Encyclopedia - Young's Modulus: Encyclopedia - Young's Modulus
In solid mechanics, Young's modulus (also known as the modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus) is a measure of the stiffness of a given...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compressive Stress: Encyclopedia - Compressive Stress
Compressive stress is the stress applied to materials resulting in their compaction (decrease of volume). When a material is subjected to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tension: Encyclopedia - Tension
Tension may mean: In physics, tension is a force on a body directed to produce strain (extension); it can be considered to be negative c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stress: Encyclopedia - Stress
Stress has different meanings in different fields: Stress (physics); see also tensile stress, shear stress and pressure. Stress (medicin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Compressive Strength: Encyclopedia - Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Truss: Encyclopedia - Truss
In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure consisting of straight slender members inter-connected at joints into ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arch: Encyclopedia - Arch
An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight (e.g. a doorway in a stone wall). The arch ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tensile Strength: Encyclopedia Ii - Tensile Strength - Concept
The various definitions of tensile strength are shown in the the following stress-strain graph for low-carbon steel: Steel has a very lin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peening: Encyclopedia Ii - Peening - Residual Stress
Plastic deformation induces a residual compressive stress in a peened surface, along with tensile stress in the interior. This stress sta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stress Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Stress Physics - Stress In One-dimensional Bodies
The idea of stress originates in two simple, but important, observations of the loading (in tension) of a one-dimensional body, for examp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stress Physics: Encyclopedia Ii - Stress Physics - Stress In One-dimensional Bodies
The idea of stress originates in two simple, but important, observations of the loading (in tension) of a one-dimensional body, for examp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Concrete: Encyclopedia Ii - Concrete - Characteristics
During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain physical and chemical properties, among others, mechanical strength, lo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fracture: Encyclopedia Ii - Fracture - Types Of Fracture
Fracture - Brittle fracture. In brittle fracture, no plastic deformation takes place before fracture. In brittle single crystals, cleav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strength Of Materials: Encyclopedia Ii - Strength Of Materials - Design Terms
Ultimate strength is an attribute directly related to a material, rather than just specific specimen of the material, and as such is quot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Magic Goes Away: Encyclopedia Ii - The Magic Goes Away - The Warlock's Wheel
The Warlock's Wheel was constructed by the Warlock as an experiment to determine whether the supply of mana powering magic was limited. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Truss: Encyclopedia Ii - Truss - Statics Of Trusses
In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be rigid, it must be composed entirely of triangles. In mathematical terms, we have th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Truss: Encyclopedia Ii - Truss - Analysis Of Trusses
The analysis assumes that loads are applied to joints only, not to the members. The estimated weights of bars are either omitted or, if r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arch: Encyclopedia Ii - Arch - Technical Aspects
The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning an open space....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Euler-bernoulli Beam Equation: Encyclopedia Ii - Euler-bernoulli Beam Equation - Assumptions
The full theory of elasticity is too complicated for routine design work. To simplify it, B-E beam theory makes six assumptions which are...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis - Centripetal Force
In the case of a spinning object, internal tensile stress provides the centripetal force that keeps the object together. A rigid body mod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cd Recorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Cd Recorder - Performance
Early-model recorders were CLV (constant linear velocity) drives. The recording speed on such drives was rated in multiples of 150 KiB/s;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ceramics: Encyclopedia Ii - Ceramics - Properties Of Ceramics
Ceramics - Mechanical properties. Ceramic materials are usually ionic or covalently-bonded materials, and can be crystalline or amorpho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optical Disc Recorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Optical Disc Recorder - Performance
Early-model recorders were CLV (constant linear velocity) drives. The recording speed on such drives was rated in multiples of 150 KiB/s;...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ceramic: Encyclopedia Ii - Ceramic - Properties Of Ceramics
Ceramic - Mechanical properties. Ceramic materials are usually ionic or covalently-bonded materials, and can be crystalline or amorphou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centripetal Force: Encyclopedia - Centripetal Force
An object that moves in a circular path undergoes a continuous acceleration towards the center of the circle. The net force that causes t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fracture: Encyclopedia - Fracture
A fracture is the separation of a body into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress. The word fracture is often applied to bones ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia - Force
In physics, a force is an external cause responsible for any change of a physical system. For instance, a person holding a dog by a rope ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia - Dam
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. Mos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Types Of Dams
Dams may be classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centripetal Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Centripetal Force - Derivation
Simply use a polar coordinate system, assume a constant radius, and differentiate twice. Let r(t) be a vector that describes the position...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fracture Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Fracture Mechanics - Griffith's Crack Theory: Stress Intensity Factor K
Griffith’s work was ignored for over twenty years until a group under G.R. Irwin at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory took it up durin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peening: Encyclopedia Ii - Peening - Work Hardening
Cold work also serves to harden the material's surface. This makes cracks less likely to form at the surface and provides resistance to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis - Speed Of Rotation Angular Acceleration And Torque
The speed of rotation is given by the angular frequency (rad/s) or frequency / rotational speed / revolutions per minute (turns/s, turns/...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strength Of Materials: Encyclopedia Ii - Strength Of Materials - Definitions
Strength of materials - Stress terms. Stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balances and reacts to the loads...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hooke's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hooke's Law - Spring Equation
The most commonly encountered form of Hooke's law is probably the spring equation, which relates the force exerted by a spring to the dis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centripetal Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Centripetal Force - Derivation
Simply use a polar coordinate system, assume a constant radius, and take two derivatives. Let r(t) be a vector that describes the positio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stainless Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Stainless Steel - Corrosion
Even a high-quality alloy can corrode under certain conditions. Because these modes of corrosion are more exotic and their immediate resu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Force - Quantitative Definition
In physics models, the point-like system is used, where objects are represented as one-dimensional points at their centre of mass. The on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hooke's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hooke's Law - Spring Equation
The most commonly encountered form of Hooke's law is probably the spring equation, which relates the force exerted by a spring to the dis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Types Of Dams
Dams may be classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hooke's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hooke's Law - Generalized Hooke's Law
When working a with three-dimensional stress state, a 4th order tensor (cijkl) containing 81 elastic coefficients must be defined to link...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stainless Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Stainless Steel - Types Of Stainless Steel
There are different types of stainless steels: when nickel, for instance is added the austenite structure of iron is stabilized. This cry...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stainless Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Stainless Steel - History
A few corrosion-resistant iron artifacts survive from antiquity. A famous (and very large) example is the Iron Pillar of Delhi, erected b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hooke's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Hooke's Law - Zero-length Springs
Hooke's law does not apply in some special physical conditions. In 1932 Lucien LaCoste invented the zero-length spring. A zero-length spr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Examples Of Dams
Dam - Failed dams. Baldwin Hills Dam - 1963 Banqiao and Shimantan Dams - 1975 Big Bay Dam, Mississippi - 2004 Buffalo Creek Flood - 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis - Constant Angular Speed
The simplest case of rotation around a fixed axis is that of constant angular speed. The total torque is zero: in e.g. the case of the ro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Other Considerations
The best place for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis: Encyclopedia Ii - Rotation Around A Fixed Axis - Vectors
According to the right-hand rule, moving away from the observer is associated with clockwise rotation and moving towards the observer wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Environmental Impacts
(Source: Canadian Geographic) More than half of the world’s large rivers have been dammed, regulating and flooding approximately 400,00...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Examples Of Dams
Dam - Failed dams. South Fork Dam - 1889 St. Francis Dam, Los Angeles, California - 1928 Malpasset, Côte d'Azur, France - 1959 Vajont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Spillways
A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have flood...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Spillways
A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have flood...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Force - Units Of Measurement
The SI unit used to measure force is the newton (symbol N), which is equivalent to kg·m·s−2. Force - Non-SI units of force and mass....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Force - Forces In The Laboratory
Force - Founding experiments. Galileo Galilei used rolling balls to disprove the Aristotelian theory of motion (1602 - 1607) Henry Cav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Other Considerations
The best place for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Force - Forces In Theory
The total (Newtonian) force, in newtons, on an object at any given time is defined as the rate of change of the object's velocity multipl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Force - Properties Of Force
Because momentum is a vector, then force, being its time derivative, is also a vector - it has magnitude and direction. Forces can be add...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Centripetal Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Centripetal Force - Formula
The centripetal acceleration is given by By Newton's second law of motion, as there is an acceleration there has to be a force in the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Force: Encyclopedia Ii - Force - Types Of Force
There are four known fundamental forces in nature. Nuclear forces acting between subatomic particles Electromagnetic forces between elec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Environmental Impacts
(Source: Canadian Geographic) More than half of the world’s large rivers have been dammed, regulating and flooding approximately 400,00...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dam: Encyclopedia Ii - Dam - Examples Of Dams
Dam - Failed dams. South Fork Dam - 1889 St. Francis Dam - 1928 Malpasset - 1959 Vajont Dam - 1961 Baldwin Hills Dam - 1963 Buffalo Cr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strength Of Materials: Encyclopedia Ii - Strength Of Materials - Stress - Strain Relations
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its previous shape after stress is released. In some materials, the relation between...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stainless Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Stainless Steel - Properties
Stainless steels have higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in many natural and man made environments, however, it is impor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tensile Strength: Encyclopedia Ii - Tensile Strength - Typical Tensile Strengths
Some typical tensile strengths of some materials: (Source: A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund and J.D. Todd, "Engineering Tables and Data" p41) Si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fracture Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Fracture Mechanics - Short Summary
Arising from the manufacturing process, interior and surface flaws are found in all metal structures. Not all such flaws are unstable und...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fracture Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Fracture Mechanics - The Need For Fracture Mechanics
Engineering structures often contain cracks - arising either during production or during serevice (e.g. from Fatigue (material)). These c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fracture Mechanics: Encyclopedia Ii - Fracture Mechanics - Griffith's Crack Theory: Strain Energy Release Rate G
Fracture Mechanics was invented during World War I by English aeronautical engineer, A.A.Griffith, to explain the failure of brittle mate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Stainless Steel: Encyclopedia Ii - Stainless Steel - Commercial Value Of Stainless Steel
Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, relative inexpense, and familiar luster make it an ideal base ma...   » Read the article