See also: history of evolutionary thought. Before Darwin's argument and presentation of the evidence for evolution, Western religions generally discounted or condemned any claims that diversity of life is the result of an evolutionary process, as did most scientists in the English scientific establishment. However, evolution was accepted by some religious groups such as the Unitarian church and the liberal Anglican theologians who went on to publish Essays and Reviews. as well as by many scientists in France and Scotland ...

See also:

Social implications of the theory of evolution, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Effects on society, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and ethics, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and religion, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolutionary theory and the political left

Read more here: » Social implications of the theory of evolution: Encyclopedia II - Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and religion

See also:

Social implications of the theory of evolution, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Effects on society, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and ethics, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and religion, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolutionary theory and the political left

Read more here: » Social implications of the theory of evolution: Encyclopedia II - Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and ethics

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin independently formulated very similar theories describing the gradual development of the Universe from subatomic particles to human society and beyond. Teilhard's theories are better known in the West (and have also been commented on by Julian Huxley), and integrate Dawinian evolution and Christianity, whilst Vernadsky wrote more purely from a scientific perspective, and his ideas contributed to Gaia theory. Three classic levels are described. Cosmogenesis (Teilhard) or the f ...

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Evolution philosophy, Evolution philosophy - Vernadsky's and Teilhard's theories, Evolution philosophy - Sri Aurobindo

Read more here: » Evolution philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Evolution philosophy - Vernadsky's and Teilhard's theories

Theory of Evolution and Involution: The Sankhya adopts the theory of evolution and involution. The cause and effect are the undeveloped and developed states of one and the same substance. There is no such thing as total destruction. In destruction, the effect is involved into its cause. That is all.

Excerpt from All About Hinduism by Sri Swami Sivananda

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Sociocultural evolution(ism) is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have developed over time. Although such theories typically provide models for understanding the relationship between technologies, social structure, the values of a society, and how and why they change with time, they vary as to the extent to which the ...

Including:

• Sociocultural evolution - Overview
• Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism
• Sociocultural evolution - Development
• Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress
• Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories
• Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories
• Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution
• Sociocultural evolution - Notes

Read more here: » Sociocultural evolution: Encyclopedia - Sociocultural evolution

History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education Associated articles Teach the Controversy Irreducible ...

Including:

• Creation-evolution controversy - Overview of the controversy
• Creation-evolution controversy - Common venues for debate
• Creation-evolution controversy - Conflicts inherent to the controversy
• Creation-evolution controversy - Defining evolution
• Creation-evolution controversy - False dichotomy
• Creation-evolution controversy - Conflation of science and religion
• Creation-evolution controversy - Accusations involving science
• Creation-evolution controversy - Theory vs. Fact
• Creation-evolution controversy - Evidence against evolution
• Creation-evolution controversy - Accusations of bias
• Creation-evolution controversy - Religion and Historical Scientists
• Creation-evolution controversy - Quote mining
• Creation-evolution controversy - Noteworthy participants in the controversy
• Creation-evolution controversy - Creationists
• Creation-evolution controversy - Their opposition
• Creation-evolution controversy - Ramifications of the controversy
• Creation-evolution controversy - Public education in the United States
• Creation-evolution controversy - Surveys of views in the United States
• Creation-evolution controversy - Survey of views in German speaking countries
• Creation-evolution controversy - Controversy in education world-wide
• Creation-evolution controversy - History
• Creation-evolution controversy - Footnotes

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In cosmogony, the solar nebula is the gaseous cloud (or accretion disc) from which our solar system is believed to have formed. This nebular hypothesis was first proposed in 1755 by Immanuel Kant, who argued that nebulae slowly rotate, gradually condensing and flattening due to gravity, eventually forming stars and planets. A similar model was proposed in 1796 by Pierre-Simon Laplace. Solar nebula - Formation and evolution. The solar nebula is believed to have had an initial diameter of 100 A ...

Including:

• Solar nebula - Formation and evolution
• Solar nebula - The Kant-Laplace and Near-Collision Theories

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Avocado (Persea americana) is a tree and the fruit of that tree, classified in the flowering plant family, Lauraceae. It is native to Central America and Mexico. The tree grows to 20 m (65 ft), with alternately arranged, evergreen leaves, 12-25 cm long. The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, 5-10 mm wide. The pear-shaped fruit is botanically a berry, from 7 to 20 cm long, and weighs between 100-1000 g. It has a large central seed, 3-5 cm in diameter. An average avocado tree produces about 120 avocados annually. The fru ...

Including:

• Avocado - Co-evolution theory
• Avocado - Cultivation
• Avocado - Introduction to Europe
• Avocado - Cultivation in California
• Avocado - As a houseplant
• Avocado - Uses
• Avocado - Names
• Avocado - Avocado related trade war

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Alfred Russel Wallace, OM , FRS (January 8, 1823 – November 7, 1913) was a British naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. Wallace's independent proposal of a theory of evolution by natural selection prompted Charles Darwin to reveal his own more developed and researched, but unpublished, theory sooner than he had intended. Alfred Russel Wallace - Early life. Wallace was born at Usk, Monmouthshire. He was the eighth of nine children of Thomas Vere Wallace and Mary Anne Greenell. He attended ...

Including:

• Alfred Russel Wallace - Early life
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Exploration and study of the natural world
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Theory of evolution
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Religious views and application of the theory to mankind
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Precursor of ecology and awards
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Awards
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Publications
• Alfred Russel Wallace - Books about Wallace

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Historical linguistics (also diachronic linguistics or comparative linguistics) is primarily the study of the ways in which languages change over time, by means of examining languages which are recognizably related through similarities such as vocabulary, word formation, and syntax, as well as the surviving records of ancient languages. Historical linguistics aims to classify the world's languages by their genetic affiliations and to trace the historic development of languages. Modern historical linguistics grew out of t ...

Including:

• Historical linguistics - Language evolution and the comparative method
• Historical linguistics - Non-comparative method theories
• Historical linguistics - Bibliography

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The cerebellum (Latin: "little brain") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. Many neural pathways link the cerebellum with the motor cortex—which sends information to the muscles causing them to move—and the spinocerebellar tract—which provides feedback on the position of the body in space (proprioception). The cerebellum integrates these two functions, using the constant feedback on body position to fine-tune motor movements. Because of this 'upda ...

Including:

• Cerebellum - General features
• Cerebellum - Development and evolution
• Cerebellum - Anatomy
• Cerebellum - Divisions
• Cerebellum - Deep nuclei
• Cerebellum - Cortical layers
• Cerebellum - Peduncles
• Cerebellum - Blood supply
• Cerebellum - Dysfunction
• Cerebellum - Lesions of the cerebellum
• Cerebellum - Ischemia and thrombosis
• Cerebellum - Theories about cerebellar function
• Cerebellum - Cerebellar modeling

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When the critique of classical social evolutionism became widely accepted, modern anthropological and sociological approaches changed to reflect their responses to the critique of their predecessor. Modern theories are careful to avoid unsourced, ethnocentric speculation, comparisons, or value judgements; more or less regarding individual societies as existing within their own historical contexts. These conditions provided the context for new theories such as cultural relativism and multilineal evolution. By the 1940s cultural anthrop ...

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Sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Overview, Sociocultural evolution - Classical social evolutionism, Sociocultural evolution - Development, Sociocultural evolution - Sociocultural evolutionism and the idea of progress, Sociocultural evolution - Critique and impact on modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories, Sociocultural evolution - Contemporary moral and political debates over sociocultural evolution, Sociocultural evolution - Notes

Read more here: » Sociocultural evolution: Encyclopedia II - Sociocultural evolution - Modern theories

Main article: Evolutionary theory and the political left Some on political left, especially Marxists and communists have been critical of aspects of the theory evolution by natural selection (Darwinism). Some of this opposition appears for ideological reasons; the concepts of "survival of the fittest", and "nature red in tooth and claw" appear not to fit with economic or social ideals. Conversely, the advancement inherent in Lamar ...

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Social implications of the theory of evolution, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Effects on society, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and ethics, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolution and religion, Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolutionary theory and the political left

Read more here: » Social implications of the theory of evolution: Encyclopedia II - Social implications of the theory of evolution - Evolutionary theory and the political left

While some scientists had hinted that maybe neutral mutations were widespread, like Sueoka (1962), a coherent theory of neutral evolution was first formalised by Motoo Kimura in 1968, followed quickly by King and Jukes provocative article, "Non-Darwinian Evolution" (1969). According to Kimura, when one compares the genomes of existing species, the vast majority of molecular differences are selectively "neutral." That is, these differences do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species. As ...

See also:

Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Neutral theory of molecular evolution - Overview, Neutral theory of molecular evolution - The neutralist-selectionist debate

Read more here: » Neutral theory of molecular evolution: Encyclopedia II - Neutral theory of molecular evolution - Overview

While some scientists had hinted that maybe neutral mutations were widespread, like Sueoka (1962), a coherent theory of neutral evolution was first formalized by Motoo Kimura in 1968, followed quickly by King and Jukes provocative article, "Non-Darwinian Evolution" (1969). According to Kimura, when one compares the genomes of existing species, the vast majority of molecular differences are selectively "neutral." That is, these differences do not influence the fitness of either the species or the individuals who make up the species. As ...

See also:

Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Neutral theory of molecular evolution - Overview, Neutral theory of molecular evolution - The neutralist-selectionist debate

Read more here: » Neutral theory of molecular evolution: Encyclopedia II - Neutral theory of molecular evolution - Overview

A heated debate arose on the initial publication of Kimura's theory, in which discussion largely revolved around the relative percentages of alleles that are "neutral" versus "non-neutral" in any given genome. Contrary to the perception of many onlookers, the debate was not about whether or not natural selection acts at all. After flirting with the idea that slightly deleterious mutations might be quite common (Ohta, 1973), Tomoko Ohta, Kimura's student, made an important generalisation of the neutral theory by including the concept o ...

See also:

Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Neutral theory of molecular evolution - Overview, Neutral theory of molecular evolution - The neutralist-selectionist debate

Read more here: » Neutral theory of molecular evolution: Encyclopedia II - Neutral theory of molecular evolution - The neutralist-selectionist debate

See also: history of evolutionary thought. Before Darwin's argument and presentation of the evidence for evolution, Western religions generally discounted or condemned any claims that diversity of life is the result of an evolutionary process, as did most scientists in the English scientific establishment. However, evolution was accepted by some religious groups such as the Unitarian church and the liberal Anglican theologians who went on to publish Essays and Reviews. as well as by many scientists in France and Scotland ...

See also:

Social effect of evolutionary theory, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Effects on society, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolution and ethics, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolution and religion, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolutionary theory and the political left

Read more here: » Social effect of evolutionary theory: Encyclopedia II - Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolution and religion

Wolpoff suggests that after an African origin of Homo sapiens (evolving from Homo ergaster/Homo erectus), local evolutionary events took place in several places (Africa, Europe, Asia, etc.). According to Wolpoff, populations of Homo erectus and Homo ergaster evolved separately into populations of Homo sapiens through a range of intermediate species (all the time the geographically distinct populations maintained small amounts of gene flow). This idea directly challenges the 'Out of Africa' model, which suggests Homo sapiens evolved in Africa ...

See also:

Milford H. Wolpoff, Milford H. Wolpoff - Education, Milford H. Wolpoff - Multiregional evolution and the punctuated equilibrium theory, Milford H. Wolpoff - Books and monographs

Read more here: » Milford H. Wolpoff: Encyclopedia II - Milford H. Wolpoff - Multiregional evolution and the punctuated equilibrium theory

The theory of evolution by natural selection has also been adopted as a foundation for various ethical and social systems, such as social Darwinism, an idea popular in the 19th century which holds that "the survival of the fittest" explains and justifies differences in wealth and success among societies and people. A similar interpretation was one created by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, known as eugenics, which claimed that human civilization was subverting natural selection by allowing the "less fit" to survive and "out-breed" the "more ...

See also:

Social effect of evolutionary theory, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Effects on society, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolution and ethics, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolution and religion, Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolutionary theory and the political left

Read more here: » Social effect of evolutionary theory: Encyclopedia II - Social effect of evolutionary theory - Evolution and ethics

Perhaps the most intriguing of Terence McKenna's theories and observations is his explanation for the origin of the human mind and culture. McKenna theorizes that as the North African jungles receded toward the end of the most recent ice age, giving way to grasslands, a branch of our tree-dwelling primate ancestors left the branches and took up a life out in the open—following around herds of ungulates, nibbling what they could along the way. Among the new items in their diet were psilocybin-containing mushrooms growing in th ...

See also:

Terence McKenna, Terence McKenna - Biography, Terence McKenna - The Stoned Ape theory of human evolution, Terence McKenna - Books, Terence McKenna - Spoken word

Read more here: » Terence McKenna: Encyclopedia II - Terence McKenna - The Stoned Ape theory of human evolution