Generally speaking, tjurunga denote sacred stone or wooden objects possessed by private or group owners together with the legends, chants, and ceremonies associated with them. They are amongst the very few forms of property which may be owned legitimately by individual persons in Central Australia. The ownership of sacred tjurunga amongst the Arrernte groups was determined largely by 'the conception site' of every individual ...

See also:

Tjurunga, Tjurunga - Ownership, Tjurunga - Acquisition of knowledge, Tjurunga - Ceremonial significance

Read more here: » Tjurunga: Encyclopedia II - Tjurunga - Ownership

A ceremony is an activity, infused with ritual significance, performed on a special occasion. Ceremony - Celebration of life. Traditionally, a ceremony may mark a rite of passage in a personal human career, marking the significance of (for example): birth initiation puberty social adulthood graduation marriage death burial In certain circumstrances a ceremony may only be performed by a person with certain authorities. ...

Including:

• Ceremony - Celebration of life
• Ceremony - Celebration of events
• Ceremony - Process

Read more here: » Ceremony: Encyclopedia - Ceremony

In various religions, sacred (from Latin, sacrum, "sacrifice") or "holy", objects, places or concepts are believed by followers to be intimately connected with the supernatural, or divinity, and are thus greatly revered. For example, pagans consider the Earth sacred, while Roman Catholics consider the transubstantiated host sacred. Reverence is the "deep respect and veneration for some thing, place, or person regarded as having a sacred or exalted character." OED Analogously, the word "sacred" is also sometimes us ...

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Traditionally, a ceremony may mark a rite of passage in a personal human career, marking the significance of (for example): birth initiation puberty social adulthood graduation marriage death burial In certain circumstrances a ceremony may only be performed by a person with certain authorities. For example, the opening of Parliament is controlled by the Speaker of the House. Tha naming and launching of a war ship will be under the supervision of its Captain or a higher ranked naval officer. A wedding will be performed by a priest or a ...

See also:

Ceremony, Ceremony - Celebration of life, Ceremony - Celebration of events, Ceremony - Process

Read more here: » Ceremony: Encyclopedia II - Ceremony - Celebration of life

The term often relates to the transition from childhood to adulthood, and may involve secret or private procedures and/or painful and difficult trials before the initiate can become a "real" or "accepted" man or woman who the community is bonded to; and who is bonded to the community. Examples include: Hunter-gatherer societies have a reputation for dramatic pre-requisites before an initiate can become a full adult, marriageable member of society. Especially for boys, the path to manhood often includes one or more enduran ...

See also:

Initiation rite, Initiation rite - Scope of use, Initiation rite - Patents for initiation devices

Read more here: » Initiation rite: Encyclopedia II - Initiation rite - Scope of use

The Indigenous Australians are the first inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands, continuing their presence during European settlement. The term includes the various indigenous peoples commonly known as Aborigines, whose traditional lands extend throughout mainland Australia, Tasmania and numerous offshore islands, and also the Torres Strait Islanders whose lands are centred on the Torres Strait Islands which run between northernmost Australia and the island of New Guinea. Indigenous ...

Including:

• Indigenous Australians - Definitions
• Indigenous Australians - Origins
• Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement
• Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement
• Indigenous Australians - Adaptation
• Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950-2005
• Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today
• Indigenous Australians - Health
• Indigenous Australians - Education
• Indigenous Australians - Crime
• Indigenous Australians - Unemployment
• Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse
• Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia
• Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities
• Indigenous Australians - Culture
• Indigenous Australians - Mythology
• Indigenous Australians - Languages
• Indigenous Australians - Music
• Indigenous Australians - Art
• Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation
• Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt
• Indigenous Australians - Tasmania
• Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders
• Indigenous Australians - Population
• Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia - Indigenous Australians

Other, society-wide ceremonies may mark annual or seasonal or recurrent events like: vernal equinox winter solstice weekly Sabbath day inauguration of an elected office-holder occasions in a liturgical year or "feasts" in a calendar of saints Yet other ceremonies underscore the importance of irregular special occasions, such as: coronation of a monarch victory in battle In Asian cultures, ceremonies also play an important role. In particular, the tea ceremony ...

See also:

Ceremony, Ceremony - Celebration of life, Ceremony - Celebration of events, Ceremony - Process

Read more here: » Ceremony: Encyclopedia II - Ceremony - Celebration of events

Often ceremonies have a physical display or theatrical component: dance, a procession, the laying on of hands. But even greater importance usually attaches to a declaratory verbal pronouncement which may explain or cap the occasion, for instance: I now pronounce you man and wife. Happy New Year! I swear to serve and defend the nation ... Both physical and verbal components of a ce ...

See also:

Ceremony, Ceremony - Celebration of life, Ceremony - Celebration of events, Ceremony - Process

Read more here: » Ceremony: Encyclopedia II - Ceremony - Process

The Australian Aboriginal population is for the most part urbanised, but a substantial number live in settlements (often located on the site of former church missions) in what are considered remote areas. The health and economic difficulties facing both groups are substantial. Aboriginal people, particularly youths, are substantially more likely to be imprisoned than the general population, and the rate of suicides in police custody remains quite high. Rates of unemployment, health problems and poverty are likewise higher than the general population; and school retention rate and universi ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today

The Australian Aboriginal population is for the most part urbanised, but a substantial number live in settlements (often located on the site of former church missions) in what are considered remote areas. The health and economic difficulties facing both groups are substantial. For example, life expectancy of Aboriginal people is about 20 years shorter than the wider Australian population. Aboriginal people, particularly youths, are substantially more likely to be imprisoned than the general population, and the rate of suicides in police cust ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950-2005, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today

In 1770, Captain James Cook took possession of the east coast of Australia and named it New South Wales in the name of Great Britain. British colonisation of Australia, which began in 1788, was catastrophic for many Indigenous Australians. This was true regardless of the good intentions or otherwise of colonial governors and settlers. The most immediate consequence of British settlement was a wave of European epidemic diseases such as chickenpox, smallpox, influenza and measles, which spread in advance of the frontier of settlement. The wors ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement

There is no clear or accepted racial origin of the indigenous people of Australia. Although they migrated to Australia through South-East Asia they are not related to any known Asian population. Nor are they related to the nearby peoples of Melanesia or Polynesia. There is some speculation that they are related to some racial groups in India, based on mitochondrial DNA evidence. In view of the very long time they have been in Australia, almost entirely isolated from other human populations, it is unlikely that they will be found to be clo ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Origins

By the early 20th century the indigenous population had declined to between 50,000 and 90,000, and the belief that the Indigenous Australians would soon die out was widely held, even among Australians sympathetic to their situation. But by 1900 the ruthless process of natural selection imposed on Indigenous Australians by European settlement had run its course. Those who had survived had acquired better resistance to imported diseases, and birthrates began to rise again as com ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Adaptation

At the time of first European contact, it is estimated that between 300,000 and 1 million people lived in Australia. Population levels are likely to have been largely stable for many thousands of years. The common perception that Aborigines were primarily desert dwellers is in fact false: the regions of heaviest indigenous population were the same temperate coastal regions that are currently the most heavily populated. The greatest population density was to be found in the southern and eastern regions of the continent, the Murray River valle ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement

Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities. Main articles: Australian Aboriginal tribes and List of Indigenous Australian group names Before the British colonisation, there were a great many different Aboriginal groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language (approximately 300 different languages existed at the time of European settlement). These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia

The term "Indigenous Australians" encompasses a large number of diverse communities and societies, with notably different modes of subsistence, cultural practices, languages, technologies and inhabited environments. However, these peoples also share a larger set of traits, and are otherwise seen as being broadly related. A collective identity as Indigenous Australians is recognised and exists alongside the identity and memb ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Definitions

Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities. Main articles: Australian Aboriginal tribes and List of Australian Aboriginal tribes Before the British colonisation, there were a great many different Aboriginal groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language (approximately 300 different languages existed at the time of European settlement). These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over time. ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia

As at June 2001, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated the total resident indigenous population to be 458,500 (2.4% of Australia's total), 90% of whom identified as Aboriginal, 6% Torres Strait Islander and the remaining 4% being of dual Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parentage. In the 2001 census the Aboriginal population in different States was: New South Wales - 134,888 Queensland - 125,910 Western Australia - 65,931 Northern Territory - 56,875 Victoria - 27,846 South Australia - 25,544 Tasmania - 17,384 See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Population

Albert Namatjira was the first Aboriginal Australian to be given Australian citizenship, in 1957. Aborigines were given the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in Australia in 1962, and in state elections shortly after, with the last state to do this being Queensland in 1965. The 1967 referendum passed in Australia with a 90% majority which allowed the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to Aboriginal ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Migration to Australia, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950 onwards

At the time of first European contact, it is estimated that between 300,000 and 1 million people lived in Australia. Population levels are likely to have been largely stable for many thousands of years. The common perception that Aborigines were primarily desert dwellers is in fact false: the regions of heaviest indigenous population were the same temperate coastal regions that are currently the most heavily populated. The greatest population density was to be found in the southern and eastern regions of the continent, the Murray River valle ...

See also:

Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950-2005, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians

Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement