Tatarstan

Astrakhan Tatars (nearly 70,000) is a group of Tatars, descanders of Astrakhan Khanate's agricultural population, living mostly in Astrakhan Oblast. During the cenus 2000 of Russia, most of Astrakhan Tatars determined themselves as common Tatars and few determined themselves as Astrakhan Tatars. A large number of common Volga Tatars (Kazan Tatars) are living in Astrakhan Oblast and differences between them tend to disappear. Text from Britannica 1911: The Astrakhan Tatars number about 10,000 and are, with the Mongol Kalmy ...

See also:

Volga Tatars, Volga Tatars - Kazan Qazan Tatars, Volga Tatars - Noqrat Tatars, Volga Tatars - Perm Tatars, Volga Tatars - Keräşen Tatars, Volga Tatars - Nağaybäks, Volga Tatars - Tiptär Tatars, Volga Tatars - Kazan Tatar language dialects, Volga Tatars - Mişär Tatars, Volga Tatars - Qasím Tatars, Volga Tatars - Astrakhan Tatars, Volga Tatars - Volga Tatars in the world

Read more here: » Volga Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Volga Tatars - Astrakhan Tatars

The Tatars (塔塔尔族) form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Chinese Tatar's ancestors are Volga Tatar tradesmen who settled mostly in Xinjiang. Chinese ethnic groups (classification by PRC government) Achang - Bai - Blang - Bonan - Buyei - Chaoxian - Dai - Daur - De'ang - Derung - Dong - Dongxiang - Ewenki - Gaoshan - Gelao - Gin - Han - Hani - Hezhen - Hui - Jingpo - Jino - Kazak - Kirgiz - Lahu - Lhoba - Li - Lisu - Man - Ma ...

See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

Read more here: » Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Tatars - Chinese Tatars

The literature of the subject is very extensive, and bibliographical indexes may be found in the Geographical Dictionary of P. Semenov, appended to the articles devoted respectively to the names given above, as also in the yearly Indexes by M. Mezhov and the Oriental Bibliography of Lucian Scherman. Besides the well-known works of Castren, which are a very rich source of information on the subject, Schiefner (St Petersburg Academy of Sciences), Donner, Ahlqvist and other explorers of the Uralic and Altaic languages and peoples, as also those ...

See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

Read more here: » Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Tatars - Authorities

The military of the khanate consisted of armament and men from the darughas and subject lands, khan guards, and the troops of the nobility. The number of soldiers was never constant, ranging from 20'000 to 60'000 in number. Often, troops from Nogay, the Crimean and Russia also served for the Kazan khans. Fire-arms (arquebuse) were used for defending the walls of Kazan. ...

See also:

Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Kazan - Khanate's geography and population, Khanate of Kazan - Economics, Khanate of Kazan - Society, Khanate of Kazan - Culture, Khanate of Kazan - Administrative division, Khanate of Kazan - Military forces, Khanate of Kazan - History

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These are Tatars who inhabit the upper Kuban, the steppes of the lower Kuma and the Kura, and the Araks. In the 19th century they numbered about 1,350,000. This number includes a number of Kazan Tatar oil workers who came to the Caucasus from the Middle Volga in the end of the 19th century. Now this term is used to describe Volga Tatars, settled in Caucasus. Other explanations, like followers, can be found only in historical context. Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma. The Nogais on the Kuma River show traces of a mixture with Kalmyks. They are nomads, supporting themselves by cattle-bree ...

See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

Read more here: » Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Tatars - Caucasian Tatars

The main article is Siberian Tatars The Siberian Tatars were estimated (1895) at 80,000 of Turkic stock, and about 40,000 had Uralic or Ugric ancestry. They occupy three distinct regions—a strip running west to east from Tobolsk to Tomsk—the Altai and its spurs—and South Yeniseisk. They originated in the agglomerations of Turkic stems that, in the region north of the Altai, reached some degree of culture between the 4th and the 5th centuries, but were subdued and enslaved by the Mongols. They are difficult to classify for ...

See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

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Arsk (also spilled Archa; Tatar: Arça /ar`ʆa/; Russian: Арск /arsk/) is a town in northern-eastern Tatarstan, Russia. It is located 65 km from Kazan, the republic's capital. Arsk is the administrative center of the Arsky District. The town stands on the banks of the Kazanka River. Arsk is also a station on the Kazan-Ägerce railroad. The town was found ...

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August 30 is the 242nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (243rd in leap years), with 123 days remaining. August 30 - Events. 711 - K'inich K'an Joy Chitam, king of the Maya city of Palenque, disappears from history. He was probably taken prisoner by a rivalling city state. 1574 - Guru Ram Das became the Fourth Sikh Guru/Master 1590 - Tokugawa Ieyasu enters Edo Castle. (Traditional Japanese date: August 1, 1590) 1813 - Battle of Kulm: Fr ...

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• August 30 - Events
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In general, the culture of the Kazan Khanate descended from that of Volga Bulgaria. Cultural elements of the Golden Horde were also present in noble circles. A large part of the population were literate. Large libraries were present in mosques and madrassahs. Kazan became a center of science and theology. Worldly literature also developed: the most prominent Old Tatar language poets were Möxämmädyar, Ömmi Kamal, Möxämmädämin, Ğärifbäk, and Qolşärif. Möxämmädyar renovated the traditions of Kaz ...

See also:

Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Kazan - Khanate's geography and population, Khanate of Kazan - Economics, Khanate of Kazan - Society, Khanate of Kazan - Culture, Khanate of Kazan - Administrative division, Khanate of Kazan - Military forces, Khanate of Kazan - History

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List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Algeria. Kabyles Proposed state: Kabylia Political: Mouvement pour l'Autonomie de la Kabylie List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Angola. Cabinda Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) Political: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) Violent: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC) ...

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List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Africa, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Algeria, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Angola, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Benin, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Cameroon, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Chad, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Comoros, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Congo-Kinshasa, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Côte d'Ivoire, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Equatorial Guinea, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Ethiopia, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - France Africa, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Maldives, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - Mauritius, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements - 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List of mosques - Bangladesh. Baitul Mukarram High Court Mosque Tara Mosque Sixty Pillar Mosque Binat Bibi mosque Baitul Mukarram in Dhaka, Bangladesh List of mosques - China. Xian Great Mosque in Xian People's Republic of China Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar Niujie Mosque in Beijing Kowloon Masjid and Islamic Centre in Hong Kong List of mosques - India. Jama_Masjid in Bombay, India Jami' Masjid, Delhi Fatehpur Sikri

in the AMERICAS Buffalo River Dene Nation Lakota (Dakota or Sioux Indians) Mapuche Nahuals del Alto Balsas Nuxálk in AFRICA Cabinda Batwa (Pygmies) Maasai Ogoni Oromo Somaliland Southern Cameroons Vhavenda Zanzibar in ASIA Aceh (on Sumatra); see also Free Aceh Movement Ahwazi Assyrians; see also Assyria Bashkortostan Bu ...

See also:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation - Members, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation - Former members

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Various pre-Islamic Turkic civilizations of the 6th century were Shamanist and Tengriist. The Shamanist religion is based on spiritual and natural elements of earth. Tenghriism in turn involved belief in the god Tenghri as the god who ruled over the skies.They were also bearers of the Zoroastrian religion, especially in Azerbaijan, Buddhism, Judaism and above all Islam. Today, most Turks are Sunni Muslims. They include the majority of Balkan Turks, Bashkorts, Crimean Tatars, Karachay, Kazaks, Kumuk, Kyrgyz, Malkar, Nogay, Tatars (Kaza ...

See also:

Turkic peoples, Turkic peoples - Geographical Distribution, Turkic peoples - Turkic Roots, Turkic peoples - Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - Traditions About Nomenclature, Turkic peoples - History, Turkic peoples - Language, Turkic peoples - Religion, Turkic peoples - Geographical distribution and ethnic division, Turkic peoples - Physical appearance, Turkic peoples - Turkish world and Pan-Turkism, Turkic peoples - Translations for Turk

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Tatar is spoken in some parts of Europe, Russia, Siberia, China, Turkey, Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Estonia and Central Asia. Kazan Tatar is also native for 400,000 Bashkirs, especially those living in Ufa, and some thousands of Maris. Mordva's Qaratay group also speak Tatar. The Tatar language is an international communication language between Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kazakhs, Maris, Mordvins, and Udmurts. ...

See also:

Tatar language, Tatar language - Classification, Tatar language - Geographic distribution, Tatar language - Official status, Tatar language - Dialects of Kazan Tatar, Tatar language - Tatar in Russia, Tatar language - Phonology, Tatar language - Vowels, Tatar language - Consonants, Tatar language - Pronunciation of loanwords, Tatar language - Palatalisation, Tatar language - Syllable types, Tatar language - Phonetic replacement, Tatar language - Grammar, Tatar language - Plural, Tatar language - Writing system, Tatar language - Pre-1928, Tatar language - 1927-1938, Tatar language - Cyrillic, Tatar language - Modern Latin, Tatar language - History, Tatar language - Examples

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First-hand information on Volga Bulgaria is rather sparse. As no authentic Bulgar records have survived, most of our information comes from contemporary Arabic, Persian, or Russian sources. Some information is provided by excavations. It is thought that the territory of Volga Bulgaria was originally settled by the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Bulgars moved into the area in about 660, commanded by Kotrag Khan, Kubrat's son. Some Bulgar tribes, however, continued westward and after many adventures settled along the Danube River, in what is ...

See also:

Volga Bulgaria, Volga Bulgaria - Origin, Volga Bulgaria - Heyday, Volga Bulgaria - Decline

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The following listed kingdoms and empires were at some time ruled by Turkic kings/khans/shahs or other dynasties. Mentioning of any particular entity in this place should not be read to mean that the entity as a whole was Turkic or even had more than a significant minority of Turkic subjects. Desht-i-Kypcak Gokturk State (552-744) Bulgars (2nd-9th century) Great Bulgaria (580s-635) Volga Bulgaria (800-1236) Pechenegs (860-1091) Khazars (7th-10th century)See also:

List of Turkic states and empires, List of Turkic states and empires - Historical kingdoms and empires, List of Turkic states and empires - Turkic-Mongolian States, List of Turkic states and empires - Turkic States in Eastern Europe, List of Turkic states and empires - Modern Turkic Countries, List of Turkic states and empires - Autonomous Turkic republics in the Russian Federation, List of Turkic states and empires - Other Autonomous Turkic regions

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List of flags - A. Flag of Afghanistan - Flag of Albania - Flag of Algeria - Flag of American Samoa - Flag of Andorra - Flag of Angola - Flag of Anguilla - Flag of Antarctica - Flag of Antigua and Barbuda - Flag of Argentina - Flag of Armenia - Flag of Aruba - Flag of Australia - Flag of Austria - Flag of Azerbaijan - List of ...

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One of the examples of Russification was replacement of the Polish language by Russian in areas of Poland-Lithuania after the Partitions of Poland. It intensified after the 1831 uprising and, in particular, after the January Uprising of 1863: in 1864 Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian languages were banned in public places; in the 1880s Polish was banned in schools and offices of the Congress Kingdom. A similar development was in Lithuania: its Governor General Mikhail Muravyov instituted a complete ban on the Latin and Gothic scripts ...

See also:

Russification, Russification - History, Russification - Moldova, Russification - Soviet Union, Russification - Present times, Russification - Reference

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Politics of Europe - Belgium. One of Belgium’s parties, the Vlaams Belang, a Flemish equivalent of the French National Front, wants Flanders, the northern part of Belgium, to become independent. Other Flemish parties plead for more regional autonomy. The autonomous Belgian region of Wallonia has a movement wanting to leave the Belgian state and join with France. Politics of Europe - Denmark. The Danish territories of Greenland and Faroe Islands have very strong independence movements. Politics of Europe - FinlandSee also:

Politics of Europe, Politics of Europe - Modern political climate, Politics of Europe - International alliances, Politics of Europe - European Union, Politics of Europe - Commonwealth of Independent States, Politics of Europe - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Politics of Europe - Independence movements, Politics of Europe - Belgium, Politics of Europe - Denmark, Politics of Europe - Finland, Politics of Europe - France, Politics of Europe - Georgia, Politics of Europe - Germany, Politics of Europe - Italy, Politics of Europe - Moldova, Politics of Europe - Norway, Politics of Europe - Russia, Politics of Europe - Serbia and Montenegro, Politics of Europe - Spain, Politics of Europe - Sweden, Politics of Europe - Ukraine, Politics of Europe - United Kingdom, Politics of Europe - Politics by country, Politics of Europe - Foreign relations by country

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According to some historians, over 80% of the country's population was killed during the invasion. The remaining population mostly relocated to the northern areas (territories of modern Chuvashia and Tatarstan). Some autonomous duchies appeared in those areas. The steppe areas of Volga Bulgaria were settled by nomadic Kipchaks and Mongols, and the agricultural development suffered a severe decline. Over time, the cities of Volga Bulgaria were rebuilt and became trade and craft centers of the Golden Horde. Some Bulgarians, primarily ma ...

See also:

Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - The Mongol campaigns, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Population transfer, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Rebellions, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Impact on the region, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Ethnolinguistic impact, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Aftermath, Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria - Sources

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Lobachevsky was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His parents were Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky, a clerk in a landsurveying office, and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. In 1800, his father died and his mother moved to Kazan. In Kazan, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium, graduating in 1807 and then Kazan University which was founded just three years earlier, in 1804. At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Martin Bartels (1769–1833), a friend of Carl Friedrich Gauss. Lobachevsky received a ...

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Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Biography, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - Mathematical results, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - In popular culture, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky - External link

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