time immemorial

City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to a select group of communities. The status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals. This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established in the early 1540s when Henry VIII founded dioceses (and therefore cathedrals) in six English towns and also granted them all city status by issuing Letters Patent. City status is confe ...

Including:

• City status in the United Kingdom - City status
• City status in the United Kingdom - List of cities
• City status in the United Kingdom - Cities now in the Republic of Ireland
• City status in the United Kingdom - City councils
• City status in the United Kingdom - City applications
• City status in the United Kingdom - Cathedral towns
• City status in the United Kingdom - Large towns

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1189 - Events. January 21 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade February 18 - Emperor Xiaozong abdicated to Emperor Guangzong. September 3- Richard I of England is crowned as king of England. August 29- Ban Kulin wrote "The Charter of Kulin", which become a symbolic "birth certificate" of Bosnian statehood This year was fixed as the start of time immemorial in English law in 1276. Beginning of the Siege ...

Including:

• 1189 - Events
• 1189 - Births
• 1189 - Deaths

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A city is an urban area that is differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status. City - Introduction. In most parts of the world, cities are generally substantial and nearly always have an urban core, but in the United States many incorporated areas which have a very modest population, or a suburban or even mostly rural character, are designated as cities. City can also be a synonym for "downtown" or a "city centre". A city usually consis ...

Including:

• City - Introduction
• City - The difference between towns and cities
• City - Geography
• City - History of cities
• City - Modern conceptions
• City - Traditional approach
• City - Shortcomings
• City - Modern approach
• City - Global cities
• City - Environmental effects
• City - Inner city
• City - Lists
• City - Miscellaneous

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Chinese historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history. Chinese historiography - Narratives and Interpretations of Chinese history. Chinese historiography - Dynastic Cycle. China's traditionalist view of history sees the rise and fall of dynasties as passing the mandate of heaven. In this view, a new dynasty is founded by a moral uprighteous founder. Over time, the dynasty becomes morally corrupt and dissolute. The immorality of th ...

Including:

• Chinese historiography - Narratives and Interpretations of Chinese history
• Chinese historiography - Dynastic Cycle
• Chinese historiography - Marxist Interpretations of Chinese history
• Chinese historiography - Ethnic Inclusiveness
• Chinese historiography - Anti-Imperialist Narratives
• Chinese historiography - Modernist Interpretations of Chinese history
• Chinese historiography - Hydraulic Theory
• Chinese historiography - Convergence Theory
• Chinese historiography - European conflict interpretations of Chinese history
• Chinese historiography - Post-modern interpretations of Chinese history
• Chinese historiography - Issues in the study of Chinese history
• Chinese historiography - Recent trends in Chinese historical scholarship
• Chinese historiography - Periodization

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The natural law or law of nature is a system of justice that exists independently of the positive law of a given political order. Its usage has varied through its history. It currently has a meaning in both moral theory and legal theory, despite the fact that the core claims of the two kinds of theory are logically independent. According to natural law ethical theory, the moral standards that govern human behavior are, in some sense, objectively derived from the nature of human beings or the cosmos in general. According to natu ...

Including:

• Natural law - History
• Natural law - In contemporary philosophy
• Natural law - In contemporary jurisprudence

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Whaling is the hunting and killing of whales. Historically, poor conservation management by many nations led to far more whales being killed than could be sustained and to near extinction of several species. Whales are killed by firing a harpoon near the head of the animal. An explosive charge inside the harpoon then explodes beneath the whale's skin, killing it. International cooperation on whaling regulation started in 1931 and a number of bi- and multi-lateral agreements now exist in this area, the International Convention f ...

Including:

• Whaling - The history of whaling
• Whaling - Modern Whaling
• Whaling - International Whaling Commission
• Whaling - Whaling nations
• Whaling - The arguments for and against whaling
• Whaling - Conservation status
• Whaling - Organic growth; Method of killing
• Whaling - The economic argument
• Whaling - Intelligence
• Whaling - Fishing

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It is said that Ely derives its name from Eel(y), i.e. a place where there were a lot of eels. This may be true due to the position of Ely, an island in low lying fens, which were historically rich in eels. The city had its beginnings in 673 in the foundation of an abbey to the north of the village of Cratendune on the Isle of Ely under the protection of Saint Ethelreda, daughter of King Anna. The abbey was destroyed in 870 by Danish invaders and not rebuilt for over a hundred years. The site was one of the last holdouts in England to the rule of William I: Hereward the Wake did not surrender until 1071. Main ar ...

See also:

Ely, Ely - History

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There has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times, with evidence of a hut, a midden and a basic canoe dated to around 7000 BC. The Roman name for a nearby fortification was Bertha; the name derives from a Pictish word for wood or copse. Perth Scotland - Seat of Power. Perth came to prominence in the history of Scotland when, in 846 when Kenneth mac Alpin, the first king of Alba established his seat of power at Scone two miles northeast, calling the Government and Court of Sc ...

See also:

Perth Scotland, Perth Scotland - History, Perth Scotland - Seat of Power, Perth Scotland - Internal and external strife, Perth Scotland - Murder of King James, Perth Scotland - The Reformation, Perth Scotland - Cromwell and the Jacobites, Perth Scotland - Growth and modernisation, Perth Scotland - Transport, Perth Scotland - Car, Perth Scotland - Rail, Perth Scotland - Bus, Perth Scotland - Air, Perth Scotland - Politics, Perth Scotland - Economy, Perth Scotland - Sport, Perth Scotland - Art and music, Perth Scotland - Tourism, Perth Scotland - City status

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Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy. The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded at the latest in 962 by Otto I the Great. Although some date the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire from the coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans in 800, Charlemagne himself more typically used the title king of the Franks. This title also makes clearer that the Frankish Kingdom covered an area that included modern-day France and Ge ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

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Hereford was founded in around 700 AD and became the Saxon capital of West Mercia. The present Cathedral dates from the 12th century. Former Bishops of Hereford include Saint Thomas de Cantilupe and Lord High Treasurer of England Thomas Charlton. During the civil war the city changed hands several times. On September 30, 1642, Parliamentarians led by Sir Robert Harley and Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford occupied the city without opposition. In December, they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist arm ...

See also:

Hereford, Hereford - History, Hereford - Local government, Hereford - Employment, Hereford - Sport, Hereford - Education

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Austria (3) Österreichische Nationalbibliothek in Vienna Belgium (3) Bibliotheque Universitaire in Mons Croatia (1) Archbishop Ordinariate in Zadar (in the private collection of msgr. Marijan Oblak) France (3) Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris (one of three "perfect vellum" copies) Bibliotheque ...

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Gutenberg Bible, Gutenberg Bible - Known locations of Gutenberg Bibles, Gutenberg Bible - Sources

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In the 1760s William Blackstone described the Fundamental Laws of England in Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the First - Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals [1] as "the absolute rights of every Englishman" and traced their basis and evolution as follows: Magna Carta between King John and his barons in 1215 confirmation by King Henry III to parliament in 1216, 1217, and 1225 [2] Confirmatio Cartarum (Confirmation of the Charter) 1253 [3] a multit ...

See also:

Fundamental Laws of England, Fundamental Laws of England - Blackstone's history, Fundamental Laws of England - Recorded usage, Fundamental Laws of England - Unwritten history, Fundamental Laws of England - 20th century

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Charters originated as charters of incorporation, allowing a town to become an incorporated borough, or to hold markets. Some of these charters recognised officially that the town involved was a city. Apart from recognition, it became accepted that such a charter could make a town into a city. The earliest examples of these are Hereford and Worcester, both of which date their city status to 1189. Until the 16th century, a town was invariably recognised as a city by the Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits. This has l ...

See also:

City status in the United Kingdom, City status in the United Kingdom - City status, City status in the United Kingdom - List of cities, City status in the United Kingdom - Cities now in the Republic of Ireland, City status in the United Kingdom - City councils, City status in the United Kingdom - City applications, City status in the United Kingdom - Cathedral towns, City status in the United Kingdom - Large towns

Read more here: » City status in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - City status in the United Kingdom - City status

Chinese historiography - Dynastic Cycle. China's traditionalist view of history sees the rise and fall of dynasties as passing the mandate of heaven. In this view, a new dynasty is founded by a moral uprighteous founder. Over time, the dynasty becomes morally corrupt and dissolute. The immorality of the dynasty is reflected in natural disasters, rebellions, and foreign invasions. Eventually, the dynasty becomes so weak as to allow its replacement by a new dynasty. This theory became popular during the Zhou dynast ...

See also:

Chinese historiography, Chinese historiography - Narratives and Interpretations of Chinese history, Chinese historiography - Dynastic Cycle, Chinese historiography - Marxist Interpretations of Chinese history, Chinese historiography - Ethnic Inclusiveness, Chinese historiography - Anti-Imperialist Narratives, Chinese historiography - Modernist Interpretations of Chinese history, Chinese historiography - Hydraulic Theory, Chinese historiography - Convergence Theory, Chinese historiography - European conflict interpretations of Chinese history, Chinese historiography - Post-modern interpretations of Chinese history, Chinese historiography - Issues in the study of Chinese history, Chinese historiography - Recent trends in Chinese historical scholarship, Chinese historiography - Periodization

Read more here: » Chinese historiography: Encyclopedia II - Chinese historiography - Narratives and Interpretations of Chinese history

Marked footpaths lead to Snowdon's summit from all sides, and can be combined in various ways. The circular walk starting and ending at Pen-y-Pass and using the Crib Goch route and the route over Y Lliwedd is called the Snowdon Horseshoe, and is one of the best ridge walks in Britain. The routes are arranged here clockwise, starting with the paths leading from Pen-y-Pass. Snowdon - Over Y Lliwedd. The southernmost of the paths leading from Pen-y-Pass leads up Y Lliwedd, to the south of Llyn Llydaw, and fro ...

See also:

Snowdon, Snowdon - First ascent, Snowdon - Climbing on Snowdon, Snowdon - Routes leading up Snowdon, Snowdon - Over Y Lliwedd, Snowdon - Pyg Track, Snowdon - Miners' Track, Snowdon - Crib Goch route, Snowdon - Watkin Path, Snowdon - Rhyd Ddu Path, Snowdon - Snowdon Ranger Path, Snowdon - Llanberis Path, Snowdon - Snowdon Mountain Railway, Snowdon - Reference

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Although whale oil has little commercial value today, whale meat has come to be considered a delicacy, particularly in Japan and Norway (though up to the 1980's, whale meat was considered to be inferior to beef in Norway.) The primary species hunted today is the Minke Whale, the smallest of the baleen whales. Recent scientific surveys estimate a population of 180,000 in the central and North East Atlantic and 700,000 around Antarctica. Whaling - International Whaling Commission. Main art ...

See also:

Whaling, Whaling - The history of whaling, Whaling - Modern Whaling, Whaling - International Whaling Commission, Whaling - Whaling nations, Whaling - The arguments for and against whaling, Whaling - Conservation status, Whaling - Organic growth; Method of killing, Whaling - The economic argument, Whaling - Intelligence, Whaling - Fishing

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Greek philosophy was highly concerned with the difference between "nature" (physis, φúσις) on the one hand and "law" or "custom" (nomos, νóμος) on the other. What the law commanded varied from place to place, but what was "by nature" should be the same everywhere. It was in accordance with the latter that philosophers strove to live. The development of this tradition into a natural law is usually attributed to the Stoics. This law was how a rational human being, seeking his own true happiness, would act. These theories became highly influential among Roman jurists, and consequently played a ...

See also:

Natural law, Natural law - History, Natural law - In contemporary philosophy, Natural law - In contemporary jurisprudence

Read more here: » Natural law: Encyclopedia II - Natural law - History

Although whale oil has little commercial value today, whale meat has come to be considered a delicacy, particularly in Japan and Norway. The primary species hunted today is the Minke Whale, the smallest of the baleen whales. Recent scientific surveys estimate a population of 180,000 in the central and North East Atlantic and 700,000 around Antarctica. Whaling - International Whaling Commission. Main art ...

See also:

Whaling, Whaling - The history of whaling, Whaling - Modern Whaling, Whaling - International Whaling Commission, Whaling - Whaling nations, Whaling - The arguments for and against whaling, Whaling - Conservation status, Whaling - Organic growth; Method of killing, Whaling - The economic argument, Whaling - Intelligence, Whaling - Fishing

Read more here: » Whaling: Encyclopedia II - Whaling - Modern Whaling

City - Traditional approach. A universal linear approach to cities has been in place and accepted for a long time. As this approach falls short of explaining a number of aspects of city life, such as the diversity between cities, new ways have been sought. Influenced by post-structuralist thinking a new approach was born: using spatial thinking it is possible to not only fill the g ...

See also:

City, City - Introduction, City - The difference between towns and cities, City - Geography, City - History of cities, City - Modern conceptions, City - Traditional approach, City - Shortcomings, City - Modern approach, City - Global cities, City - Environmental effects, City - Inner city, City - Lists, City - Miscellaneous

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The Holy Roman Empire was an institution unique in world history and therefore difficult to grasp. To understand what it was, it might be helpful to assess first what it was not. It was never a nation state. Despite the German ethnicity of most of its rulers and subjects, from the very beginning many ethnicities constituted the Holy Roman Empire. Many of its most important noble families and appointed officials came from outside the German-speaking communities. At the height of the empire it contained most of the territory of to ...

See also:

Holy Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Names and designations of the empire, Holy Roman Empire - Structure and institutions, Holy Roman Empire - King of the Romans German king, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial estates, Holy Roman Empire - Reichstag, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial courts, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial circles, Holy Roman Empire - Chronology, Holy Roman Empire - From the East Franks to the Investiture Controversy, Holy Roman Empire - The Empire under the Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire - The rise of the territories after the Staufen, Holy Roman Empire - Imperial Reform, Holy Roman Empire - Crisis after Reformation, Holy Roman Empire - The long decline, Holy Roman Empire - Analysis, Holy Roman Empire - Successive German Reichs

Read more here: » Holy Roman Empire: Encyclopedia II - Holy Roman Empire - Character of the empire