
• Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples
• Dravidian people - Dravidian and Vedic culture
• Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam
• Dravidian people - The Eastern Ethiopians
• Dravidian people - Dravidian tradition and Hinduism

Read more here: » Dravidian people: Encyclopedia - Dravidian people

Arts and entertainment in India have a rich and ancient history. Right from ancient times there has been a synthesis of indigenous and foreign influences that have shaped the course of the arts of India. Arts refer to paintings, architecture, literature, music, dance, languages and cinema. In early India, most of the arts were derived Vedic influences. After the birth of Jainism and Buddhism, arts flourished under the patronage of kings and emperors. The coming of Islam spawned a whole new era of Islamic architecture. Finally t ...

Including:

• Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture
• Arts and entertainment in India - Literature
• Arts and entertainment in India - Music
• Arts and entertainment in India - Dance
• Arts and entertainment in India - New Media
• Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema
• Arts and entertainment in India - Radio
• Arts and entertainment in India - Television
• Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events
• Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events
• Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

Read more here: » Arts and entertainment in India: Encyclopedia - Arts and entertainment in India

Tamil script - Basic Consonants. Consonants are also called the 'body' (mei) letters. Tamil script - Borrowed consonants. Also called "Grantha" letters, these letters are used almost exclusively for writing words that are borrowed from Sanskrit (or sometimes other languages such as English). Seeing one of these letters in a word is a good indication that the word is probably borrowed from Sanskrit though of course not all such words include these letters.See also:

Tamil script, Tamil script - The Tamil letters, Tamil script - Basic Consonants, Tamil script - Borrowed consonants, Tamil script - Vowels, Tamil script - Tamil in Unicode

Read more here: » Tamil script: Encyclopedia II - Tamil script - The Tamil letters

Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij. The most famous figures from this period are Kabir and Tulsidas. In modern times, the Khadi dialect became more prominent and a variety of literature was produced in Sanskrit. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered to be the first work of prose in Hindi. Munshi Premchand was the most famous Hindi novelist. The chhayavadi poets include Surya kant tripathi "Nirala", Jaishankar Pr ...

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Indian literature, Indian literature - Sanskrit literature, Indian literature - Prakrit Literature, Indian literature - Tamil literature, Indian literature - Kannada literature, Indian literature - Hindi literature, Indian literature - Urdu literature, Indian literature - Bihari Literature, Indian literature - Bengali literature, Indian literature - Marathi literature, Indian literature - Malayalam literature, Indian literature - Indian writing in English, Indian literature - Indian literature in other languages, Indian literature - Awards

Read more here: » Indian literature: Encyclopedia II - Indian literature - Hindi literature

Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema. Indian actresses through the years Patience Cooper (1920s - 1940s) Nandita Das (1990s - present) Aishwarya Rai (1990s - present) Riya Sen (2000s - present) Main articles: Cinema of India, and [[{{{2}}}]] ...

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Arts and entertainment in India, Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture, Arts and entertainment in India - Literature, Arts and entertainment in India - Music, Arts and entertainment in India - Dance, Arts and entertainment in India - New Media, Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema, Arts and entertainment in India - Radio, Arts and entertainment in India - Television, Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

Read more here: » Arts and entertainment in India: Encyclopedia II - Arts and entertainment in India - New Media

The term arose from nineteenth century Western scholars assumptions that Dravidian speakers were a distinct group within India, separate from the speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages in the north of the country. It was supposed that the generally darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a distinct race. This notion corresponded to racial hierarchies of the time according to which darker skinned peoples were more primitive than light-skinned whites. Accordingly, Dravidians were envisaged as primitive early inhabitants of India who had been parti ...

See also:

Dravidian people, Dravidian people - Ethnology, Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples, Dravidian people - Dravidian and Vedic culture, Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam, Dravidian people - The Eastern Ethiopians, Dravidian people - Dravidian tradition and Hinduism

Read more here: » Dravidian people: Encyclopedia II - Dravidian people - Ethnology

There was a cooperative treaty which gradually evolved from a single prince into ultimate formation of three kingdoms. 1. Rule by Small Grouping: When this was decided, there was only one crown prince of the Pandya King who along with his two brothers divided the country into Chera, Chola and Pandya and ruled the entire kingdom. Later the 12 velirs divided the country into smaller areas and ruled with greater interaction with the common people. Even during ages when good transportation facilities did not exist, there existed such kings who can be called upon any time. This way of rule which existed ...

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Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

For over 1,300 years and 49 generations, the three ancient Tamil kingdoms ruled by three kings and twelve velars, had an agreement of understanding or a treaty of cooperation and abided by the same. The basis of this agreement was based upon the literary creation Tolkappiyam’s Purathinai. The ancient Hathikumba inscription, its message on the Tamils The great king of Kalinga Karavela tells in his Hathikumba inscription (Elephant cave): "All the Tamil kings were bound by an united alliance", when he had visited these parts of Tamil c ...

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Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam

The Dravidian languages are grouped into Northern, Central, South-Central, and Southern categories. The Northern consists of Malto and Kurukh, spoken in northeast India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, as well as Brahui which is primarily spoken in southwestern Pakistan. South-Central consists mainly of Telugu. The southern branch has the most languages, with Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. It should be noted that Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada are highly influenced by Sanskrit both in vocabulary and grammar. This could be attributed to the dominance o ...

See also:

Dravidian people, Dravidian people - Ethnology, Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples, Dravidian people - Dravidian and Vedic culture, Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam, Dravidian people - The Eastern Ethiopians, Dravidian people - Dravidian tradition and Hinduism

Read more here: » Dravidian people: Encyclopedia II - Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples

After yet another deluge, the Pandiyan king Thirumaaran moved the Sangam this time to current Madurai. This lasted for 1,850 years and resulted in works such as Ettutthogai (eight Antholgies) and Pattu-pattu (ten-idylls). Almost all the Tamil classics we now possess are the productions of the third Sangam, which had its seat in Madurai. 49 prominent poets researched into Tamil culture during the Final or Third Sangam. Among them were Cendhampoodhanaar, Ilam Medhaaviyaar, Arivudaiyanaar, Mudhu Kunrur Kizhaar, Ilam Thirumaaran, the Madu ...

See also:

Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - The final Sangam

The Unicode range for Tamil is U+0B80 ... U+0BFF. ...

See also:

Tamil script, Tamil script - The Tamil letters, Tamil script - Basic Consonants, Tamil script - Borrowed consonants, Tamil script - Vowels, Tamil script - Tamil in Unicode

Read more here: » Tamil script: Encyclopedia II - Tamil script - Tamil in Unicode

After a deluge the Sangam was shifted to Kapaadapuram aka Kavadapuram (Kavatapuram) in a now-lost continent know as Kumari Kandam on the banks of river Kumari which was South of present day Kanyakumari. This Second (Idai) Sangam is said to have lasted for 3700 years. This was presided over by Murugan (Skandha) and attended by Krishna. The work Tolkaappiyam by a Tolkaappiyar is from this era. Kapilar is also from this era. Kapaad ...

See also:

Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - The second Sangam

Though the idea that early Tamil literature was fostered in ancient academies on a submerged landmass has been widely discredited, literary historians do still refer to Tamil literature from 200 BCE to 300 CE as Sangam literature. Sangam literature is the oldest known Dravidian literature, written in Tamil and deals with love, war, governance, trade, eloping, bereavement and mourning. In contrast to contemporary literary works in Sanskrit and Pali, Sangam literature is surprisingly secular, dealing with day to ...

See also:

Sangam, Sangam - The Tamil Sangams, Sangam - The first Sangam, Sangam - The second Sangam, Sangam - The final Sangam, Sangam - Last glacial maximum, Sangam - Life and culture during the Sangam period, Sangam - 1465 to 165 BCE: over one thousand years of sangam, Sangam - Cooperative treaty between three kings

Read more here: » Sangam: Encyclopedia II - Sangam - The Tamil Sangams

In the last century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional Indian languages but also in English. India's only Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore. Other major writers who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are R. K. Narayan, Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Raja Rao, Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Chandra, M ...

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Indian literature, Indian literature - Sanskrit literature, Indian literature - Prakrit Literature, Indian literature - Tamil literature, Indian literature - Kannada literature, Indian literature - Hindi literature, Indian literature - Urdu literature, Indian literature - Bihari Literature, Indian literature - Bengali literature, Indian literature - Marathi literature, Indian literature - Malayalam literature, Indian literature - Indian writing in English, Indian literature - Indian literature in other languages, Indian literature - Awards

Read more here: » Indian literature: Encyclopedia II - Indian literature - Indian writing in English

Indian music includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, and classical music. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen ethnic groups, speaking their own languages and dialects. Alongside distinctly subcontinental forms there are major influences from Persian, Arab and Brit ...

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Arts and entertainment in India, Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture, Arts and entertainment in India - Literature, Arts and entertainment in India - Music, Arts and entertainment in India - Dance, Arts and entertainment in India - New Media, Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema, Arts and entertainment in India - Radio, Arts and entertainment in India - Television, Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

Read more here: » Arts and entertainment in India: Encyclopedia II - Arts and entertainment in India - Music

Main article: Indian literature Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. India has 22 officially recognized languages, and a huge variety of literature has been produced in these languages over the years. In Indian literature, oral and written forms are both important. Hindu literary traditions dominate a large part of Indian culture. Apart from the Vedas which are a sacred form of knowledge, there are other works such as the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabhar ...

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Arts and entertainment in India, Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture, Arts and entertainment in India - Literature, Arts and entertainment in India - Music, Arts and entertainment in India - Dance, Arts and entertainment in India - New Media, Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema, Arts and entertainment in India - Radio, Arts and entertainment in India - Television, Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

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Main article: Indian architecture Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that none the less retains a certain amount of continuity across history. The earliest production in the Indus Valley Civilization was characterised by w ...

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Arts and entertainment in India, Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture, Arts and entertainment in India - Literature, Arts and entertainment in India - Music, Arts and entertainment in India - Dance, Arts and entertainment in India - New Media, Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema, Arts and entertainment in India - Radio, Arts and entertainment in India - Television, Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

Read more here: » Arts and entertainment in India: Encyclopedia II - Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture

Main article: Indian classical dance, Indian folk dances Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. Its theory can be traced back to the Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni (400 BC). Its various currents forms include Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Mohiniaattam, Kathak and Sattriya. Bharatanatyam is thought to have been created by Bharata Muni, a sage from Tamil nadu, , who wrote the Natya Shastra, the most important ancient treatise on classical Indian dance. It is also call ...

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Arts and entertainment in India, Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture, Arts and entertainment in India - Literature, Arts and entertainment in India - Music, Arts and entertainment in India - Dance, Arts and entertainment in India - New Media, Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema, Arts and entertainment in India - Radio, Arts and entertainment in India - Television, Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

Read more here: » Arts and entertainment in India: Encyclopedia II - Arts and entertainment in India - Dance

The Dravidian languages are grouped into Northern, Central and Southern categories. The Northern is mainly Brahui which is spoken in Southern or Southwestern Pakistan. The southern is the most active and mainly consists of the languages Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam. It should be noted that Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada are highly influenced by Sanskrit both in vocabulary and grammar. This could be attributed to the dominance of Brahmins in the past and also to the adaptation of Sanskrit as the principal language of Buddhism, Jainism ...

See also:

Dravidian people, Dravidian people - Ethnology, Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples, Dravidian people - Dravidian and Vedic culture, Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam, Dravidian people - The Eastern Ethiopians, Dravidian people - Dravidian tradition and Hinduism

Read more here: » Dravidian people: Encyclopedia II - Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples

According to Tamil Tradition, the Dravidians originally came from a submerged island Kumari Kandam in the south of India. The Epics Shilappadikaram and Manimekhalai describe the submerged city of Puhar (Poombuhar). Kumari Kandam has also been linked to Lemuria. At Mahabalipuram, near Chennai, submerged ruins have been found in the ocean. ...

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Dravidian people, Dravidian people - Ethnology, Dravidian people - Dravidian languages and Dravidian peoples, Dravidian people - Dravidian and Vedic culture, Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam, Dravidian people - The Eastern Ethiopians, Dravidian people - Dravidian tradition and Hinduism

Read more here: » Dravidian people: Encyclopedia II - Dravidian people - Kumari Kandam