A teleological argument (or a design argument) is an argument for the existence of God or a creator based on perceived evidence of design in nature. The word "teleological" is derived from the Greek word telos, meaning end or purpose. Teleology, the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature, is concerned only with natural phenomena and is thus distinct from similar arguments such as the formerly common argument that extraterrestrials built the Egyptian pyr ...

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Teleological argument - The argument Teleological argument - Objections and counter-argument
Teleological argument - First and Second premise Teleological argument - Third premise
Teleological argument - History
Teleological argument - The watch argument Teleological argument - The eye argument Teleological argument - The anthropic principle
Teleological argument - Controversy Teleological argument - References and further reading

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Teleological argument, Teleological argument - The argument, Teleological argument - Objections and counter-argument, Teleological argument - First and Second premise, Teleological argument - Third premise, Teleological argument - History, Teleological argument - The watch argument, Teleological argument - The eye argument, Teleological argument - The anthropic principle, Teleological argument - Controversy, Teleological argument - References and further reading

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Although there are variations, the basic argument goes something like this: X is too complex to have occurred randomly or naturally. Therefore, X must have been created by an intelligent being. God is that intelligent being. Therefore, God exists. (Alternatively more than one intelligent being must have created X; therefore more than one creator, (i ...

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Teleological argument, Teleological argument - The argument, Teleological argument - Objections and counter-argument, Teleological argument - First and Second premise, Teleological argument - Third premise, Teleological argument - History, Teleological argument - The watch argument, Teleological argument - The eye argument, Teleological argument - The anthropic principle, Teleological argument - Controversy, Teleological argument - References and further reading

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Argumentative is an evidentiary objection raised in response to a question which prompts a witness to draw inferences from facts of the case. An argumentative objection is raised as "badgering the witness." Often, argumentative questions do not seek to estable additional facts or check the reliability of existing facts. Instead, they are meant only to cause a witness to argue with the examiner. An "argumentative" objection is of ...

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Argumentative - Examples of argumentative questions

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An argument is a collected series of statements to establish a definite proposition, and may refer to: logical argument, a demonstration of a proof, or using logical reasoning for persuasion oral argument, a verbal presentation to a judge by a lawyer verb argument, a phrase in a sentence that qualifies a verb heuristic argument, a proof or demonstration relying on experimental results, or one which is not fully rigorous ontological argument, a proof by intuition or reason of the existen ...

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The cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God. It is also known as the first cause argument for the existence of God, or the prime mover argument. There are three versions of this argument: the argument from causation in esse, the argument from causation in fieri, and the argument from contingency. Cosmological argument - Origins of the argument. Thomas Aquinas, the most famous philosopher of the Middle Ages, adapted an argument he found in his reading of Aris ...

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Cosmological argument - Origins of the argument Cosmological argument - The argument
Cosmological argument - A more detailed version of the argument
Cosmological argument - Critique and Objections
Cosmological argument - Scientific positions

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Teleology is the supposition that there is design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the works and processes of nature, and the philosophical study of that purpose. Teleology stands in contrast to philosophical naturalism, and both ask questions separate from the questions of science. While science investigates natural laws and phenomena, Philosophical naturalism and teleology investigate the existence or non-existence of an organizing principle behind those natural laws and phenonema. Philosophical naturalism asserts that there are no su ...

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Teleology - Classical Greek teleology Teleology - Extrinsic and intrinsic finality Teleology - Teleology and modern philosophy

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In theology and the philosophy of religion, an ontological argument for the existence of God is an argument that God's existence can be proved a priori, that is, by intuition and reason alone. In the context of the Abrahamic religions, it was first proposed by the medieval philosopher Anselm of Canterbury in his Proslogion, and important variations have been developed by philosophers such as René Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, Norman Malcolm, Charles Hartshorne, and Alvin Plantinga. A modal logic versi ...

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Ontological argument - Anselm's argument Ontological argument - Philosophical assumptions underlying the argument Ontological argument - A modern description of the argument Ontological argument - Criticisms and Objections
Ontological argument - Gaunilo's island Ontological argument - Necessary nonexistence Ontological argument - Existence as a property Ontological argument - Miscellaneous
Ontological argument - Revisionists Ontological argument - Descartes' ontological arguments Ontological argument - Plantinga's modal form and contemporary discussion Ontological argument - Bibliography

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The argument from morality is one of several arguments for the existence of God. These arguments fall under the larger category of philosophy of religion. Argument from morality - The argument. Moral law requires a moral lawgiver. There is a moral law. There must be a moral lawgiver. (from 1 and 2) This moral lawgiver is God. The two premises must, of course, be defended separately. However, usually this argument is employed against those (the great majority of ...

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Argument from morality - The argument Argument from morality - Criticisms
Argument from morality - Logical flaws Argument from morality - Contrary evidence Argument from morality - Responses and counter-responses
Argument from morality - Counterarguments

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A syntactic verb argument, in linguistics, is a phrase that appears in a relationship with the verb in a proposition. Typical syntactic arguments are the subject and the direct object, which are usually termed "core arguments". Arguments can be optional or compulsory. The core arguments are compulsory. If a verb has one core argument (the subject), it's intransitive; if it has two, it's transitive. Some verbs (like English give) have three core arguments (the third is an indirect object). The number of c ...

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Verb argument - Semantic verb arguments

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Many arguments for the existence of God have been made over the years. Arguments for the existence of God - Arguments for the necessity of God. These arguments can be classified under two headings. First are the strictly logical or metaphysical arguments; these arguments seek to prove that the existence of a being with at least one attribute that only God could have is logically necessary. Arguments for the existence of God - Metaphysical arguments. The chief such argumen ...

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Arguments for the existence of God - Arguments for the necessity of God
Arguments for the existence of God - Metaphysical arguments Arguments for the existence of God - Empirical arguments
Arguments for the existence of God - Arguments for the belief in God Arguments for the existence of God - The theological status of the arguments

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Arguments for eternity composed a particularly important area of philosophical debate among Greek, Jewish, Islamic, and Christian philosophers during the ancient and medieval periods. The foremost philosopher arguing for eternity was Aristotle. Those ascribing to Creationism ex nihilo (that is, creation from nothing) challenged these arguments for eternity, and held instead that God created the universe, so that the universe had a definite beginning in time. Arguments for eternity - From the nature of the physical ...

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Arguments for eternity - From the nature of the physical world
Arguments for eternity - Indirect proofs
Arguments for eternity - Sources

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In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) states that if f(z) is a meromorphic function inside and on some closed contour C, with f having no zeros or poles on C, then the following formula holds where N and P denote respectively the number of zeros and poles of f(z) inside the contour C, with each zero and pole counted as many times as its multiplicity and order respectively. This theorem assumes that the contour C is simple, that is, without self- ...

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Argument principle - Proof Argument principle - Consequences

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The Witness argument is an argument that is meant to help prove the existence of God based on the fact that many people have claimed to have personal experience with God. Other related archivesargument that is meant to help prove the existence of God

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The Christological argument for the existence of God is a relatively modern argument. It is an indirect argument based on the claims of Jesus Christ. That is, if one accepts that Jesus existed, that the Biblical account of Jesus is largely true, that Jesus' claims are valid, and that Jesus claims God exists, one should accept God exists. Modern evangelism often takes this approach. Potential converts are introduced to Jesus as a historical character and the merits of Jesus's teachings are discussed. In such a context, the histo ...

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The argument from ignorance, also known as argumentum ad ignorantiam or argument by lack of imagination, is the assertion that if something is currently inexplicable to some people, then it did not (or could not) happen, or that if evidence of something has not been scientifically proven to their satisfaction, then it cannot exist. "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence" is an adage used to explain that one's own "ignorance" (or, one's "absence of evidence") does not disprove anything (or, "is not evidence of absence"). In other words, mere personal belief, poor logic, ...

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Argument from ignorance - Description Argument from ignorance - Examples Argument from ignorance - Law Argument from ignorance - Science

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The argument of the perihelion is one of the orbital elements describing a body in a Sun-centered orbit (e.g., a planet). It is the angle between the ascending node and the perihelion, measured in the orbital plane. Adding it to the longitude of the ascending node gives the longitude of perihelion of the body in its orbit around the Sun. An argument of perihelion of 0° means that the body will be at perihelion right when it crosses the ecliptic from South to North. An argument of perihelion of 90° means that the body will be at peri ...

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An argument in literature is a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work. It is often appended to the beginning of each chapter, book, or canto. They were common during the Renaissance as a way to orient a reader within a large work. John Milton included arguments for each of the twelve book of the second edition of Paradise Lost, published in 1674 (the original ten-book edition of 1667 did not include them). They present a concise but often simplified account of what happens in t ...

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Argumentation theory, or argumentation, is the science of effective civil debate or dialogue and the effective propagation thereof, using rules of inference and logic, as applied in the real world setting. Argumentation is concerned primarily with reaching conclusions through logical reasoning based on certain premises. Although including debate and negotiation which are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable conclusions, argumentation theory also encompasses the branch of social debate in which victory over an opponent is the pr ...

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Argumentation theory - Links on argumentation theory

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Cantor's diagonal argument is a proof devised by Georg Cantor to demonstrate that the real numbers are not countably infinite. (It is also called the diagonalization argument or the diagonal slash argument or the diagonal method.) The diagonal argument was not Cantor's first proof of the uncountability of the real numbers, but was published three years after his first proof. His original argument did not mention decimal expansions, nor any other numeral system. Since this technique was first used, si ...

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Cantor's diagonal argument - Real numbers Cantor's diagonal argument - Why this does not work on integers Cantor's diagonal argument - General sets

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