Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia - Talmud
The Talmud (תלמוד) is a record of rabbinic discussions on Jewish law, Jewish ethics, customs, legends and stories, which Jewish trad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - The Two Talmuds
There is only one Mishnah but there are two distinct Gemaras: the Yerushalmi and the Bavli, and two corresponding Talmuds. (Today the wor...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Talmud: New Age Spiritual Dictionary On Talmud
Talmud The collection of Jewish law and tradition containing fundamental principles; a text and commentary in book form   (See...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - External Attacks On The Talmud
The history of the Talmud reflects in part the history of Judaism persisting in a world of hostility and persecution. Almost at the very ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rashi: Encyclopedia - Rashi
Rashi רש"י, an acronym for Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac or Shlomo Yitzchaki, (February 22, 1040 – July 17, 1105) is one of Judaism's clas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherem: Encyclopedia - Cherem
Cherem (or Herem), is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia - Gemara
The Gemara (גמרא - from gamar: Hebrew "[to] complete"; Aramaic "[to] study") is a component of the Talmud, comprising the rabbinical ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Baraita: Encyclopedia - Baraita
Baraita (Aramaic ברייתא: "external", "outside"; pl. Baraitot. Also Baraitha, Beraita ) designates a tradition in the Jewish oral la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexander Kohut: Encyclopedia - Alexander Kohut
George Alexander Kohut (April 22, 1842 – May 25, 1894) was a rabbi and orientalist; born at Felegyhaza, Hungary; died in New York. He b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aggadah: Encyclopedia - Aggadah
Aggadah ( Aramaic אגדה: tales, lore; pl. Aggadot ) refers to the homiletic and non-legalistic texts in classical rabbinic literature ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Challah: Encyclopedia - Challah
Challah (חלה) or hallah, Barches (German and western Yiddish), Barkis (Göteborg), Bergis (Stockholm), khala (Russian), khale (eastern...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artscroll: Encyclopedia - Artscroll
ArtScroll is an imprint of translations, books and commentaries from an Orthodox Jewish perspective published by Mesorah Publications, Lt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia - Yeshu
Yeshu (ישו in Hebrew) and slight variations such as Jeshu (Bible English transliteration) or Yeishu (Yiddish pronunciation), is the na...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Brisk Yeshivas: Encyclopedia - Brisk Yeshivas
Brisk yeshivas commonly known as Brisk (a name used by many Yiddish-speaking Jews to refer to the town of Brest-Litovsk, located in what ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshiva: Encyclopedia - Yeshiva
Yeshiva or yeshivah (Hebrew: ישיבה pl. yeshivot or yeshivos) is an institution for Torah study and the study of Talmud primarily wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zealotry: Encyclopedia - Zealotry
For radical party in Byzantine Empire, see Zealots, Thessalonica. Zealotry denotes zeal in excess, referring to cases where activism and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heresy Of Peor: Encyclopedia - Heresy Of Peor
The heresy of Peor is an event related in the torah at Numbers 25:1-15. Back references to the event occur in Numbers 25:18 and 31:16, De...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Talmud: Pagan Paganism Dictionary Ii On Babylonian And Palestinian Talmud
Talmud, Babylonian and Palestinian: Records of the processes by which Hebrew scholars debated and developed their laws and rulings. ...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Talmud: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Talmud
Talmud (Hebrew, Jewish). Rabbinic Commentaries on the Jewish faith. It is composed of two parts, the older Mishnah, and the more moder...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Talmud: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Talmud
Talmud (Hebrew) [from the verbal root lamadh to teach, train in learning, discipline]   Study of and instruction in anything (whe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jerusalem Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Jerusalem Talmud - Historical Context
Like the Babylonian Talmud, the purpose of the Jerusalem Talmud was to elaborate on the Jewish Oral tradition as detailed in the 2nd-cent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rosh Hashanah Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Rosh Hashanah Talmud - The Tosefta
Curious as is the order of subjects followed in this treatise, in which several mishnaic sources have been combined, the Tosefta follows ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jerusalem Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Jerusalem Talmud - Comparison To Babylonian Talmud
Without the time and freedom given to the production of the Babylonian Talmud, the Jerusalem Talmud exhibits less coherence in its discus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud Torah - Girls Excluded
Girls were invariably excluded from the Talmud Torah, first because teaching them is not obligatory, and second because they are "light-m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rabbi Akiva: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabbi Akiva - Biography
The Talmud is the only ancient source of knowledge about Rabbi Akiva. According to it he was born to a proselyte named Joseph. He was an ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud Torah - The Modern Talmud Torah
The Talmud Torah at Nikolsburg, Moravia, from 1724 to 1744, gave poor boys an education equal to that which was offered their more fortun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherem: Encyclopedia Ii - Cherem - In The Talmud
The Talmud speaks of twenty-four offenses that, in theory, were punishable by excommunication. This is a round number which is not to be ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud Torah - In The Responsa
Samuel di Medina (1505-89) ruled that in case of a legacy left by will to a Talmud Torah and guaranteed by the testator's brother, the la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Onkelos: Encyclopedia Ii - Onkelos - Onkelos In The Talmud
Onkelos is mentioned several times in the Talmud. According to the traditional Jewish sources, he was a prominent Roman nobleman, a nephe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud Torah - In America
In America the Machzikei Talmud Torah in New York was organized in 1883 by Israel (Isidor) Rosenthal. It maintains schools on its own pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gil Student: Encyclopedia Ii - Gil Student - Defending The Talmud
Student has written extensively defending the Talmud against those who claim that it defames gentiles or Jesus. On the Internet, one of S...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud Torah: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud Torah - Sources Of Income
The income of the society was derived from several sources: (a) one-sixth of the Monday and Thursday contributions in the synagogues and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semicha: Encyclopedia Ii - Semicha - Post-talmudic Semicha
Semicha - The decline of classical semicha. According to most Jewish writers on this topic, sometime during the fourth century CE, duri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semicha: Encyclopedia Ii - Semicha - Semicha In The Mishnah And Talmud
For some time, rabbis in the era of the Mishnah (until 200 CE) and the two Talmuds continued to ordain their successors through the semic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semicha: Encyclopedia Ii - Semicha - Semicha In The Mishnah And Talmud
For some time, rabbis in the era of the Mishnah (until 200 CE) and the two Talmuds continued to ordain their successors through the semic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Mythology - In The Talmud
The natural tendency to create myths, expelled as it had been by the Prophets, returned with force during the Talmudic period, probably u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Responsa: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Responsa - Talmudic Era
The responsa of the first five centuries are not contained in special works; they are scattered through the writings of both Talmuds (the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avodah Zarah Tractate: Encyclopedia Ii - Avodah Zarah Tractate - Mishna
The tractate consists of five chapters. The number of mishnayot is according to the standard numbering; however, different versions split...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kabbalah: Encyclopedia Ii - Kabbalah - Mystic Doctrines In Talmudic Times
In Talmudic times the terms Ma'aseh Bereshit ("Works of Creation") and Ma'aseh Merkabah ("Works of the Divine Throne/Chariot") clearly in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rashi: Encyclopedia Ii - Rashi - Works
Besides minor works, such as an edition of the Siddur (Prayer-Book), Rashi wrote two great commentaries on which his fame rests. These we...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elisha Ben Abuyah: Encyclopedia Ii - Elisha Ben Abuyah - The Talmudic Explanation
The dualism with which the Talmud charges him has led some scholars to see here Persian, Gnostic, or even Philonian dualism. The Jewish E...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Mythology - In Post-talmudic Times
After the dispersion of the Jews it becomes increasingly difficult to speak of specifically Jewish mythology. Spread among all the people...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshiva: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshiva - Method Of Study
Studying is usually done together with a study-partner called a chavrusa (Aramaic: "friend"), or in a shiur ("lecture"). Yeshiva - Talmu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biblical Astronomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Biblical Astronomy - In Post-talmudic Times
With the revival of Greek science which took place in Islam, Jews were intimately connected, and the Almagest is said to have been transl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - Gemara And Mishnah
The Gemara and the Mishnah together make up the Talmud. The Talmud thus comprises two components: the Mishnah - the core text; and the ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Onomastics On Judaism And Jewish History: Encyclopedia Ii - Onomastics On Judaism And Jewish History - Talmudic Period
Among the names in the Talmud there is a considerable proportion of Greek ones. A large number also are Aramaic, ending in a or ai: Abba,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Onomastics On Judaism And Jewish History: Encyclopedia Ii - Onomastics On Judaism And Jewish History - Post-talmudic Period
As the Jews spread throughout the lands bordering the Mediterranean they drew upon other languages for their personal names while still r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - Historical Study
Both the Mishnah and Talmud contain little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will confl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alexander Kohut: Encyclopedia Ii - Alexander Kohut - Early Training
Kohut's father, Jacob Kohut, was a great linguist, and was well versed in rabbinic literature. He was so poor that he could not afford to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semicha: Encyclopedia Ii - Semicha - Not All Present-day Rabbis Have Semicha
Although presently most functioning synagogue (i.e. "pulpit") rabbis hold semicha, this was until quite recently not always required, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artscroll: Encyclopedia Ii - Artscroll - Primary Publications
ArtScroll publishes books on a variety of Jewish subjects. The best known is probably an annotated Hebrew-English siddur ("prayerbook") (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherem: Encyclopedia Ii - Cherem - The Niddui
The "niddui" ban was usually imposed for a period of seven days (in Palestine thirty days). If it was inflicted on account of money matte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cherem: Encyclopedia Ii - Cherem - Since The Enlightenment
Except in rare cases in the Haredi communities, cherem stopped existing after The Enlightenment, when local Jewish communities lost their...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genizah: Encyclopedia Ii - Genizah - Other Genizot
Most ancient synagogues had genizot. That of Feodosiya in the Crimea is an alcove on the ground floor at the back of the ark, approachabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semicha: Encyclopedia Ii - Semicha - Semicha In The Times Of The Hebrew Bible
According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses ordained Joshua through semicha. (Num 27:22-23, Deut 34:9). Moses also ordained the 70 elders (Deut ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Genizah: Encyclopedia Ii - Genizah - The Cairo Genizah
See also main article Cairo Geniza. The discovery by Professor Rabbi Solomon Schechter, on May 13, 1896, of a fragment of the original He...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artscroll: Encyclopedia Ii - Artscroll - Popular Acceptance
Mesorah Publications received widespread acclaim in response to their ArtScroll line of prayerbooks, starting with The Complete ArtScroll...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gemara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gemara - Argumentation And Debate
The distinctive character of the gemara derives largely from the intricate use of argumentation and debate, described above. In each sugy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gil Student: Encyclopedia Ii - Gil Student - Modern And Haredi Orthodoxy
Though his stance in the Slifkin controversy put him at odds with much of the Haredi world, Student nevertheless opposes many trends with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rashi: Encyclopedia Ii - Rashi - Biography
Rashi was born at Troyes, northern France, in 1040 and died there in 1104 or 1105. He was reputedly descended from the Davidic line with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Primary References To Yeshu
In 1554 the Vatican issued a papal bull censoring the Talmud and other Jewish texts, resulting in the removal of references to Yeshu. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Mythology - In Biblical Times
Scholars of religion hold that people in the time of the Hebrew Bible had beliefs and superstitions analogous to those found among their ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Mythology - Legends
There are a few definitely Jewish legends of the Middle Ages which partake of the character of folktales, such as those of the Jewish pop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aggadah: Encyclopedia Ii - Aggadah - As Part Of The Jewish Oral Law
The Aggadah is part of Judaism's Oral law (תורה שבעל פה) - the traditions providing the authoritative interpretation of the Wri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Billy Meier: Encyclopedia Ii - Billy Meier - Related Reading
Talmud of Jmmanuel: The Clear Translation in English and German (Isa Rashid, Eduard Meier, J. H. Ziegler & B. L. Greene): ISBN 0926...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artscroll: Encyclopedia Ii - Artscroll - Editorial Policy
Works published by Mesorah under this imprint adhere to a perspective appealing to most Orthodox Jews, but especially to Orthodox Jews wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Artscroll: Encyclopedia Ii - Artscroll - Criticism
This line of books has come under extensive criticism from many scholars (both Orthodox and non-Orthodox) on a number of points: Midrash...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Mythology: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Mythology - Science Fiction
In the past century (and further, but especially in the last), there have been many retellings of Jewish myths (mostly from the Torah). T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abba Arika: Encyclopedia Ii - Abba Arika - Overview
His surname, Arika (English, "Long"— that is, "Tall"; it occurs only once—Ḥul. 137b), he owed to his height, which, according to a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aggadah: Encyclopedia Ii - Aggadah - Development Of The Aggadah
The Aggadah has been preserved in a series of different works, which, like all works of traditional literature, have come to their presen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abba Arika: Encyclopedia Ii - Abba Arika - Rab Reproves Extreme Asceticism
Rab loved the Book of Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), and warned his disciple Hamnuna against unjustifiable asceticism by quoting advice contain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elisha Ben Abuyah: Encyclopedia Ii - Elisha Ben Abuyah - The Four Who Entered Paradise
The oldest and most striking reference to the views of Elisha is found in the following baraita (Hagigah 14b; Jerusalem Talmud 2:1): "Fou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heresy Of Peor: Encyclopedia Ii - Heresy Of Peor - Biblical Account
The preceeding story is that of Balaam, in which a prophet, Balaam, ascends the mountain of Pe‘or, and sacrifices to God at the top of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - The Writing Of The Mishnah
According to Jewish Law, the Written Law must be transmitted from a written source, and the Oral Law orally. Therefore, it was forbidden ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Identification Of Yeshu With Jesus
Many Jews and Christians have traditionally assumed that the term Yeshu in the Talmud and Tosefta refers to Jesus. Since at least the 12t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heresy Of Peor: Encyclopedia Ii - Heresy Of Peor - Biblical Account
The preceeding story is that of Balaam, in which a prophet, Balaam, ascends the mountain of Pe‘or, and sacrifices to God at the top of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elisha Ben Abuyah: Encyclopedia Ii - Elisha Ben Abuyah - Elisha An Epicurean
The harsh treatment he received from the Pharisees was due to his having deserted their ranks at such a critical time. Quite in harmony w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mishnah: Encyclopedia Ii - Mishnah - The Structure Of The Mishnah
The Mishnah consists of six orders (sedarim). This explains the traditional name for the Talmud as Shas, which is an abbreviation of shis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biblical Astronomy: Encyclopedia Ii - Biblical Astronomy - Ancient Conception Of Astronomy
Biblical astronomy - In the Talmud. The study of the universe as a whole was, like all other sciences in olden times, held in closest c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Responsa: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Responsa - Rishonim
With the decline of the gaonate in the first half of the eleventh century, the Jews of various countries lost the central spiritual autho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Responsa: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Responsa - Geonim
During the Geonic period (650-1250 CE), the Babylonian schools were the chief centers of Jewish learning; the Geonim, the heads of these ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zealotry: Encyclopedia Ii - Zealotry - History
Zealotry - Jewish War with Rome. Zealots were a Jewish political movement in the 1st century AD which sought to incite the people of Iu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshiva: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshiva - Typical Schedule
They following is a typical daily schedule for Beis Medrash students 7:00 am- Optional seder (study session) 7:30 am- Morning prayers 8:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Semicha: Encyclopedia Ii - Semicha - Semicha In The Times Of The Hebrew Bible
According to the Hebrew Bible, Moses ordained Joshua through semicha. (Num 27:22-23, Deut 34:9). Moses also ordained the 70 elders (Deut ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Midrash: Encyclopedia Ii - Midrash - Halakhic Midrashim
Midrash halakha are the works in which the sources in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) of the traditionally received laws are identified. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heresy Of Peor: Encyclopedia Ii - Heresy Of Peor - From Moab To Midian
The abrupt change from concerns about the Moabites to the Midianites, and mention of the end of a plague which is never described as star...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish View Of Marriage: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish View Of Marriage - Classical Customs
In traditional Jewish society, from the era of the Talmud up to the enlightenment, social association of the sexes was usually restricted...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Responsa: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Responsa - Acharonim
This section covers responsa written during fifteenth to the eighteenth century, and includes responsa of Italian, Turkish, German, and P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshiva: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshiva - Types Of Yeshivot
There are four types of yeshivoth: Yeshiva Ketana ("small yeshiva") - Also called Cheder, for elementary school students. Many Yeshivot ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - The Medieval Toledot Yeshu Narratives
Toledot Yeshu literally "Generations of Yeshu", is the title of several mediaeval manuscripts containing legends and folktales concerning...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Interpretations Of The Name
There is some debate over the meaning of "Yeshu." It has been used as an acronym for the Hebrew expression yemach shemo vezichro, meaning...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanukkah: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanukkah - Historical Sources
Hanukkah - In the Talmud. The miracle of Hanukkah is described in the Talmud. The Gemara, in tractate Shabbat 21b [1], says that after ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elisha Ben Abuyah: Encyclopedia Ii - Elisha Ben Abuyah - Jacob Gordin Play
Jacob Gordin wrote a Yiddish play, Elisha Ben Abuyah; it was played unsuccessfully in New York City during Gordin's lifetime, and more su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yeshu: Encyclopedia Ii - Yeshu - Ben-pandera And Ben-stada
Yeshu - ben-Pandera. In the Tosefta reference to Yeshu, the title ben-Pandera (son of Pandera) is added after the name. The surname Pan...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Alexander Kohut: Encyclopedia Ii - Alexander Kohut - Talmud Dictionary
About 1873 Kohut began to compile his Dictionary of the Talmud, entirely in German, encouraged by the promise of a Christian nobleman to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Translations
Talmud - Translations of Talmud Bavli. There are four contemporary translations of the Talmud into English: The Soncino Hebrew-English...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Attitude To The Talmud Within Judaism
The Talmud and its study spread from Babylon to Egypt, northern Africa, Italy, Spain, France, and Germany, regions destined to become abo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Modern Day Talmud Scholars
Talmud scholars of the 20th century include: Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman Rabbi Boruch Ber Lebowitz (the Bircas Shm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Historical Study
The Talmud contains little serious biographical studies of the people discussed therein, and the same tractate will conflate the points o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Talmud: Encyclopedia Ii - Talmud - Structure And Function
Traditional Judaism has always held that the books of the Tanakh were transmitted in parallel with a living, oral tradition. Thus, the To...   » Read the article