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Tirukural

A Wisdom Archive on Tirukural

Tirukural

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tirukural, Tirukural, Tirukural - Classical status, Tirukural - Etymology, Tirukural - Other famous couplets, Tirukural - Sections, Tirukural - The first couplet, Tirukural - Tirukural and religion


ARTICLES RELATED TO Tirukural

Tirukural: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary on Tirukural

Tirukural: (Tamil) "Holy couplets."

 

A treasury of Hindu ethical insight and a literary masterpiece of the Tamil language, written by Saiva Saint Tiruvalluvar (ca 200 bce) near present-day Chennai. Its nonsectarian wisdom has been adopted by Christians, Muslims, Jains and even atheists.

 

The text focuses primarily on the first three goals of life - artha (wealth), dharma (conduct) and kama (desire) - but also includes 13 chapters on renunciate dharma, relating to life's fourth goal, moksha (liberation). In an extraordinarily compact verse form of 14 syllables, the poet presents 133 subjects of ten verses each on relationships, human strengths and foibles, statecraft and more. One of the world's earliest ethical texts, the Tirukural could well be considered a bible on virtue for the human race. In fact, it is sworn on in South Indian courts of law.

See: Tiruvalluvar.

(See also: Tirukural , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Tirukural Dictionary

Tirukural: Encyclopedia - Tirukural

Tirukural (திருக்குறள் in Tamil) is an important work of Tamil literature by Tiruvalluvar written in the form of couplets expounding various aspects of life. It contains 1330 couplets divided into 133 chapters of 10 couplets each. Each couplet consists of seven words, with four words on the first line and three on the second. It is sometimes claimed that Tiruvalluvar wrote more than 1330 couplets, and that the rest of the work has gone missing. However, this is unlikely since several different writers of l ...

Including:

Read more here: » Tirukural: Encyclopedia - Tirukural

Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Tirukural - Tirukural and religion

Tiruvalluvar's faith is disputed. There are accounts that he was a Jain but others portray him as a Hindu who had a modern and secular outlook to the world. In any case, Tamil people consider Tiruvalluvar to be a holy saint; and his work is called poy-ā—mozhi (false-never—speech or language). Many say that Tiruvalluvar was not concerned whether he followed Mahavira, and that he ignored the artificial boundaries between religions. It is generally bel ...

See also:

Tirukural, Tirukural - Etymology, Tirukural - Sections, Tirukural - Classical status, Tirukural - Tirukural and religion, Tirukural - The first couplet, Tirukural - Other famous couplets

Read more here: » Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Tirukural - Tirukural and religion

Tirukural: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary on Tiruvalluvar

Tiruvalluvar: (Tamil) "Holy weaver."

 

Tamil weaver and householder saint (ca 200 bce) who wrote the classic Saivite ethical scripture Tirukural. He lived with his wife Vasuki, famed for her remarkable loyalty and virtues, near modern-day Chennai. There a memorial park, the Valluvar Kottam, enshrines his extraordinary verses in marble.

See: Tirukural.

(See also: Tiruvalluvar , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Tirukural Dictionary

Tirukural: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary on Saiva Siddhanta

Saiva Siddhanta: (Sanskrit) "Final conclusions of Saivism."

 

The most widespread and influential Saivite school today, predominant especially among the Tamil people in Sri Lanka and South India. It is the formalized theology of the divine revelations contained in the twentyeight Saiva Agamas. The first known guru of the Shuddha ("pure") Saiva Siddhanta tradition was Maharishi Nandinatha of Kashmir (ca bce 250), recorded in Panini's book of grammar as the teacher of rishis Patanjali, Vyaghrapada and Vasishtha. Other sacred scriptures include the Tirumantiram and the voluminous collection of devotional hymns, the Tirumurai, and the masterpiece on ethics and statecraft, the Tirukural.

 

For Saiva Siddhantins, Siva is the totality of all, understood in three perfections: Parameshvara (the Personal Creator Lord), Parashakti (the substratum of form) and Parasiva (Absolute Reality which transcends all). Souls and world are identical in essence with Siva, yet also differ in that they are evolving. A pluralistic stream arose in the middle ages from the teachings of Aghorasiva and Meykandar. For Aghorasiva's school (ca 1150) Siva is not the material cause of the universe, and the soul attains perfect "sameness" with Siva upon liberation. Meykandar's (ca 1250) pluralistic school denies that souls ever attain perfect sameness or unity with Siva.

See: Saivism.

(See also: Saiva Siddhanta , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Tirukural Dictionary

Tirukural: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary on Grihastha dharma

grihastha dharma: (Sanskrit) "Householder law."

 

The virtues and ideals of family life. This dharma includes all nonmonastics, whether married, single or gay. In general, grihastha dharma begins with the completion of the period of studentship and extends throughout the period of raising a family (called the grihastha ashrama).

 

Specific scriptures, called Dharma Shastras and Grihya Shastras, outline the duties and obligations of family life.

 

In Hinduism, family life is one of serving, learning and striving within a close-knit community of many relatives forming a joint family and its broader connections as an extended family under the aegis of a spiritual guru. Each is expected to work harmoniously to further the wealth and happiness of the family and the society, to practice religious disciplines and raise children of strong moral fiber to carry on the tradition.

 

Life is called a jivayajna, "self-sacrifice," for each incarnation is understood as an opportunity for spiritual advancement through fulfilling one's dharma of birth, which is the pattern one chose before entering this world, a pattern considered by many as bestowed by God.

 

In the majority of cases, sons follow in the footsteps of their father, and daughters in those of their mother. All interrelate with love and kindness. Respect for all older than oneself is a keynote. Marriages are arranged and the culture is maintained.

 

The householder strives to fulfill the four purusharthas, "human goals" of righteousness, wealth, pleasure and liberation. While taking care of one's own family is most central, it is only part of this dharma's expectations.

 

Grihasthas must support the religion by building and maintaining temples, monasteries and other religious institutions, supporting the monastics and disseminating the teachings.

 

They must care for the elderly and feed the poor and homeless. Of course, the duties of husband and wife are different. The Tirukural describes the householder's central duties as serving these five: ancestors, God, guests, kindred and himself. The Dharma Shastras, similarly, enjoin daily sacrifice to rishis, ancestors, Gods, creatures and men.

See: ashrama dharma, extended family, joint family, yajna.

(See also: Grihastha dharma , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Tirukural Dictionary

Tirukural: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary on Purushartha

purushartha: (Sanskrit) "Human wealth or purpose."

 

The four pursuits in which humans may legitimately engage, also called chaturvarga, "four-fold good" - a basic principle of Hindu ethics.

-       dharma: "Righteous living." The fulfillment of virtue, good works, duties and responsibilities, restraints and observances - performing one's part in the service and upliftment of society. This includes pursuit of truth under a guru of a particular parampara and sampradaya. Dharma is of four primary forms. It is the steady guide for artha and kama.

-       See: dharma.

-       artha: "Wealth." Material welfare and abundance, money, property, possessions. Artha is the pursuit of wealth, guided by dharma. It includes the basic needs - food, money, clothing and shelter - and extends to the wealth required to maintain a comfortable home, raise a family, fulfill a successful career and perform religious duties. The broadest concept of wealth embraces financial independence, freedom from debt, worthy children, good friends, leisure time, faithful servants, trustworthy employees, and the joys of giving, including tithing (dashamamsha), feeding the poor, supporting religious mendicants, worshiping devoutly, protecting all creatures, upholding the family and offering hospitality to guests. Artha measures not only riches but quality of life, providing the personal and social security needed to pursue kama, dharma and moksha. It allows for the fulfillment of the householder's five daily sacrifices, pancha mahayajna: to God, ancestors, devas, creatures and men.

-       See: yajna.

-       kama: "Pleasure, love; enjoyment." Earthly love, aesthetic and cultural fulfillment, pleasures of the world (including sexual), the joys of family, intellectual satisfaction. Enjoyment of happiness, security, creativity, usefulness and inspiration.

-       See: Kama Sutras.

-       moksha: "Liberation." Freedom from rebirth through the ultimate attainment, realization of the Self God, Parasiva. The spiritual attainments and superconscious joys, attending renunciation and yoga leading to Self Realization. Moksha comes through the fulfillment of dharma, artha and kama (known in Tamil as aram, porul and inbam, and explained by Tiruvalluvar in Tirukural) in the current or past lives, so that one is no longer attached to worldly joys or sorrows. It is the supreme goal of life, called paramartha.

See: liberation, moksha.

(See also: Purushartha , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Tirukural Dictionary

Tirukural: Are Hindus forbidden to eat meat?

Basics of Hinduism: Are Hindus forbidden to eat meat?

Hindus teach vegetarianism as a way to live with a minimum of hurt to other beings. But in today's world not all Hindus are vegetarians.

 

Read more here: » Basics of Hinduism: Are Hindus forbidden to eat meat?

Tirukural: Hindu - Hinduism Dictionary on Punya

punya: (Sanskrit) "Holy; virtuous; auspicious."

 

1)    Good or righteous.

2)    Meritorious action.

3)    Merit earned through right thought, word and action.

 

Punya includes all forms of doing good, from the simplest helpful deed to a lifetime of conscientious beneficence. Each act of punya carries its karmic consequence, karmaphala, "fruit of action" - the positive reward of actions, words and deeds that are in keeping with dharma. Awakened psychics who have developed clairvoyant sight can clearly see the punya accrued in the inner subconscious aura as a colorful, freeflowing, astral, light-energy, pranic substance.

 

Punya is seen as light-hued, pastel colors, whereas its counterpart, papa, is seen as shades of darker colors which are usually static and immovable. These arrangements of the papa shades and punya hues are not unlike the free-expression paintings found in modern art. Punya colors produce inner contentment, deep joy, the feeling of security and fearlessness. Papa can be dissolved and punya created through penance (prayashchitta), austerity (tapas) and good deeds (sukritya).

 

Punya is earned through virtuous living, following the multi-faceted laws of dharma. Punya depends on purity of acts according to various factors including

1)   the karma and evolution of the individual,

2)    degree of sacrifice and unselfish motivation and

3)    time and place. For example, virtuous deeds, sadhana, tapas and penance have greater merit when performed in holy places and at auspicious times.

 

The Tirukural (105) states that "Help rendered another cannot be measured by the extent of the assistance given. Its true measure is the worth of the recipient." In other words, a small act done for a great and worthy soul carries more punya than even a large act performed for a lesser person. (Opposite of papa.)

See: aura, karma, papa, penance.

(See also: Punya , Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

 

For more dictionary entries, see » Tirukural Dictionary

Tirukural: : Hindu Hinduism Sitemap I - T

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Hinduism Dictionary - T

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Hinduism Dictionary , Buddhism Dictionary, Spiritual Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary , Parapsychology Dictionary, Paganism DictionaryMysticism Dictionary , Theosophy Dictionary , Alternative Health Dictionary ,

 

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Tirukural: Encyclopedia - Vegetarianism

Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat, beef, poultry, fish or their by-products, with or without the use of dairy products or eggs [1]. The exclusion may also extend to products derived from animal carcasses, such as lard, tallow, gelatin, rennet and cochineal. Some who follow the diet also choose to refrain from wearing products that involve the death of animals, such as leather, silk, feather, and fur. It should be noted that although many vegetarians abstain from all animal by-products, others make exceptions in their di ...

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Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Motivation

Vegetarianism - Religious. The majority of the world's vegetarians, according to the Society of Ethical and Religious Vegetarians, follow the practice for religious reasons. Many religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, the Bahá'í Faith, Sikhism, and especially Jainism, teach that ideally life should always be valued and not willfully destroyed for unnecessary human gratification. Smaller denominations that prescribe the diet include the Seventh-day Adventis ...

See also:

Vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - History, Vegetarianism - Recent trends, Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - Motivation, Vegetarianism - Religious, Vegetarianism - Nutritional, Vegetarianism - Ethical, Vegetarianism - Environmental, Vegetarianism - Social, Vegetarianism - Spiritual, Vegetarianism - Physiological, Vegetarianism - Aesthetic, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine, Vegetarianism - Country specific information, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies, Vegetarianism - Criticism, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet, Vegetarianism - Environment, Vegetarianism - Animal Right

Read more here: » Vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Motivation

Tirukural: : Popular Pages Sitemap IV - T

This is a sitemap for Popular Pages IV - T . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word.

 

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Popular Pages Sitemap III, Popular Pages Sitemap IV, Popular Pages Sitemap VPopular Pages Sitemap VI, Popular Pages Sitemap VII, Popular Pages Sitemap VIII, Popular Pages Sitemap IX,

 

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Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Criticism

There are four main criticisms of vegetarianism, based on health, environment, morality and politics. Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity. Life Expectancy is arguably the most objective and quantifiable measure of health. Most recent studies consistently show that vegetarian sample populations have longer life extectancies than the general populations. However, it has been pointed out that people who are vegetarian tend to contain people with higher socio-economic status, which is associated with ...

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Vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - History, Vegetarianism - Recent trends, Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - Motivation, Vegetarianism - Religious, Vegetarianism - Nutritional, Vegetarianism - Ethical, Vegetarianism - Environmental, Vegetarianism - Social, Vegetarianism - Spiritual, Vegetarianism - Physiological, Vegetarianism - Aesthetic, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine, Vegetarianism - Country specific information, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies, Vegetarianism - Criticism, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet, Vegetarianism - Environment, Vegetarianism - Animal Right

Read more here: » Vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Criticism

Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies

Vegetarian societies (apart from India) were first formed in majority meat eating European countries both as a means to promote the diet and to gather together vegetarians for mutual support. By 2000, most western and developing nations had functioning vegetarian societies. The countries that were first to establish societies are still the ones most likely to have the greatest proportion of vegetarians within their populations. The first societies were: 1847 — United Kingdom 1850 — United States of AmericaSee also:

Vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - History, Vegetarianism - Recent trends, Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - Motivation, Vegetarianism - Religious, Vegetarianism - Nutritional, Vegetarianism - Ethical, Vegetarianism - Environmental, Vegetarianism - Social, Vegetarianism - Spiritual, Vegetarianism - Physiological, Vegetarianism - Aesthetic, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine, Vegetarianism - Country specific information, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies, Vegetarianism - Criticism, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet, Vegetarianism - Environment, Vegetarianism - Animal Right

Read more here: » Vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies

Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - History

Vegetarianism has been common in the Indian subcontinent, since possibly the 2nd millennium BC for spiritual reasons, such as ahimsa (nonviolence) and reducing bad karmic influences. Hinduism preaches that it is the ideal diet for spiritual progress and Jainism, which claims between eight to ten million adherants, enjoins all its followers to be vegetarian. Buddhist monks of Mahayana school have also historically practiced vegetarianism. In looking for parallels in Jewish and Christian antiquity for these practices, some Christian vegetarians feel a kinship with ...

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Vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - History, Vegetarianism - Recent trends, Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - Motivation, Vegetarianism - Religious, Vegetarianism - Nutritional, Vegetarianism - Ethical, Vegetarianism - Environmental, Vegetarianism - Social, Vegetarianism - Spiritual, Vegetarianism - Physiological, Vegetarianism - Aesthetic, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian cuisine, Vegetarianism - Country specific information, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian societies, Vegetarianism - Criticism, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet and longevity, Vegetarianism - Vegetarian diet is not a healthy diet, Vegetarianism - Environment, Vegetarianism - Animal Right

Read more here: » Vegetarianism: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - History

Tirukural: Encyclopedia II - Vegetarianism - Recent trends

Indian vegetarians, primarily lacto-vegetarians, are estimated to make up more than 70% of the world's vegetarians. They make up 20 to 30% of the population in India, while occasional meat-eaters make up another 30%. [5] Most Asian countries had a predominantly vegetarian diet until the past few decades, when increasing industrialization and westernization changed that. A famous vegetarian group is the Hunzas that reside near the Himalayas. These people are believed to live to be over a 100 yea ...

See also:

Vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - History, Vegetarianism - Recent trends, Vegetarianism - Terminology and varieties of vegetarianism, Vegetarianism - Motivation, Vegetarianism - Religious, Vegetarianism - Nutritional, Vegetarianism - Ethical, Vegetarianism - Environmental, Vegetarianism - Social, Vegetarianism - Spiritual,