Tatars

The discrimination of the separate stems included under the name is still far from complete. The following subdivisions, however, may be regarded as established: Tatars - Tatarlar or Татарлар. In modern English only Tatar is used to refer to Eurasian Tatars; Tartar has an offensive connotation, corrupted from Tatar from associations with the Tartarus of Greek mythology. In Europe the term Tartar is generally only used in the historical context for Mongolian people who appeared in the 13th century (the Mongol invasion) and assimilated into the local population later. See also:

Tatars, Tatars - European Tatars, Tatars - Volga Tatars, Tatars - Tatars of Crimea Ukraine and Poland, Tatars - Caucasian Tatars, Tatars - Nogais on the Kuma, Tatars - Karachays, Tatars - Mountain Tatars, Tatars - Siberian Tatars, Tatars - Baraba Tatars, Tatars - Cholym Tatars, Tatars - Abakan Tatars, Tatars - Northern Altai Tatars, Tatars - Altaians, Tatars - Generic meaning, Tatars - Authorities, Tatars - Chinese Tatars

Read more here: » Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Tatars - European Tatars

1253 - Europe. July 6 - Mindaugas is crowned as King of Lithuania. July - William II, Count of Holland defeats the Flemish army at Westkapelle. A series of naval wars begins between the Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice, which will continue sporadically until 1371. King Henry III of England meets with English nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of the Magna Carta. Pope Innocent IV returns to Rome, having left nine years earlier in 1244 to depo ...

See also:

1253, 1253 - Events, 1253 - Europe, 1253 - Asia, 1253 - Births, 1253 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1253: Encyclopedia II - Events

Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) - a people of Central Asia, originally Pamirian or Turkic, whose branches became Slavicized and Turkic over time. The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning sable and is of totemistic origin. Bulgars - History. Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black S ...

Including:

• Bulgars - History
• Bulgars - Migration to Europe
• Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria
• Bulgars - Subsequent migrations
• Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia - Bulgars

The Crimean Tatars (Qırımtatar (aka Qırım, Qırımlı and Qırım türkü), Pl. Qırımtatarlar (aka Qırımlar, Qırımlılar, Qırım türkleri)) are a Turkic ethnic group originally residing in the Crimean peninsula. They speak the Crimean Tatar language. In modern times, in addition to living in Crimea, there is a large diaspora of the Crimean Tatars in Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Western Europe and North America. (See Crimean Tatar diaspora for more information)

• Crimean Tatars - History
• Crimean Tatars - Wikisource

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For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. 1253 - Events. July 6 - Mindaugas is crowned as King of Lithuania. July - William II, Count of Holland defeats the Flemish army at Westkapelle. A series of naval wars begins between the Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice, which will continue sporadically until 1371. King Henry III of England meets with English nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of the Magna Carta. Pope I ...

Including:

• 1253 - Events
• 1253 - Asia
• 1253 - Births
• 1253 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1253: Encyclopedia - 1253

Tartary was often divided into sections with prefixes denoting the name of the ruling power or the geographical location. Thus, western Siberia was Muscovite or Russian Tartary, eastern Turkestan (later Chinese Xinjiang) and Mongolia were Chinese or Cathay Tartary, western Turkestan (later Russian Turkestan) was known as Independent Tatary, and Manchuria was East Tartary. As the Russian Empire expanded eastward and more of Tartary became known to Europeans and East Asians, the term fell into disuse. European areas north of the Black Sea inhabite ...

See also:

Tartary, Tartary - Geography and history, Tartary - Tartary in fiction, Tartary - References and further reading

Read more here: » Tartary: Encyclopedia II - Tartary - Geography and history

Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and Black Seas. Between AD 351 and 389, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. Toponymic data testify to the fact that they remained there and were eventually assimilated by the Armenians. Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century AD, other Bulgar tribes broke loose from their settlements in central Asia to migr ...

See also:

Bulgars, Bulgars - History, Bulgars - Migration to Europe, Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria, Bulgars - Subsequent migrations, Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia II - Bulgars - History

Bulgars - Migration to Europe. In the 2nd century AD, some groups of Bulgars migrated to the European continent and settled on the plains between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Between 351 and 389 AD, some of these crossed the Caucasus and settled in Armenia. Toponymic data testify to the fact that they remained there and were eventually assimilated by the Armenians. Swept by the Hunnish wave at the beginning of the 4th century AD, other Bulgar tribes broke loose from their settlements in central Asia to m ...

See also:

Bulgars, Bulgars - History, Bulgars - Migration to Europe, Bulgars - Establishment of Great Bulgaria, Bulgars - Subsequent migrations, Bulgars - List of Bulgar tribes

Read more here: » Bulgars: Encyclopedia II - Bulgars - History

Tatar is spoken in some parts of Europe, Russia, Siberia, China, Turkey, Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Estonia and Central Asia. Kazan Tatar is also native for 400,000 Bashkirs, especially those living in Ufa, and some thousands of Maris. Mordva's Qaratay group also speak Tatar. The Tatar language is an international communication language between Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Kazakhs, Maris, Mordvins, and Udmurts. ...

See also:

Tatar language, Tatar language - Classification, Tatar language - Geographic distribution, Tatar language - Official status, Tatar language - Dialects of Kazan Tatar, Tatar language - Tatar in Russia, Tatar language - Phonology, Tatar language - Vowels, Tatar language - Consonants, Tatar language - Pronunciation of loanwords, Tatar language - Palatalisation, Tatar language - Syllable types, Tatar language - Phonetic replacement, Tatar language - Grammar, Tatar language - Plural, Tatar language - Writing system, Tatar language - Pre-1928, Tatar language - 1927-1938, Tatar language - Cyrillic, Tatar language - Modern Latin, Tatar language - History, Tatar language - Examples

Read more here: » Tatar language: Encyclopedia II - Tatar language - Geographic distribution

Catherine the Great (April 21, 1729—November 6, 1796 (O.S.)), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka of Anhalt-Zerbst, reigned as Empress of Russia from June 28, 1762 to her death. A cousin to Gustav III of Sweden and Charles XIII of Sweden, Catherine is referred to as an "enlightened monarch" (also referred to as an "enlightened despot"), though some argue that this title is exaggerated. A German Princess, Sophie Augusta Fredericka (nicknamed Figchen) was born in Stettin to Christian Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, ...

Including:

• Catherine II of Russia - Internal policies
• Catherine II of Russia - Foreign affairs
• Catherine II of Russia - Arts and culture
• Catherine II of Russia - Personal life
• Catherine II of Russia - Trivia
• Catherine II of Russia - List of great Catharinians

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The main article is History of Tatarstan Tatarstan - Middle Ages. The earliest known organized state within the boundaries of Tatarstan was Volga Bulgaria (c. 700-1238 CE). The Volga Bulgars had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner Eurasia, the Middle East and the Baltic, which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the Khazars, the Kievan Rus and the Kipchaks. Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the ...

See also:

Tatarstan, Tatarstan - Terminology, Tatarstan - Geography, Tatarstan - Time zone, Tatarstan - Rivers, Tatarstan - Lakes, Tatarstan - Natural resources, Tatarstan - Climate, Tatarstan - Administrative divisions, Tatarstan - Demographics, Tatarstan - History, Tatarstan - Middle Ages, Tatarstan - Modern times, Tatarstan - Tatarstan today, Tatarstan - Politics, Tatarstan - Political status, Tatarstan - Economy, Tatarstan - Culture, Tatarstan - Education, Tatarstan - Religion, Tatarstan - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Tatarstan: Encyclopedia II - Tatarstan - History

Crimean Tatars are descendants of Turkic (Bulgars, Khazars, Petchenegs and Kypchaks) and non-Turkic (Scythians, Sarmatians, Cimmerians, Alans, Greeks, Goths) peoples who had settled in Eastern Europe as early as the 7th century. The earliest non-Turkic population was assimilated to Turkic. Current name is in use since 13th century when Crimea was occupied by Mongols (or Tatars, as they were known in Europe and Russia). The mountain and coastal Tatars, the Tats have a Caucasian outlook, while those of the steppe and the Nogais retain Central Asian physical features. The Crimean ...

See also:

Crimean Tatars, Crimean Tatars - History, Crimean Tatars - Wikisource

Read more here: » Crimean Tatars: Encyclopedia II - Crimean Tatars - History

For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. 1255 - Events. 1255 - Europe. August - The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating the last refuge of the heretical Cathars after the Roman Catholic Church engaged in a program to crush the sect, starting in 1209 with the Albigensian Crusade. The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts persecution of Jews in England on accusations of blood libel. ...

Including:

• 1255 - Events
• 1255 - Europe
• 1255 - Asia
• 1255 - Births
• 1255 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1255: Encyclopedia - 1255

The so-called Age of Discovery was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners to feed burgeoning capitalism in Europe. In the process, Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro Álvares Cabral, John Cabo ...

Including:

• Age of Discovery - Exploration by land
• Age of Discovery - Exploration begins in Portugal
• Age of Discovery - Discovery of the Americas
• Age of Discovery - Decline of the Portuguese monopoly
• Age of Discovery - Northern European involvement
• Age of Discovery - Conquest of Siberia
• Age of Discovery - Effect on Europe
• Age of Discovery - End of the Age of Exploration

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The Adi (also Abor) is a major collective tribe living in the Himalayan hills of Arunachal Pradesh, and they are found in the temperate and sub-tropical regions within the districts of Siang, Subansiri and Dibang. The older term Abor is a dispreferred exonym from Assamese meaning 'those who cannot be controlled'. Of Proto-Austronesian and Tibetan stock, they speak a language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family. However, their traditions believed them to be the lost descandants of the Tatars and Abo-Teni. Including:

• Adi people - Tribes and organisation
• Adi people - Culture
• Adi people - Lifestyle
• Adi people - Religion
• Adi people - Links
• Adi people - Sources and References
• Adi people - Language

Read more here: » Adi people: Encyclopedia - Adi people

The Alans, Alani, Alauni or Halani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. Alans - Name. The various forms of Alan, as well as the Iron of the Ossetes (descendants of the Alans), are an Iranian dialectical form of Aryan. The ancient Alans were on what is generally conceded (although not without contest) to be the original or one of the origin ...

Including:

• Alans - Name
• Alans - Early Alans
• Alans - The 'western' Alans and Vandals
• Alans - Alans and Slavs
• Alans - The 'eastern' Alans and Huns
• Alans - Medieval Alania
• Alans - The Mongol Invasions and their aftermath

Read more here: » Alans: Encyclopedia - Alans

Andrew of Longjumeau (also Longumeau, Lonjumel, etc.) was a 13th century French Dominican, explorer and diplomat. He accompanied the mission under Friar Ascehn, sent by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols in 1247; at the Tatars camp near Kars he met a certain David, who next year (1248) appeared at the court of King Louis IX of France in Cyprus. Andrew, who was now with Saint Louis, interpreted to the king David's message, a real or pretended offer of alliance from the Mongol general Ilchikdai (Ilchikadai), and a proposal of a join ...

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Aleksander Jagiellon (Polish: Aleksander Jagiellonczyk; Lithuanian: Aleksandras Jogailaitis; 1461 – 1506), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was the fourth son of Kazimierz IV Jagiellon. He was elected Grand Duke of Lithuania on the death of his father (1492), and King of Poland on the death of his brother Jan I Olbracht (1501). Straightaway, his relative lack of funds made him subservient to the Polish senate and nobles (szlachta), who deprived him of the control of the mint (then ...

Including:

• Aleksander Jagiellon - External link

Read more here: » Aleksander Jagiellon: Encyclopedia - Aleksander Jagiellon

The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of 17,075,200 km² (6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world (by land mass), covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. I ...

Including:

• Russia - History
• Russia - Ancient Rus
• Russia - Imperial Russia
• Russia - Russia as part of Soviet Union
• Russia - Post-Soviet Russia
• Russia - Politics
• Russia - Subdivisions
• Russia - Geography and Climate
• Russia - Borders
• Russia - Spatial extent
• Russia - Cities
• Russia - Economy
• Russia - Demographics
• Russia - Culture
• Russia - Name
• Russia - Miscellaneous topics

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Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation. Today, Republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia are considered to be descendants of Volga Bulgaria in terms of territory and ethnicity. Volga Bulgaria - Origin. First-hand information on Volga Bulgaria is rather sparse. As no authentic Bulgar records have survived, most of our information comes from contemporary ...

Including:

• Volga Bulgaria - Origin
• Volga Bulgaria - Heyday
• Volga Bulgaria - Decline

Read more here: » Volga Bulgaria: Encyclopedia - Volga Bulgaria