In solid mechanics, Young's modulus (also known as the modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. It is defined as the limit for small strains of the rate of change of stress with strain. This can be experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile tests conducted on a sample of the material. Young's modulus is named after Thomas Young the English physicist, physician, and Egyptologist. Young's modulus - Units. Including:

Young's modulus - Units Young's modulus - Usage
Young's modulus - Linear vs non-linear Young's modulus - Directional materials
Young's modulus - Calculation
Young's modulus - Tension Young's modulus - Elastic potential energy
Young's modulus - Approximate values

Read more here: » Young's modulus: Encyclopedia - Young's modulus

Read more here: » Compressive stress: Encyclopedia - Compressive stress

Tension may mean: In physics, tension is a force on a body directed to produce strain (extension); it can be considered to be negative compression. It is measured in according units (newton, dynes, pounds-force, etc). Tension is the dominant static force acting on such objects as a vibrating string or a stretched rubber band. Hooke's law states the relation between the stress on an object and the resultant increase in its length. The modulus of elasticity of a spring or elastic string can be use ...

Read more here: » Tension: Encyclopedia - Tension

Stress has different meanings in different fields: Stress (physics); see also tensile stress, shear stress and pressure. Stress (medicine), medical or psychological stress. Stress (band), the rock band from the late 1980's. Stress (linguistics) in linguistics (phonology). Beat (music), stressed and unstressed musical beats. Link stress, see network theory. Population stress, see overpopulation. Moisture stress or plant stress is the result of depriving

Read more here: » Stress: Encyclopedia - Stress

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength. Compare tensile strength. See also. Buckling Compression Compressive stress Deformation Strength of materials Category: Materials science ...

Read more here: » Compressive strength: Encyclopedia - Compressive strength

In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure consisting of straight slender members inter-connected at joints into triangular units. Truss - History. The earliest trusses were made out of timber. The Greeks used truss construction for their dewllings. In 1570, Andrea Palladio published I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, which contained instructions for wooden trusses bridges. Truss bridge, Lattice bridge, utilizing a truss form that allows the use ...

Including:

Truss - History Truss - Statics of trusses
Truss - Vierendeel truss
Truss - Analysis of trusses
Truss - Forces in members Truss - Design of members Truss - Design of joints

Read more here: » Truss: Encyclopedia - Truss

An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight (e.g. a doorway in a stone wall). The arch was developed in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Egypt and Etruria. It was later refined in Ancient Rome. The arch became an important technique in cathedral building and is still used today in some modern structures as for example in bridges. Arch - Technical aspects. The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in s ...

Including:

Arch - Technical aspects Arch - Construction Arch - History Arch - Other types

Read more here: » Arch: Encyclopedia - Arch

The various definitions of tensile strength are shown in the the following stress-strain graph for low-carbon steel: Steel has a very linear stress-strain relationship up to a sharply defined yield point, as shown in the figure. For stresses below this yield strength all deformation is recoverable, and the material will relax into its initial shape when the load is removed. For stresses above the yield point, a portion of the deformation is not recoverable, and the material will not relax into its initial shape. This unrecoverable def ...

See also:

Tensile strength, Tensile strength - Concept, Tensile strength - Typical tensile strengths, Tensile strength - Sources, Tensile strength - Further information, Tensile strength - External links

Read more here: » Tensile strength: Encyclopedia II - Tensile strength - Concept

Plastic deformation induces a residual compressive stress in a peened surface, along with tensile stress in the interior. This stress state resembles the one seen in toughened glass, and is useful for similar reasons. Surface compressive stresses confer resistance to metal fatigue and to some forms of corrosion. The tensile stresses deep in the part are not as problematic as tensile stresses on the surface because crack ...

See also:

Peening, Peening - Residual stress, Peening - Work hardening

Read more here: » Peening: Encyclopedia II - Peening - Residual stress

The idea of stress originates in two simple, but important, observations of the loading (in tension) of a one-dimensional body, for example, a steel wire. When a wire is pulled tight, it stretches (undergoes strain). Up to a certain limit, the amount it stretches is proportional to the load divided by the cross-sectional area of the wire, σ = F/A. Failure occurs when the load exceeds a critical value for the material, the tensile strength multiplied by the cross-sectional area ...

See also:

Stress physics, Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies, Stress physics - Cauchy's principle, Stress physics - Plane stress, Stress physics - Principal stresses, Stress physics - Mohr's circle, Stress physics - Stress in three dimensions, Stress physics - Stress tensor, Stress physics - Generalized notation, Stress physics - Why is stress a symmetric tensor?, Stress physics - Stress measurement, Stress physics - Units, Stress physics - Residual stress, Stress physics - Books

Read more here: » Stress physics: Encyclopedia II - Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies

The idea of stress originates in two simple, but important, observations of the loading (in tension) of a one-dimensional body, for example, a steel wire. When a wire is pulled tight, it stretches (undergoes strain). Up to a certain limit, the amount it stretches is proportional to the load divided by the cross-sectional area of the wire, σ = F/A. Failure occurs when the load exceeds a critical value for the material, the tensile strength multiplied by the cross-sectional area ...

See also:

Stress physics, Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies, Stress physics - Cauchy's principle, Stress physics - Plane stress, Stress physics - Principal stresses, Stress physics - Mohr's circle, Stress physics - Stress in three dimensions, Stress physics - Stress tensor, Stress physics - Generalized notation, Stress physics - Stress measurement, Stress physics - Units, Stress physics - Residual stress, Stress physics - Books

Read more here: » Stress physics: Encyclopedia II - Stress physics - Stress in one-dimensional bodies

During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain physical and chemical properties, among others, mechanical strength, low permeability to ingress of moisture, and chemical and volume stability. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but significantly lower tensile strength (about 10% of the compressive strength). As a result, concrete always fails from tensile stresses - even when loaded in compression. The practical implication of these facts is that concrete elements that are subjected to tensile stresses must ...

See also:

Concrete, Concrete - History, Concrete - Characteristics, Concrete - Cracking, Concrete - Additives, Concrete - Workability, Concrete - Self compacting concretes, Concrete - Shotcrete / sprayed concrete, Concrete - External link

Read more here: » Concrete: Encyclopedia II - Concrete - Characteristics

Fracture - Brittle fracture. In brittle fracture, no plastic deformation takes place before fracture. In brittle single crystals, cleavage fracture occurs as the result of tensile stress acting normal to any of a crystal's cleavage planes. In amorphous solids, by contrast, a lack of crystallinity means that any direction may be considered a cleavage plane; the result is a conchoidal fracture, with cracks proceeding normal to the applied tension. Recently, scientists have discovered supersonic fractu ...

See also:

Fracture, Fracture - Types of fracture, Fracture - Brittle fracture, Fracture - Ductile fracture, Fracture - Bibliography

Read more here: » Fracture: Encyclopedia II - Fracture - Types of fracture

Ultimate strength is an attribute directly related to a material, rather than just specific specimen of the material, and as such is quoted force per unit of cross section area (N / m2). For example, Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of mild steel is 470MegaN / m2. It is useful to remember that 1P< ...

See also:

Strength of materials, Strength of materials - Definitions, Strength of materials - Stress terms, Strength of materials - Strength terms, Strength of materials - Strain - deformation terms, Strength of materials - Stress - strain relations, Strength of materials - Design terms, Strength of materials - Suggested reading

Read more here: » Strength of materials: Encyclopedia II - Strength of materials - Design terms

The Warlock's Wheel was constructed by the Warlock as an experiment to determine whether the supply of mana powering magic was limited. It consists of a copper disc with two enchantments placed on it. One endows the disc with virtually infinite tensile strength, while the other gives it a spin that accelerates without limit, putting it under ever-increasing structural stress. These effects continue until the local supply of mana is exhausted. See also:

The Magic Goes Away, The Magic Goes Away - Main Characters, The Magic Goes Away - Other characters, The Magic Goes Away - The Golden Road, The Magic Goes Away - Magical Creatures, The Magic Goes Away - Gods, The Magic Goes Away - The Warlock's Wheel, The Magic Goes Away - Variants of the device, The Magic Goes Away - Consequences of the experiment, The Magic Goes Away - Stories set in The Warlock's Era, The Magic Goes Away - References in other literature

Read more here: » The Magic Goes Away: Encyclopedia II - The Magic Goes Away - The Warlock's Wheel

In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be rigid, it must be composed entirely of triangles. In mathematical terms, we have the following necessary condition for stability: where m is the total number of truss members and j is the total number of joints. When m = 2j − 3, the truss is said to be statically determinate because the (m+3) internal member forces and support reactions can then be completely determined by 2j ...

See also:

Truss, Truss - History, Truss - Statics of trusses, Truss - Vierendeel truss, Truss - Analysis of trusses, Truss - Forces in members, Truss - Design of members, Truss - Design of joints

Read more here: » Truss: Encyclopedia II - Truss - Statics of trusses

The analysis assumes that loads are applied to joints only, not to the members. The estimated weights of bars are either omitted or, if required, they are applied to the joints (a half of the weight to each of the bar joints). As long as loads are applied only at the joints of a truss, and the joints act like "hinges", every member of the truss is in pure compression or pure tension -- shear, bending moments, and other more complex stresses are all practically zero. This makes trusses easier to analyze. This also makes trusses physically str ...

See also:

Truss, Truss - History, Truss - Statics of trusses, Truss - Vierendeel truss, Truss - Analysis of trusses, Truss - Forces in members, Truss - Design of members, Truss - Design of joints

Read more here: » Truss: Encyclopedia II - Truss - Analysis of trusses

The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning an open space. All the forces are resolved into compressive stresses. This is useful because several of the available building materials such as stone, cast iron and concrete can strongly resist compression but are very weak when tension, shear or torsional stress is applied to them. By using the arch configuration, significant spans can be achieved. This same principle holds when the force acting on the arch is not vertical such as in spanning a doorway, but horizontal, ...

See also:

Arch, Arch - Technical aspects, Arch - Construction, Arch - History, Arch - Other types

Read more here: » Arch: Encyclopedia II - Arch - Technical aspects

The full theory of elasticity is too complicated for routine design work. To simplify it, B-E beam theory makes six assumptions which are approximately true for most beams: The beam is long and slender. length >> width length >> depth therefore tensile/compressive stresses perpendicular to the beam are much smaller than tensile/compressive stresses parallel to the beam. The beam cross-section is constant along its axis. The beam is loaded in its plane of symmet ...

See also:

Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - History, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Assumptions, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Predictions, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Definitions, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Final equations, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Derivation, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Practical simplifications, Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Extensions

Read more here: » Euler-Bernoulli beam equation: Encyclopedia II - Euler-Bernoulli beam equation - Assumptions

In the case of a spinning object, internal tensile stress provides the centripetal force that keeps the object together. A rigid body model neglects the accompanying strain. If the body is not rigid this strain constitutes a change of shape. This is also expressed as changing shape due to the "centrifugal force". Celestial bodies rotating about each other often have elliptic orbits. The special case of a circular orbits is an example of a rotation around a fixed axis: this axis is the line through the center of mass perp ...

See also:

Rotation around a fixed axis, Rotation around a fixed axis - Speed of rotation angular acceleration and torque, Rotation around a fixed axis - Vectors, Rotation around a fixed axis - Centripetal force, Rotation around a fixed axis - Constant angular speed

Read more here: » Rotation around a fixed axis: Encyclopedia II - Rotation around a fixed axis - Centripetal force