Encyclopedia - Thracians: Encyclopedia Ii - Thracians - Sources
The Iliad records that the Thracians from around the Hellespont and also the Thracian Cicones fought on the side of the Trojans (Iliad, b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thracian Chersonese: Encyclopedia Ii - Thracian Chersonese - History
The Thracian Chersonese was originally inhabited by Thracians. Settlers from Ancient Greece, mainly of Ionian and Aeolian stock, founded ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thracian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Thracian Language - Classification
There are enough Thracian examples with characteristic Satem sound-shifts to include Thracian in the Satem group of Indo-European languag...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bithynia: Encyclopedia - Bithynia
Bithynia was an ancient province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Bla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sabazios: Encyclopedia - Sabazios
Sabazios is the nomadic horseman sky and father god of the Phrygians. In Indo-European languages, such as Phrygian, the '-zios' element i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union: Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union
Balkan linguistic union or Balkansprachbund is a name given to the similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology found in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cotys: Encyclopedia - Cotys
Cotys (Kotys) was a Thracian name, borne by a number of Thracians (such as Cotys I), and also by a Thracian goddess (see Kotys). Other r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia - Cimmerians
The Cimmerians (Greek Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ares: Encyclopedia - Ares
In Greek mythology, Ares ("battle strife"; in Greek, Áρης), is the god of war and before battle people worshipped him. The Romans ide...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zibelthiurdos: Encyclopedia - Zibelthiurdos
In Thracian religious beliefs, Zibelthiurdos was a storm god. Like Zeus, it is said he too was the wielder of lightning and thunderbolts....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bendis: Encyclopedia - Bendis
Bendis was a Thracian goddess of the hunt whom the Greeks identified with Artemis, and hence with the other two aspects of the former Min...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abaris The Hyperborean: Encyclopedia - Abaris The Hyperborean
Abaris the Hyperborean was a legendary or semi-legendary sage, healer and priest known to the ancient Greeks. According to Herodotus (4.3...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abydos, Hellespont: Encyclopedia - Abydos, Hellespont
Abydos, an ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situated at Nagara Point on the Hellespont, which is here scarcely a mile broad. It prob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biston: Encyclopedia - Biston
Biston was the son of Ares in Greek mythology. Biston built the city of Bistonia on the shores of Lake Bistonis in Thrace. Thracians were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abydos Hellespont: Encyclopedia - Abydos Hellespont
Abydos, an ancient city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situated at Nagara Point on the Hellespont, which is here scarcely a mile broad. It prob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orpheus: Encyclopedia - Orpheus
In Greek legend, Orpheus was the chief representative of the arts of song and the lyre, and of great importance in the religious history ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abderus: Encyclopedia - Abderus
In Greek mythology, Abderus ("son of battle") was a son of Hermes. To fulfill his Eighth Labor, Heracles brought Abderus and some other y...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Labrys: Encyclopedia - Labrys
Labrys is the term for a doubleheaded axe, known to the Classical Greeks as pelekus πέλεκυς or sagaris (the term for a single-blad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kabeiroi: Encyclopedia - Kabeiroi
The Kabeiroi (Cabiri) in Greek myth were a race of gods or god-like beings, closely connected with Hephaistos and with the Mother Goddess...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Menander: Encyclopedia - Menander
Menander (342–291 BC), Greek dramatist, the chief representative of the New Comedy, was born in Athens. He was the son of well-to-do pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Samothrace: Encyclopedia - Samothrace
Samothrace (in Greek: Σαμοθρακη, Samothraki, Turkish: Semadrek) is an island in Greece, in the northern Aegean Sea. The name of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antisthenes: Encyclopedia - Antisthenes
Antisthenes (c. 444-365 BC), the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy, was born at Athens of a Thracian mother. In his youth he stud...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zalmoxis: Encyclopedia - Zalmoxis
Zalmoxis (Greek Ζάλμοξις, also known as Salmoxis, Σάλμοξις, Zamolxis, Ζάμοξλις, or Samolxis Σάμοξλις) was...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Byzantium: Encyclopedia - Byzantium
Byzantium was an ancient Greek city-state, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas. The name "B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cicones: Encyclopedia - Cicones
The Cicones (also Kikones) were a Thracian tribe, whose stronghold in the time of Odysseus was the city of Ismara (or Ismaros), located a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Edirne: Encyclopedia - Edirne
Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. It has a population of 119,298...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aleksandrovo Kurgan: Encyclopedia - Aleksandrovo Kurgan
The Aleksandrovo kurgan is a Thracian kurgan excavated near Aleksandrovo, South-Eastern Bulgaria, dated to ca. the 4th century BC. Bulgar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tyana: Encyclopedia - Tyana
Tyana was an ancient city of Anatolia, in modern south-eastern Turkey. The ruins of Tyana are at Kemerhisar, three miles south of Nigde; ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dacia: Encyclopedia - Dacia
Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, a subtribe of the Getae, was a large district of Central Europe, bounded on the north b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dacians: Encyclopedia - Dacians
The Dacians (Lat. Daci, Gr. Dákai) were an Indo-European people, ancient inhabitants of Dacia (corresponding to modern Romania) and part...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thracian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Thracian Language - Vocabulary
The most reliable Thracian words are the words which have been explicitly cited and described as Thracian by the ancient authors. There a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Titan Mythology: Encyclopedia - Titan Mythology
In Greek mythology, the Titans (Greek Τιταν, plural Τιτανες) are among a series of gods, some of whom opposed Zeus and the O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antipater: Encyclopedia - Antipater
Antipater (in Greek Αντίπατρος; lived c. 397 BC–319 BC) was a Macedonian general and a supporter of kings Philip II of Macedo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dionysus: Encyclopedia - Dionysus
Dionysus or Dionysos (Ancient Greek: Διώνυσος or Διόνυσος; also known as Bacchus in both Greek and Roman mythology and as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thracian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Thracian Language - Sources
As an extinct language that has no literature left, there's little known about it, but some Thracian words can be found cited in ancient ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sabazios: Encyclopedia Ii - Sabazios - Thracian/phrygian Sabazios
It seems likely that the migrating Phrygians brought Sabazios with them when they settled in Anatolia (ca. 1200 BCE?) and that the god's ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Georgi Kitov: Encyclopedia Ii - Georgi Kitov - Finding The Thracian Tomb
On August 19, 2004 Kitov discovered a gold mask in a 5th century BC burial mound outside the town of Shipka in a place he later named Gol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Albanians: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Albanians - Ethnic Origin
The three chief candidates considered by historians are Illyrian, Dacian, or Thracian, though there were other groups in the ancient Balk...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrace: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrace - History
The indigenous population of Thrace were, and still are a Greek race called Thracians. Divided into separate tribes, the Thracians did no...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falx: Encyclopedia Ii - Falx - Dacian Falx
alm The double-handed falx was a pole-arm. It consisted of a three-feet long wooden shaft with a long curved iron blade of nearly-equal l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oium: Encyclopedia Ii - Oium - Jordanes
Oium - Settlement. Jordanes relates that their king Filimer lead the Goths searching for suitable lands and when they found Oium they w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Falx: Encyclopedia Ii - Falx - Development
The two handed falx is clearly related to the Thracian rhomphaia. It is a derivative of both the sword and the spear, having evolved from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Albanians: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Albanians - Place Of Origin
The place where the Albanian language was formed is also under dispute, but analyses have indicated that it was in a mountainous region, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Bulgarian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First Bulgarian Empire - Establishment And Development Of The Bulgarian State
Yet another Bulgar tribe, led by Khan Asparuh, moved westward, occupying today’s southern Bessarabia. After a successful war with Byzan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sabazios: Encyclopedia Ii - Sabazios - The God On Horseback
More "rider god" steles are at the Burdur Museum, in Turkey. Under the Roman Emperor Gordian III the god on horseback appears on coins mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrace: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrace - Cities Of Thrace
Thrace - Bulgarian. Plovdiv Stara Zagora Kazanlak Haskovo Burgas Pistiros Seuthopolis Thrace - Greek. Alexandroupolis Abdera Didym...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sabazios: Encyclopedia Ii - Sabazios - Transformation To Sabazius
The naturally syncretic approach of Greek religion blurred distinctions. Later Greek writers, like Strabo, 1st century AD, linked Sabazio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dacian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Dacian Language - Affiliation
In the 1950s, the Bulgarian linguist Vladimir Georgiev published his work which demonstrated that the phonology of the Dacian language is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Romanian Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Romanian Mythology - Dacian Mythology
Romanian mythology - Dacian and Thracian gods. Zalmoxis (Zamolxe) - prophet, god - subterranean Gebeleizis - ultimate god - heavenly B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Balkan Linguistic Union - Origins
The source of these features as well as the directions have long been debated, various theories being suggested. Balkan linguistic union...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Macedonian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Macedonian Language - Classification
Due to the fragmentary attestation widely diverging interpretations are possible. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Balkan Linguistic Union - History
The earliest scholar to notice the similarities between Balkan languages belonging to different families was the Slovenian scholar Jernej...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Balkan Linguistic Union - Languages
The languages that share these similarities belong to five distinct branches of the Indo-European languages: Albanian Modern Greek Indo-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Balkan Linguistic Union - Timeline Of Contacts
(under development) Most likely the earliest contact was between the Proto-Romanians and Proto-Albanians, (1st century - 5th century AD) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - First Bulgarian Empire: Encyclopedia Ii - First Bulgarian Empire - The Bulgars
The Bulgars originated in central Asia but their origin is not entirely clear. The established theory is that the Bulgars are related to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkan Linguistic Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Balkan Linguistic Union - Features
Balkan linguistic union - Grammatical features. The number of cases is reduced, several cases being replaced with prepositions, the on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phrygian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Phrygian Language - Grammar
Its structure, what can be recovered from it, was typically Indo-European, with nouns declined for case (at least 4), gender (3) and numb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phrygian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Phrygian Language - Vocabulary
A sizable body of Phrygian words are theoretically known; however, the meaning and etymologies and even correct forms of many Phrygian wo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Deities: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Deities - Egyptian
Egyptian deities are often portrayed as having animal heads in art; as an example, Anubis is often portrayed in statuary as having the bo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Deities: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Deities - Modern Western Mythology
In addition to the gods listed elsewhere, there are several mythological beings spoken of in current Western culture. The Grim Reaper - ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia Ii - Cimmerians - Origins
Their origins are obscure, but they are believed to have been Indo-European. Their language is regarded as being related to either Thraci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diomedes: Encyclopedia Ii - Diomedes - Early Myths
Prior to his adventures in Troy, Diomedes is remembered for being one of the Epigonoi, the sons of the warrior-kings who fell on the Seve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diomedes: Encyclopedia Ii - Diomedes - Trojan War
According to Homer, Diomedes enters the war with a fleet of 80 ships, only second to Agamemnon's contribution of 100. According to some i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diomedes: Encyclopedia Ii - Diomedes - Death
There are simply no records on Diomedes' death. In the post-Homeric myths, Athena granted Diomedes the immortality that was once meant fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Deities: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Deities - Semitic Pagan
Adonis | Anat | Asherah | Astarte | Ba'al | Berith | Dagon | El | Elyon | Elohim | Hadad | Mot | Salem | Shaddai | Yaw Adonai | El | Eloh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dacian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Dacian Language - Sound Changes From Pie
Dacian appears to have been a Satem language. The treatment of the three Proto-Indo-European dorsal consonant rows in Dacian however is n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dacian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Dacian Language - Dacian As The Substratum Of Proto-romanian
The Dacian language may form the substratum of the Proto-Romanian language, which developed from the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkans n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sofia: Encyclopedia Ii - Sofia - History
The history of Sofia dates to the 7th century BC, when a Thracian settlement was established on the site of the present-day city, thus ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thucydides: Encyclopedia Ii - Thucydides - Life
Almost everything we know about the life of Thucydides comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides' father was Olorus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Odrysian Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Odrysian Kingdom - History
The Odrysian state was the first Thracian kingdom that acquired power in the region, by the unification of many Thracian tribes under a s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Porus: Encyclopedia Ii - Porus - Death
Porus is supposed to have held the position of a Macedonian subordinate ruler until he was assassinated, sometime between 321 and 315 BC,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hunedoara: Encyclopedia Ii - Hunedoara - History
Where the city of Hunedoara stands today, Stone Age tools were discovered in the hill near the castle called Sanpetru (Saint Peter) and i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zalmoxis: Encyclopedia Ii - Zalmoxis - Etymology
A number of etymologies have been given for the name. Diogenes Laertius (3rd century-4th century ad) claimed that Zalmoxis meant "bear sk...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lemnos: Encyclopedia Ii - Lemnos - Mythic Lemnos
In ancient times the island was sacred to Hephaestus, who as the legend tells fell on Lemnos when his father Zeus hurled him headlong out...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia Ii - Cimmerians - Possible Offshoots
The Cimmerians are thought to have had a number of offshoots. The Thracians have been identified as a possible western branch of the Cimm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Instruments By Nationality: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Instruments By Nationality - Wind Instruments
List of instruments by nationality - Bagpipes. Main article: Bagpipes Biniou: Breton music Bock: Czech music Border Pipe: Scottish mus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Origin Of Romanians: Encyclopedia Ii - Origin Of Romanians - Migration From The South
According to this theory, a Romanic population came from the south in the Middle Ages and settled down in present-day Romania. Origin of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Macedonian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Macedonian Language - Properties
Only little about the language can be said from the few words that survive. A notable sound-law is that PIE voiced aspirates appear as vo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albanian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Albanian Language - Classification
Albanian was proven to be an Indo-European language in 1854 by the German philologist Franz Bopp. The Albanian language is its own indepe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Albanian Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Albanian Language - Classification
Albanian was proven to be an Indo-European language in 1854 by the German philologist Franz Bopp. The Albanian language is its own indepe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sofia: Encyclopedia Ii - Sofia - History
On a site inhabited as early as the 8th century BC, Sofia is the second oldest capital city in Europe. It has been given several names th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dobruja: Encyclopedia Ii - Dobruja - History
Main article: History of Dobruja In antiquity Dobruja was inhabited by Geto-Dacians, as well as by Celts. A number of Greek colonies were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dobruja: Encyclopedia Ii - Dobruja - History
Main article: History of Dobruja In antiquity Dobruja was inhabited by Geto-Dacians, as well as by Celts. A number of Greek colonies were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stara Zagora: Encyclopedia Ii - Stara Zagora - History
Stara Zagora is considered to be one of the oldest settlements in Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe. It was founded by the Thracians under...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Perkūnas: Encyclopedia Ii - Perkūnas - Name Origins
Perkūnas and Pērkons have cognates outside of the Baltic languages, such as: Old Slavic - Perun Belarus - Pyarun Old Indian - Parjanya...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spartacus: Encyclopedia Ii - Spartacus - History
Many different sources claim that Spartacus was either a captured Thracian soldier, or a mutineer who had served in the Roman Army in Mac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rousse: Encyclopedia Ii - Rousse - History
The city emerged as a Thracian settlement that developed into the Roman military and naval centre Sexaginta Prista during the reign of Ve...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pelasgians: Encyclopedia Ii - Pelasgians - Classical Greek Uses Of Pelasgian
Pelasgians - In Homer. The ethnonym Pelasgoí (Pelasgians) is of unknown etymology. It first occurs in the poems of Homer: the Pelasgia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - Balkans - History And Geopolitical Significance
The Balkan region was the first area of Europe to experience the arrival of farming cultures in the Neolithic era. The practices of growi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Silivri: Encyclopedia Ii - Silivri - History
Silivri, the ancient Selymbria (or Selybria), preserved its importance in every era of the history thanks to its natural harbor and its p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Kosovo: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Kosovo - Kosovo From Prehistory To 1455
Little is known about Kosovo before about the 11th century AD. The region was certainly inhabited in prehistoric times, it appears, by tw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dobruja: Encyclopedia Ii - Dobruja - History
Main article: History of Dobruja In antiquity Dobruja was inhabited by Geto-Dacians, as well as by Celts. A number of Greek colonies were...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haskovo: Encyclopedia Ii - Haskovo - History
According to the archeologists, the area of Haskovo was originally settled about seven thousand years ago. In and around Haskovo, evidenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dionysus: Encyclopedia Ii - Dionysus - Worship
Dionysus is a god of mystery religious rites, such as those practiced in honor of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. In the T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Orpheus: Encyclopedia Ii - Orpheus - Death Of Orpheus
According to a Late Antique summary of Aeschylus's lost play Bassarids, Orpheus at the end of his life disdained the worship of all gods ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Antipater: Encyclopedia Ii - Antipater - Career Under Philip And Alexander
Nothing is known of his early career until 342 BC, when he was appointed by Philip to govern Macedon as his regent while the former left ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thunder: Encyclopedia Ii - Thunder - List Of Thunder Gods
Polytheistic peoples in areas with much thunder, or areas where thunder precedes drought-breaking rain, may postulate a thunder god. Thu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Macedon: Encyclopedia Ii - Macedon - Expansion
Under Philip II, (359-336 BC), Macedon expanded into the territory of the Paionians, Thracians, and Illyrians. This brought into its orbi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Plovdiv: Encyclopedia Ii - Plovdiv - History
Plovdiv is one of the oldest cities of Europe, being older than Rome, Athens and Constantinople. The first traces of civilization at the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geography Of Bulgaria: Encyclopedia Ii - Geography Of Bulgaria - Topography
The main characteristic of Bulgaria's topography is alternating bands of high and low terrain that extend east to west across the country...   » Read the article