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Tatarstan | A Wisdom Archive on Tatarstan | | Tatarstan A selection of articles related to Tatarstan | |
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tatarstan, Tatarstan, Tatarstan - Administrative divisions, Tatarstan - Culture, Tatarstan - Demographics, Tatarstan - Economy, Tatarstan - Education, Tatarstan - Geography, Tatarstan - History, Tatarstan - Miscellaneous, Tatarstan - Politics, Tatarstan - Religion, Tatarstan - Terminology, Tatarstan - Climate, Tatarstan - Lakes, Tatarstan - Middle Ages, Tatarstan - Modern times, Tatarstan - Natural resources, Tatarstan - Political status, Tatarstan - Rivers, Tatarstan - Tatarstan today, Tatarstan - Time zone, Tatars, List of Tatars, Music of Tatarstan
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Tatarstan | | | |  Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - List of Gulag camps - Construction works
List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet.
Alluvajsky CS and ITL (PL)
Jensky CS and ITL (PL)
Matkozensky CS and ITL (PL)
Yanstroy ITL of Dalstroy (PL)
184) ITL i Budowa Górnosamgorskiego Systemu Irygacyjnego,
194) ITL i Budowa Mstyjskich GES,((?)Mstizhi ({?} Mstizh, )
155) ITŁ Budowy Kombinatu nr 11,
156) ITŁ Budowy Kopalń Rudy Żelaza,
157) ITŁ Budowy Przedsiębiorstw Górniczo-Metalurgicznych,
158) ITŁ Budowy Przystani Połu ...
See also:List of Gulag camps, List of Gulag camps - Acronyms, List of Gulag camps - GULAG, List of Gulag camps - Construction works, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - A, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - B, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - C, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - D, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - G, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - I, List of Gulag camps - Not figured out yet, List of Gulag camps - K, List of Gulag camps - N, List of Gulag camps - R, List of Gulag camps - U Read more here: » List of Gulag camps: Encyclopedia II - List of Gulag camps - Construction works |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Chuvashia - Economy Chuvashia is Russia’s center for hops growing and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems. Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing.
Chuvashia - Transportation.
The transport network in Chuvashia is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic's system of roads, railr ...
See also:Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education Read more here: » Chuvashia: Encyclopedia II - Chuvashia - Economy |
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| | | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Russia - Islam today Relations between the Russian government and Muslim elements of the population have been marked by mistrust and suspicion. In 1992, for example, Sheikh Rawil Ghaynetdin, the imam of the Moscow mosque, complained that "our country [Russia] still retains the ideology of the tsarist empire, which believed that the Orthodox faith alone should be a privileged religion, that is, the state religion." The Russian government, for its part, fears the rise of political Islam of the violent sort that Russians witnessed in the 1980s firsthand in Afghanis ...
See also:Islam in Russia, Islam in Russia - History of Islam in Russia, Islam in Russia - Islam today Read more here: » Islam in Russia: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Russia - Islam today |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Santa Claus - Origins The modern Santa Claus is thought to be a composite character made up from the merging of quite separate figures.
Santa Claus - Ancient Christian origins.
The first of these is Saint Nicholas of Myra, a 4th century AD Christian bishop of Myra in Lycia, a province of Byzantine Anatolia, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. He was bor ...
See also:Santa Claus, Santa Claus - Origins, Santa Claus - Ancient Christian origins, Santa Claus - Germanic folklore, Santa Claus - Modern origins, Santa Claus - American origins, Santa Claus - Other possible origins, Santa Claus - Santa Claus rituals, Santa Claus - Christmas Eve rituals, Santa Claus - Letter writing, Santa Claus - Websites and e-mail, Santa Claus - Songs, Santa Claus - Santa Claus in shopping malls, Santa Claus - Santa Claus on film, Santa Claus - Origins in film, Santa Claus - Questioning and believing, Santa Claus - Santa as a hero, Santa Claus - Succession of Santas, Santa Claus - Impostor Santas, Santa Claus - Christian opposition to Santa Claus, Santa Claus - Christmas gift-bringers around the world, Santa Claus - Europe and North America, Santa Claus - Latin America, Santa Claus - East Asia, Santa Claus - Central Asia, Santa Claus - Africa and the Middle East, Santa Claus - Oceania Read more here: » Santa Claus: Encyclopedia II - Santa Claus - Origins |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Tatarstan - After the Russian invasion After 1552 the khanate was governed by Kazan Palace's Office formed in Moscow. In 1555 a bishop was appointed in Kazan with a mandate to baptize the Idel-Ural peoples. Many churches and monasteries were built, and Russian peasants and craftsmen were resettled within Tatarstan. At the same time ethnic Tatars were removed from Kazan proper as well as regions close to rivers and roads. Under pressure from the Russians many Tatars emigrated to the Upper Kama, Trans-Kama area, Bashkortostan, the Urals and Siberia during the 16th and 17th centurie ...
See also:History of Tatarstan, History of Tatarstan - Pre-history, History of Tatarstan - Turkic peoples, History of Tatarstan - Volga Bulgaria, History of Tatarstan - Mongol invasion, History of Tatarstan - Khanate of Kazan, History of Tatarstan - After the Russian invasion, History of Tatarstan - Revolution and Civilian War, History of Tatarstan - The Soviet rule, History of Tatarstan - Post-Soviet history Read more here: » History of Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Tatarstan - After the Russian invasion |
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| | | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Dungan - Culture The Dungan are primarily farmers, growing rice and vegetables such as sugar beets. Many also raise dairy cattle. In addition, some are involved in opium production. The Dungan tend to be endogamous.
The Dungan are famous for their hospitality and hold many ceremonies and banquets to preserve their culture. They have elaborate and colorful observances of birthdays, weddings, and funerals. In addition, schools have museums to preserve other parts of their culture, such as embroidery, traditional clothing, silver jewelry, paper cuts ...
See also:Dungan, Dungan - History, Dungan - Language, Dungan - Culture, Dungan - Religion, Dungan - External link Read more here: » Dungan: Encyclopedia II - Dungan - Culture |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Istanbul - History
Byzantium was the original name of the modern city of İstanbul. Byzantium was originally settled by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas. The name "Byzantium" is a transliteration of the original Greek name Βυζάντιον; (Demotic Modern Greek spells this Βυζάντιο, pronounced IPA /vi.ˈza.ⁿdjo/).
After siding with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus the city was besieged by Rome and suffered exten ...
See also:Istanbul, Istanbul - Etymology, Istanbul - History, Istanbul - Places to visit, Istanbul - Buildings and monuments, Istanbul - Markets neighborhoods and places, Istanbul - Seismic risk, Istanbul - Education, Istanbul - Transportation, Istanbul - Airports, Istanbul - Climate, Istanbul - Districts, Istanbul - Sister cities, Istanbul - Famous natives, Istanbul - Buildings and structures, Istanbul - Istanbul as capital of..., Istanbul - Football Teams, Istanbul - Basketball Teams Read more here: » Istanbul: Encyclopedia II - Istanbul - History |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society
Joseph Stalin - Industrialization.
Main article: Industrialization of the USSR.
The Russian Civil War and War communism had a devastating effect on the country's economy. Industrial output in 1922 was 13% of that in 1914. A recovery followed under the New Economic Policy, which allowed a degree of market flexibility within the context of socialism. Under Stalin's direction, this was replaced by a system of centrally ordained Five-Year Plans in the late 1920s. These called for a highly ambitious program of state-g ...
See also:Joseph Stalin, Joseph Stalin - Childhood and early years, Joseph Stalin - Marriages and family, Joseph Stalin - Rise to power, Joseph Stalin - Campaign against the Left and Right Opposition, Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society, Joseph Stalin - Industrialization, Joseph Stalin - Collectivization, Joseph Stalin - Science, Joseph Stalin - Social services, Joseph Stalin - Culture and religion, Joseph Stalin - Purges and deportations, Joseph Stalin - World War II, Joseph Stalin - Post-war era, Joseph Stalin - Stalin as theorist, Joseph Stalin - Death, Joseph Stalin - Cult of personality, Joseph Stalin - Policies and accomplishments, Joseph Stalin - Other names, Joseph Stalin - Stalin in arts, Joseph Stalin - Notes Read more here: » Joseph Stalin: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Stalin - Stalin and changes in Soviet society |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Bashkir language - Speakers The 1989 population census showed over 1,047,000 native speakers of the Bashkir language living in the USSR. Additional 26,737 claimed Bashkir to be their secondary language. Approximately 300,000 Bashkirs said that Tatar was their native language.
Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan, as well as in neighboring Tatarstan and Udmurtia. Substantial number of the speakers also live in Perm Krai and in Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, and Kurgan Oblasts. Large Bashkir minority g ...
See also:Bashkir language, Bashkir language - Speakers, Bashkir language - Alphabet and dialects Read more here: » Bashkir language: Encyclopedia II - Bashkir language - Speakers |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - History It is disputed when Kazan was founded by the Volga Bulgars, as written records for that period are sparse. Estimates range from the early 11th century to the late 13th century (see Iske Qazan). It was a block-post on the border between Volga Bulgaria and Finnish tribes (Mari, Udmurt). Another question was where the citadel was built originally. The archeologic explorations gave rests of the urban settlement in 3 parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin, in Bişbalta in the place of modern Zilantaw monastery and near the Qaban lake. The oldest was the Kremlin which cou ...
See also:Kazan, Kazan - Name, Kazan - History, Kazan - Historical population, Kazan - Historical naming, Kazan - Central Kazan, Kazan - Kremlin, Kazan - Bistä or Posad, Kazan - Wooden Kazan, Kazan - The University, Kazan - Administrative system, Kazan - Economy, Kazan - Languages, Kazan - City ethnic communities, Kazan - Tatars and Russians, Kazan - Other communities, Kazan - Transport Read more here: » Kazan: Encyclopedia II - Kazan - History |
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| | | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings There is a distinction between social and personal bilinguism. Many countries, such as Belgium, which are officially multilingual, may have many monolinguals in their population. Offically monolingual countries, on the other hand, such as France, can have sizable multilingual populations.
a majority of the population in sub-Saharan Africa is multilingual. Under its 1996 Constitution, South Africa has 11 official languages including Zulu, Xhosa, Afrikaans and English.
In Kenya, educated people will typically speak a mini ...
See also:Multilingualism, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the personal level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the societal level, Multilingualism - Multilingual at the interactional level, Multilingualism - Multilingualism at the linguistic level, Multilingualism - Models for native language literacy programs, Multilingualism - Sequential model, Multilingualism - Bilingual model, Multilingualism - Coordinate model, Multilingualism - Outcomes, Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings, Multilingualism - Sources Read more here: » Multilingualism: Encyclopedia II - Multilingualism - Examples of multilingual regions/settings |
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| | | | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Ahmad ibn Fadlan - The Embassy Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the iltäbär (king which is a vassal of Khazars) of the Volga Bulgaria, Almış.
The embassy's objective was to have the king of the Bulghars pay homage to the Caliph and in return to give the king money to pay for the construction of a fortress. The mission failed, because they were unable to collect the money intended for the king. They did reach the Bulghars, however, but the king, being annoyed at not receiving the promised sum, refused to switch from th ...
See also:Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Manuscript Tradition, Ahmad ibn Fadlan - The Embassy, Ahmad ibn Fadlan - The Rus, Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Fiction Read more here: » Ahmad ibn Fadlan: Encyclopedia II - Ahmad ibn Fadlan - The Embassy |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - First Chechen War - Quagmire and cease fire
First Chechen War - The spread of the war and the rise of new separatist activities.
Boris Yeltsin's expectations of a quick surgical strike followed by Chechen capitulation were horribly misguided. Russia was quickly submerged in a quagmire. Trying to emulate American tactics, he forced upon Russian commanders to show "restraint". However, Russian commanders were not prepared nor trained for this. Other problems occurred as Yeltsin sent in freshly trained conscripts from the local region instead of sending in mo ...
See also:First Chechen War, First Chechen War - Origins of the War in Chechnya, First Chechen War - The collapse of the Soviet regime and Russia's March 1992 Federation Treaty, First Chechen War - The failure of Russian negotiations with Chechnya, First Chechen War - The Chechen struggle for independence and Chechen nationalism, First Chechen War - Chechen nationalism in historical context, First Chechen War - Chechen President Dzhokar Dudayev, First Chechen War - Quagmire and cease fire, First Chechen War - The spread of the war and the rise of new separatist activities, First Chechen War - 1996 ceasefire agreement Read more here: » First Chechen War: Encyclopedia II - First Chechen War - Quagmire and cease fire |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - İstanbul - Etymology The name İstanbul comes from the Greek words εις την Πόλη – eis tin Poli (pronounced [is tim boli]) or στην Πόλη, from ancient Greek eis tên Polin (εἰς τήν Πόλι(ν)) and meaning "in the city" or "to the city", Constantinople being the largest city in the world. The intermediate form Stamboul was commonly used by the Turks in the 19th century. Because of the custom of affixing an i before certain words that start with t ...
See also:İstanbul, İstanbul - Etymology, İstanbul - History, İstanbul - Places to visit, İstanbul - Buildings and monuments, İstanbul - Markets neighborhoods and places, İstanbul - Seismic risk, İstanbul - Education, İstanbul - Transportation, İstanbul - Airports, İstanbul - Climate, İstanbul - Districts, İstanbul - Sister cities, İstanbul - Famous natives, İstanbul - Buildings and structures, İstanbul - Istanbul as capital of..., İstanbul - Football Teams, İstanbul - Basketball Teams Read more here: » İstanbul: Encyclopedia II - İstanbul - Etymology |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Camp Delta - Camp Delta Camp Delta (composed of detention camps: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and Camp Echo) is located in the U.S. naval base that stands on Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. It is a permanent 612-unit detention center. Construction of the camp began on February 27, 2002 with workers from Kellog, Brown and Root, Navy Seabees and Marine Engineers. It finished approximately in the middle of April 2002. The U.S. army military police make up ...
See also:Camp Delta, Camp Delta - Camp Delta, Camp Delta - Camp X-Ray, Camp Delta - International concern about the conditions in the camp, Camp Delta - U.S. Government Denial of Allegations of Mistreatment, Camp Delta - Legal proceedings, Camp Delta - United States Supreme Court, Camp Delta - Other proceedings Read more here: » Camp Delta: Encyclopedia II - Camp Delta - Camp Delta |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Chuvashia - Culture The republic has a fascinating cultural heritage, a result of the ethnic Chuvash presence in the region.
While Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Bolgar subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyri ...
See also:Chuvashia, Chuvashia - Geography, Chuvashia - Time zone, Chuvashia - Natural resources, Chuvashia - Climate, Chuvashia - Administrative divisions, Chuvashia - Demographics, Chuvashia - History, Chuvashia - Politics, Chuvashia - Economy, Chuvashia - Transportation, Chuvashia - Culture, Chuvashia - Education Read more here: » Chuvashia: Encyclopedia II - Chuvashia - Culture |
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| | | | | Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Tatarstan - Revolution and Civilian War The main article is Idel-Ural State
During the chaos of the Russian Revolutions of 1917, Tatarstan became functionally independent with a national parliament (Millät Mäclese), national government (Milli İdarä), national council (Milli Şura), and a national military council (Xärbi Şura). Some Tatar military units took part in Civil War against the Reds. Anti-communist Tatar revolutionaries declared the Idel-Ural State, but the Moscow Bolshevist government moved to prevent an independent Tatarstan on its flank. The "Muslim ...
See also:History of Tatarstan, History of Tatarstan - Pre-history, History of Tatarstan - Turkic peoples, History of Tatarstan - Volga Bulgaria, History of Tatarstan - Mongol invasion, History of Tatarstan - Khanate of Kazan, History of Tatarstan - After the Russian invasion, History of Tatarstan - Revolution and Civilian War, History of Tatarstan - The Soviet rule, History of Tatarstan - Post-Soviet history Read more here: » History of Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - History of Tatarstan - Revolution and Civilian War |
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