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technetium | A Wisdom Archive on technetium | | technetium A selection of articles related to technetium | |
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technetium
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO technetium | | | |  technetium: Encyclopedia II - Chemical element - Chemistry terminologyEarlier an element or pure element was defined as a substance which "cannot be further broken down into another compound with different chemical properties" -- which should be taken to mean it consists of atoms of one element. However, due to allotropy, the isotope effect, and the confusion with the more useful term referring to the general class of atoms (irrespective of what compound it may be in), this usage is in disfavor amongst contemporary chemists, and sees restricted, mostly historical, use. This definition was motivat ...
See also:Chemical element, Chemical element - Chemistry terminology, Chemical element - Description, Chemical element - Nomenclature, Chemical element - Chemical symbols, Chemical element - Specific chemical elements, Chemical element - General chemical symbols, Chemical element - Nonelement symbols Read more here: » Chemical element: Encyclopedia II - Chemical element - Chemistry terminology |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Superconductivity - History of superconductivity Main article : History of superconductivity
Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistivity of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures using the recently-discovered liquid helium as a refrigerant. At the temperature of 4.2 K, he observed that the resistivity abruptly disappeared. For this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913.
In subsequent decades, superconductivity was found in several other materials. In 1913, lead was found to superconduct at 7 ...
See also:Superconductivity, Superconductivity - Elementary properties of superconductors, Superconductivity - Zero electrical dc resistance, Superconductivity - Superconducting phase transition, Superconductivity - Meissner effect, Superconductivity - Theories of superconductivity, Superconductivity - History of superconductivity, Superconductivity - Technological applications of superconductivity, Superconductivity - Superconductors in science fiction Read more here: » Superconductivity: Encyclopedia II - Superconductivity - History of superconductivity |
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| | | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Superconductivity - Superconductors in science fiction Superconductivity has long been a staple of science fiction. One of the first mentions of the phenomenon occurred in Robert A. Heinlein's novel Beyond This Horizon (1942). Notably, the use of a fictional room temperature superconductor was a major plot point in the Ringworld novels by Larry Niven, first published in 1970.
Superconductivity is a popular device in science fiction due to the simplicity of the underlying concept - zero electrical resistance - and the rich technological possibilities. For example, superconduc ...
See also:Superconductivity, Superconductivity - Elementary properties of superconductors, Superconductivity - Zero electrical dc resistance, Superconductivity - Superconducting phase transition, Superconductivity - Meissner effect, Superconductivity - Theories of superconductivity, Superconductivity - History of superconductivity, Superconductivity - Technological applications of superconductivity, Superconductivity - Superconductors in science fiction Read more here: » Superconductivity: Encyclopedia II - Superconductivity - Superconductors in science fiction |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Sellafield - Controversy The site has been the subject of much controversy because of discharges of radioactive material, mainly accidental but some alleged to have been deliberate.
In the hasty effort to build the 'British Bomb' in the 1940s and 1950s, radioactive waste was diluted and discharged by pipeline into the Irish Sea. Some claim that the Irish Sea remains one of the most heavily contaminated seas in the world because of these discharges, although the relatively small size of the sea will also contribute to this. (1) claims that 250 kg of plutonium ...
See also:Sellafield, Sellafield - History, Sellafield - Windscale, Sellafield - The Windscale Piles, Sellafield - The B204 reprocessing plant, Sellafield - Calder Hall nuclear power station, Sellafield - The Windscale fire, Sellafield - Windscale Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor WAGR, Sellafield - Magnox reprocessing plant, Sellafield - Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant, Sellafield - The Beach Incident, Sellafield - The Vitrification Plant, Sellafield - The Sellafield MOX Plant, Sellafield - 2005 Thorp plant leak, Sellafield - Sellafield and the local community, Sellafield - Sellafield Visitors Centre, Sellafield - Controversy, Sellafield - Leukemia risks, Sellafield - Irish objections, Sellafield - Norwegian objections, Sellafield - Plutonium records discrepency, Sellafield - Sellafield in art Read more here: » Sellafield: Encyclopedia II - Sellafield - Controversy |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Chemical element - Description The atomic number of an element, Z, is equal to the number of protons which defines the element. For example, all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their nucleus, so for carbon Z=6. These atoms may have different amounts of neutrons, and are known as isotopes of the element. The atomic mass of an element, A, is measured in unified atomic mass units (u) is the average mass of all the atoms of the element in an environment of interest (usually the earth's crust and atmosphere). Since electrons are light, and neutrons are barely m ...
See also:Chemical element, Chemical element - Chemistry terminology, Chemical element - Description, Chemical element - Nomenclature, Chemical element - Chemical symbols, Chemical element - Specific chemical elements, Chemical element - General chemical symbols, Chemical element - Nonelement symbols Read more here: » Chemical element: Encyclopedia II - Chemical element - Description |
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| | | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used
Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate.
The bismuth phosphate process is a very old process which adds lots of material to the final highly active waste, it was replaced by solvent extraction processes. The process was designed to extract plutonium from aluminium clad uranium metal fuel. The fuel was declad by boiling it in caustic soda, after decladding the uranium metal was dissolved in nitric acid. The plutonium at this point is in the +4 oxidation state, it was then precipitated by the addition of bi ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use
Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX.
This process can be used to recover weapon-grade materials from spent nuclear reactor fuel, and as such, its component chemicals are monitored. PUREX is an acronym standing for Plutonium and Uranium Recovery by EXtraction. The PUREX process is a liquid-liquid extraction method used to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, in order to extract uranium and ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - History The first large-scale nuclear reactors were built during World War II. These reactors were designed for the production of plutonium for use in nuclear weapons. The only reprocessing required, therefore, was the extraction of the Plutonium, free from fission product contamination, from the spent natural uranium fuel. In 1943, several methods were proposed for separating the relatively small quantity of plutonium from the uranium and fission products. The first method selected, a precipitation process called the Bismuth Phosphate process, was developed and tested at ORNL in the 1943-1945 period to produce quantities of pluto ...
See also:Nuclear reprocessing, Nuclear reprocessing - History, Nuclear reprocessing - Spent nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - Old Methods which are no longer used, Nuclear reprocessing - Bismuth phosphate, Nuclear reprocessing - Hexone or Redox, Nuclear reprocessing - Butex ββ'-dibutyoxydiethyl ether, Nuclear reprocessing - Current methods which are in use, Nuclear reprocessing - PUREX, Nuclear reprocessing - Possible methods for future use, Nuclear reprocessing - Aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Non aqueous methods, Nuclear reprocessing - Economics of reprocessing nuclear fuel, Nuclear reprocessing - list of nuclear reprocessing sites Read more here: » Nuclear reprocessing: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear reprocessing - History |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve If a graph of the mass or mole yield of fission products against the atomic mass of the fragments is drawn then it has two peaks, one in the area strontium through to palladium and one at iodine through to neodymium. This is due to the fact that the fission event causes the nucleus to split in an asymmetric manner.[1]
Yield vs. Z - This is a typical distribution for the fission of uranium. Please note in the calculations used to make this graph the activation of fission products was ignored and the fission was assumed to occur in a single moment rather than a length of time. In this bar chart results are ...
See also:Fission product, Fission product - Physical process of nuclear fission, Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve, Fission product - FPs in power reactors, Fission product - Fission products listed according to atomic number, Fission product - Krypton, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Zirconium, Fission product - Molybdenum, Fission product - Technetium, Fission product - Ruthenium, Fission product - Rhodium, Fission product - Palladium, Fission product - Tellurium-132, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Xenon, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Barium, Fission product - Lanthanides Lanthanum cerium neodymium and samarium, Fission product - Countermeasures against the worst fission products found in accident fallout, Fission product - Iodine, Fission product - Cesium, Fission product - Strontium, Fission product - Fission products within the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle Read more here: » Fission product: Encyclopedia II - Fission product - Mass vs. yield curve |
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| | | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System The Solar System was created from the remnants of previous stellar systems that went supernova, and is hence, relative to the rest of the universe, richer in heavier elements.
Population I stars contain significant amounts of elements heavier than helium ("metals", in the terminology of astronomers). These heavy elements were produced by earlier generations of stars and spread by supernova explosions ...
See also:Abundance of the chemical elements, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Abundance of the chemical elements - Ocean, Abundance of the chemical elements - Atmosphere, Abundance of the chemical elements - Organisms, Abundance of the chemical elements - Human body Read more here: » Abundance of the chemical elements: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the known Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are orders of magnitude less common.
Both helium-3 and helium-4 were produced in the Big Bang. Additional helium is produced by the fusion of hydrogen inside stellar cores, via a process called the proton-proton chain.
Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 80% and 20% of all the m ...
See also:Abundance of the chemical elements, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Solar System, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth, Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Abundance of the chemical elements - Ocean, Abundance of the chemical elements - Atmosphere, Abundance of the chemical elements - Organisms, Abundance of the chemical elements - Human body Read more here: » Abundance of the chemical elements: Encyclopedia II - Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundance of elements in the Universe |
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| | | | | | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Gamma ray - History Gamma rays were discovered by the French chemist and physicist, Paul Ulrich Villard in 1900 while he was studying uranium. Working in the chemistry department of the École Normale in rue d'Ulm, Paris with self-constructed equipment, he found that the rays were not bent by a magnetic field.
For a time, it was assumed that gamma rays were particles. The fact that they were rays was demonstrated by the British Physicist, William Henry Bragg in 1910 when he showed that the rays io ...
See also:Gamma ray, Gamma ray - Shielding, Gamma ray - Interaction with matter, Gamma ray - Uses, Gamma ray - History, Gamma ray - Culture Read more here: » Gamma ray: Encyclopedia II - Gamma ray - History |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Niobium - History Niobium (Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus) was discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. Hatchett found niobium in columbite ore that was sent to England in the 1750s by John Winthrop, the first governor of Connecticut. There was a considerable amount of confusion about the difference between the closely-related niobium and tantalum that wasn't resolved until 1846 by Heinrich Rose and Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, who rediscovered the element. Since Rose was unaware of Hatchett's work, he gave the element a different n ...
See also:Niobium, Niobium - Notable characteristics, Niobium - Applications, Niobium - History, Niobium - Occurrence, Niobium - Isotopes, Niobium - Precautions Read more here: » Niobium: Encyclopedia II - Niobium - History |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear medicine - Types of studies A typical nuclear medicine study involves administration of a radionuclide into the body by injection in liquid or aggregate form, inhalation in gaseous form or, rarely, injection of a radionuclide that has undergone micro-encapsulation. Some specialist studies require the labeling of a patient's own cells with a radionuclide (lymphocyte scintigraphy and red cell scintigraphy). Most diagnostic radionuclides emit gamma rays, while the cell-damaging properties of beta particles are used in therapeutic applications. Refined radionuclides for us ...
See also:Nuclear medicine, Nuclear medicine - Diagnostic tests, Nuclear medicine - Types of studies, Nuclear medicine - Administration of radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear medicine - Imaging equipment, Nuclear medicine - Analysis, Nuclear medicine - Radiation dose, Nuclear medicine - Reference Read more here: » Nuclear medicine: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear medicine - Types of studies |
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| | | | | technetium: Encyclopedia II - Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Laboratory
Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Blood tests.
A variety of blood tests are available for analyzing cholesterol transport behavior, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, lipoprotein little a, homocysteine, C-reactive protein, blood sugar control: fasting, after eating or averages using glycosylated albumen or hemoglobin, myoglobin, creatine kinase, troponin, brain-type natriuretic peptide, etc. to assess the evolution of coronary artery disease and evidence of existing damage. A great many more physiologic markers related to atherosclerosis a ...
See also:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Bedside, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - History, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Auscultation, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Laboratory, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Blood tests, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Electrophysiology, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Electrocardiogram, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Holter monitor, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Event monitor, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Cardiac stress testing, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Medical imaging, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Coronary catheterization, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Echocardiogram, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Intravascular ultrasound, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Positron emission tomography, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Computed axial tomography, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Magnetic resonance imaging, Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Related topics Read more here: » Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures: Encyclopedia II - Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures - Laboratory |
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