Definition and meaning of theory:

theory - a comprehensive explanation of a given set of data that has been repeatedly confirmed by observation and experimentation and has gained general acceptance within the scientific community

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

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Fluorescence spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy - Theory, Fluorescence spectroscopy - Fluorometer, Fluorescence spectroscopy - Types, Fluorescence spectroscopy - Analysis of data, Fluorescence spectroscopy - Applications

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Many theoretical perspectives attempt to explain development, among the most prominent are: Jean Piaget's Stage Theory, Lev Vygotsky's Social Contextualism (and its heir, the Development in Context or Human Ecology theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner), and especially the information processing framework employed by cognitive psychology. Historical theories continue to provide a basis for additional research, among them are Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development and John B. Watson's and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. Many othe ...

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Developmental psychology, Developmental psychology - Theory, Developmental psychology - Role of experience, Developmental psychology - Mechanisms of development, Developmental psychology - Aspects of development, Developmental psychology - Cognitive development, Developmental psychology - Social development, Developmental psychology - Research methods, Developmental psychology - Related pages

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The theory holds that all flammable materials contain phlogiston (derived noun form of the Greek phlogistos, meaning flammable), a substance without color, odor, taste, or weight that is liberated in burning. Once burned, the "dephlogisticated" substance was held to be in its "true" form, the calx. "Phlogisticated" substances are those that contain phlogiston and are "dephlogisticated" when burned. Since any substance could be observed to burn for only a limited time with limited air (for instance in a sealed container), air was thought ...

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Phlogiston theory, Phlogiston theory - Theory, Phlogiston theory - Challenge and demise, Phlogiston theory - Bibliography

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These exercises have many similarities to qigong, and while they were never officially sanctioned by the trio of essence, they were made available to Emin members through the society's associated works publication system. Electrobix exercises differ from qigong in that qigong focuses on internal movement of qi within the body; whereas electrobix focuses on the aura; therefore this solitary brushing ac ...

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Electrobix, Electrobix - Theory, Electrobix - Beginner stances, Electrobix - External links

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There are several different approaches to a theoretical treatment of EIT. One approach is to extend the density matrix treatment used to derive Rabi oscillation of a two-state, single field system. In this picture the proability amplitudes for the system to transfer between states can interfere destructively, preventing absorption. In this context, "interference" refers to interference between quantum events (transitions) and not optical interference of any kind. As a concrete example, consider the lambda scheme shown above. Absorptio ...

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Electromagnetically induced transparency, Electromagnetically induced transparency - Material Requirements, Electromagnetically induced transparency - Theory, Electromagnetically induced transparency - Slow Light and Stopped Light

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For a linear oscillator with a resonant frequency Ω, the intensity of oscillations I when the system is driven with a driving frequency ω is given by: . The intensity is defined as the square of the amplitude of the oscillations. This is a Lorentzian function, and this response is found in many physical situations involving resonant systems. Γ is a parameter dependent on the damping of the oscillator, and is known as the linewidth of the resonance. Heavily damped oscillators tend to have bro ...

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Resonance, Resonance - Theory, Resonance - Quantum mechanics, Resonance - Quantum field theory

Read more here: » Resonance: Encyclopedia II - Resonance - Theory

The existence of a delta neutral portfolio was shown as part of the original proof of the Black-Scholes model, the first comprehensive model to produce correct prices for some classes of options. From the Taylor expansion of the value of an option, we get the change in the value of an option, C(s), for a change in the value of the underlier : where (delta) and (gamma). (see The Greeks) For any small change in the underlier, we can ignore the second-order term and use the quantity to determine how much of the underlier to b ...

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Delta neutral, Delta neutral - Theory, Delta neutral - Example, Delta neutral - Larger Movements

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Fritz London and Hien London developed the theory that the exclusion of magnetic flux is brought about by electrical "screening currents" that flow at the surface of the superconducting metal and which generate a magnetic field that exactly cancels the externally applied field inside the superconductor. These screening currents are generated whenever a superconducting metal is brought inside a magnetic field. This may be understood from the fact that a superconductor has zero electrical resistance (so the "eddy currents" induced by motion of ...

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Superdiamagnetism, Superdiamagnetism - Theory

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C. H. Douglas proposed that because the amount of money available under capitalism is necessarily lower than the total cost of goods produced, there will always be insufficient money to pay a realistic, sustainable price. He demonstrated this fundamental flaw with his A+B theorem, which states that if A is the payments made to all the consumers in the economy (through wages, dividends, and interest paid to banks) and B is the payments made by producers that are not eventually paid out to consumers (such as the overhead c ...

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Social Credit, Social Credit - Theory, Social Credit - Later versions of Social Credit theory, Social Credit - Arguments, Social Credit - Groups influenced by Social Credit, Social Credit - Australia, Social Credit - Canada, Social Credit - New Zealand, Social Credit - United Kingdom, Social Credit - Social Credit in fiction and poetry

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There are three main economic theories attempting to explain how yield varies with term (borrowing) period. Two of the theories are extreme positions, while the third attempts to find the middle ground as a combination of the former two. Yield curve - Market expectations pure expectations theory. This theory is also called the expectation hypothesis. In this theory, financial instruments of different durations are considered perfect substitutes. The market expectations theory states that a certificate of deposit for 2 years will have the same yield as a CD for 1 year followed by anoth ...

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Yield curve, Yield curve - Theory, Yield curve - Market expectations pure expectations theory, Yield curve - Market segmentation theory, Yield curve - Liquidity preference theory, Yield curve - Preferred Habitat Theory, Yield curve - Historical development of yield curve theory, Yield curve - Practice, Yield curve - The typical shape of the yield curve, Yield curve - Types of yield curve, Yield curve - Construction of the full yield curve from market data

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TTL integrated circuits are examples of small-scale to medium-scale integration. Each "chip" contains the equivalent of a few dozen to a few hundred transistors, contrasting with early very-large-scale integration (VLSI) devices that had the equivalent of up to 10,000 transistors, and modern microprocessors that are equivalent to tens of millions of transistors. The fundamental switching action of a TTL gate is based on a multiple-emitter input transistor. This replaces the multiple input diodes of the earlier DTL logic, with improved ...

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Transistor-transistor logic, Transistor-transistor logic - History, Transistor-transistor logic - Functions, Transistor-transistor logic - Theory, Transistor-transistor logic - Comparison with other logic families, Transistor-transistor logic - Sub-types, Transistor-transistor logic - Applications

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The work put forward a cosmic theory of transmutation (which we now call evolution). It suggested that everything currently in existence had developed from earlier forms: solar system, Earth, rocks, plants and corals, fish, land plants, reptiles and birds, mammals, and finally the present species (including man). For its anti-creationist proposals, it was considered scandalous and titillating. Perhaps as a result, it was read not only by members of high society, but also — th ...

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Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation - Theory, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation - Reception

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Foreign policy has been studied and analyzed for centuries, and to this day there are many different philosophical understandings of how foreign policy should be conducted. The two major schools of foreign policy theory are Idealism and Realism. Other significant schools of thinking are those related to radical/Marxist political theory and Postmodernism or constructivist theories. These very different theories about the nature of the international system are powerful impacts upon the behavior of states, international organizations, and those left out of the international political system. The difference between these theories is often ...

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Foreign policy, Foreign policy - Theory, Foreign policy - Idealism or Liberalism, Foreign policy - Realism, Foreign policy - Radical and Marxist Theories, Foreign policy - Postmodernist and Constructivist Theories

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Polarization - Basics - plane waves. The simplest manifestation of polarization to visualize is that of a plane wave, which is a good approximation to most light waves. A plane wave propagates everywhere in the same direction, and like all electromagnetic waves has the electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the propagation direction. Either vector at a point in space can be decomposed into two orthogonal components in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Conventionally, when considering ...

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Polarization, Polarization - Theory, Polarization - Basics - plane waves, Polarization - Incoherent radiation, Polarization - Parameterizing polarization, Polarization - Propagation reflection and scattering, Polarization - Polarization in nature science and technology, Polarization - Observing polarization effects in everyday life, Polarization - Biology, Polarization - Geology, Polarization - Chemistry, Polarization - Astronomy, Polarization - Technology

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Saint Augustine taught that there are six ages of the world in his De catechizandis rudibus (On the Catechising of the Uninstructed). Since 321, when Constantine legalized Christianity, former pagan worshipers needed a way to learn about Christianity and Augustine used his Catechetical document as a way to communicate and educate people about Christianity. Augustine was not the first to conceive of the Six Ages, it has roots in the Jewish tradition, but he ...

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Six Ages of the World, Six Ages of the World - Six Ages, Six Ages of the World - Theory, Six Ages of the World - Notes

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The piling-up lemma allows the cryptanalyst to determine the probability that the equality: holds, where the X 's are binary variables (that is, bits: either 0 or 1). Let P(A) denote "the probability of event A happening". If it equals one, A is certain to happen, and if it equals zero, A cannot happen. First of all, we consider the piling-up lemma for two binary variables. Now, we consider: Due to the properties of the xor operation, this is equivalent to P(X1See also:

Piling-up lemma, Piling-up lemma - Theory, Piling-up lemma - Practice

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All scramjet engines have an inlet, which compresses the incoming air, fuel injectors, a combustion chamber and a thrust nozzle. Typically engines also include a region which acts as a flame holder, although the high stagnation temperatures mean that an area of focused waves may be used, rather than a discrete engine part as seen in turbine engines. An isolator between the inlet and combustion chamber is often included to improve the homogeneity of the flow in the combustor and to extend ...

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Scramjet, Scramjet - History, Scramjet - Simple description, Scramjet - Theory, Scramjet - Applications, Scramjet - Recent progress, Scramjet - Scramjet programmes, Scramjet - HyShot, Scramjet - Hyper-X, Scramjet - Russia and France and NASA, Scramjet - GASL projectile, Scramjet - Scramjet in the movies

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Solar cell - Background. In order to understand how a solar cell works, a little background theory in semiconductor physics is required. For simplicity, the description here will be limited to describing the workings of single crystalline silicon solar cells. Silicon is a group 14 (formerly, group IV) atom. This means that each Si atom has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell. Silicon atoms can covalently bond to other silicon atoms to form a solid. There are two basic types of solid silicon, amorphous ( ...

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Solar cell, Solar cell - Theory, Solar cell - Background, Solar cell - Light generation of carriers, Solar cell - The p-n junction, Solar cell - Separation of carriers by the p-n junction, Solar cell - Connection to an external load, Solar cell - Equivalent circuit of a solar cell, Solar cell - Manufacture and devices, Solar cell - Energy conversion efficiency, Solar cell - Applications and implementations, Solar cell - Cost analysis, Solar cell - Current research, Solar cell - Thin-film solar cells, Solar cell - Emerging Materials, Solar cell - Solar cells and energy payback

Read more here: » Solar cell: Encyclopedia II - Solar cell - Theory

Solar cell - Background. In order to understand how a solar cell works, a little background theory in semiconductor physics is required. For simplicity, the description here will be limited to describing the workings of single crystalline silicon solar cells. Silicon is a group 14 (formerly, group IV) atom. This means that each Si atom has 4 valence electrons in its outer shell. Silicon atoms can covalently bond to other silicon atoms to form a solid. There are two basic types of solid silicon, amorphous ( ...

See also:

Solar cell, Solar cell - Theory, Solar cell - Background, Solar cell - Light generation of carriers, Solar cell - The p-n junction, Solar cell - Separation of carriers by the p-n junction, Solar cell - Connection to an external load, Solar cell - Equivalent circuit of a solar cell, Solar cell - Manufacture and devices, Solar cell - Energy conversion efficiency, Solar cell - Applications and implementations, Solar cell - Cost analysis, Solar cell - Current research, Solar cell - Thin-film solar cells, Solar cell - Emerging materials, Solar cell - Solar cells and energy payback

Read more here: » Solar cell: Encyclopedia II - Solar cell - Theory