Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function.
The study of tissues is known as histology, or, in connection with disease, histopathology.
The classical tools for studying the tissues are the wax block, the tissue stain, and the optical microscope, though developments in electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and frozen sections have all adde ...
The composition of tissue fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the tissue and the blood. This means that tissue fluid has a different composition in different tissues and in different areas of the body.
Not all of the contents of the blood passes into the tissue, which means that tissue fluid and blood are not the same. Red blood cells, platelets and plasma proteins cannot pass through the walls of the capillaries. The resulting mixture that does pass through is essentially blood plasma without the plasma proteins. Tissue fluid also contains some types of white blood cell, which ...
In the capillaries, there are two forces acting on the movement of water and other aqueous substances; hydrostatic pressure and water potential.
The hydrostatic pressure is generated by the pumping force of the heart. It pushes water out of the capillaries.
The water potential is created due to the inability of large solutes to pass through the capillary walls. This buildup of solutes induces osmosis. The water passes from a high concentration (of water) to a low concentration in an attempt to reach an equilibrium. This draws water back into the vessels. Because the blood in the capill ...
The types of ground tissue found in plants develops from ground tissue meristem and consists of three simple tissues:
Parenchyma (have retained their protoplasts)
Collenchyma (have retained their protoplasts)
Sclerenchyma (have lost their protoplasts in mature stage, i.e. are 'dead')
Ground tissue - Parenchyma.
Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue, it forms e.g. the cortex and pith of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll (photosynthetic cells), the pu ...
Connective tissue is any type of biological tissue with an extensive extracellular matrix and often serves to support, bind together, and protect organs. There are four basic types:
Bone contains specialized cells called osteocytes embedded in a mineralized extracellular matrix, and functions for general support.
Blood functions in transport. Its extracellular matrix is the blood plasma, which transports dissolved nutrients, hormones, and carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate. The main cellular component is r ...
Adipose tissue is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body. It has an important endocrine function in producing recently-discovered hormones such as leptin, resistin and TNFα.
Adipose tissue - Anatomical features.
Adipose tissue is primarily located beneath the skin, but is also found around internal organs. In the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous la ...
Brown fat is a type of adipose tissue present in many newborn or hibernating mammals. In contrast to white adipocytes (fat cells), which contain a single, large fat vacuole, brown adipocytes contain several smaller vacuoles and a much higher number of mitochondria. Brown fat also contains more capillaries since it has a greater need for oxygen than most tissues.
Brown adipose tissue - Biochemistry.
The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell utilize fuels to produce energy (in the form of ATP). This proce ...
Vascular tissue is a complex tissue found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
The cells in differentiated vascular tissue are typically long and slender. Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, it is not surprising that their form s ...
Biochemical engineering is a branch of chemical engineering that mainly deals with the design and construction of unit processes that involve biological organisms or molecules. Biochemical engineering is often taught as a supplementary option to chemical engineering due to the similarities in both the background subject curriculum and problem-solving techniques used by both professions. Its applications are used in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and water treatment industries.
Biochemical engineering - The Bioreactor ...
The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk.
Neck - Anatomy of the human neck.
Neck - Bony anatomy: The cervical spine.
The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven bony segments, typically referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous disks between each vertebral body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion.
Neck - Soft tissue anatomyIncluding:
Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as albumin. The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone, regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone.
Calcium in bi ...
Fat is one of the three main classes of food and, at approximately 38 kJ (9 kilocalories) per gram, as compared to sugar with 17 kJ (4 kcal) per gram or ethanol with 29 kJ (7 kcal) per gram, the most concentrated form of metabolic energy available to humans. (Note that 1 kcal = 1 "Calorie", capitalised in nutrition-related contexts.)
Fat is composed of 3 types of molecules: 1. Oxygen, 2. Hydrogen, and finally 3. ...
FAT may mean:
Factory acceptance test (see Acceptance test), a software engineering concept
Far Eastern Air Transport, a Chinese airline
File Allocation Table, a file system format used by Microsoft operating systems
Forces Armées Tchadiennes, the Chad armed forces of the government of President Félix Malloum
Fresno Yosemite International Airport (IATA airport code FAT)
See also.
Fat, a generic term for a class of lipids in biochemistry ...
A western blot (a.k.a immunoblot) is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry to detect protein in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate denatured proteins by mass. The proteins are then transferred out of the gel and onto a membrane (typically nitrocellulose), where they are "probed" using antibodies specific to the protein. As a result, researchers can examine the amount of protein in a given sample and compare levels between several groups. Other techniques also using antibodies allow detection of proteins in tissues (imm ...
Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. Aristoteles might be considered the first biomechanicist. He wrote the first book called "De Motu Animalium" - On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued such questions as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. (Read more about the history of Biomechanics in A Genealogy of Biomechanics.) The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, ...
The respiratory system is the biological system of any organism that engages in gas exchange. Even trees have respiratory systems, taking in carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen during the day, consuming carbon dioxide and producing oxygen constantly.
Respiratory system - Respiratory system in humans and animals.
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the body. Within the alveolar syst ...
Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. Cartilage is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. There are three main types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
Cartilage - Composition.
Much like other conne ...
White blood cells (also called leukocytes or immune cells) are a component of blood. They help to defend the body against infectious disease and foreign materials as part of the immune system. There are normally between 4x109 and 11x109 white blood cells in a litre of healthy adult blood - about 7 000 to 25 000 white blood cells per drop. In conditions such as leukemia this may rise to as many as 50 000 white blood cells in a single drop of blood. As well as in the blood, white cells are also found ...
Tissue engineering solves problems by using living cells as engineering materials. These could be artificial skin that includes living fibroblasts, cartilage repaired with living chondrocytes, or other types of cells used in other ways.
Cells became available as engineering materials when scientists at Geron Corp. discovered how to extend telomeres in 1998. Before this, laboratory cultures of healthy, noncancerous mammalian cells would only divide a fixe ...
Cells as found above are generally implanted or 'seeded' into an artificial structure capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation. Such devices, usually referred to as scaffolds, serve at least one of the following purposes:
Enhance structural properties
Deliver biochemical factors
Deliver or allow delivery of vital cell nutrients
Exert certain mechanical and biological ...
