Any person’s set of feasible choices is obtained from the combination of two elements: the ‘’initial endowment’’ (the perceived initial state of the world, which the chosen actions are going to affect) and the ‘’transformation rules’’ (which state how any chosen action will change the initial endowment, according to the person’s perception). It follows that coercion could in principle take place by purposely manipulating either the transformation rules or the initial endowment (or both). In practice, however, the d ...

See also:

Coercion, Coercion - Overview, Coercion - Means, Coercion - Physical coercion, Coercion - Psychological coercion, Coercion - Economic coercion, Coercion - Aims, Coercion - Predatory coercion, Coercion - Pedagogic and thought coercion, Coercion - Disciplinary coercion, Coercion - Scope, Coercion - Specific coercion, Coercion - Unspecific coercion, Coercion - Effects, Coercion - Legal effects, Coercion - Psychological effects: the effectiveness of thought coercion, Coercion - Social effects: coercion and progress, Coercion - Ethical effects: coercion and freedom, Coercion - Examples of coercion

Read more here: » Coercion: Encyclopedia II - Coercion - Overview

Advocates of non-violent discipline state that modeling is an extremely effective disciplinary tool, but it also places the greatest demands upon the parent. The parent must consistently show the child what kind of life is expected of him by not doing anything that the parent will not allow the child to do. Showing the child appropriate behavior will teach the child far faster and far more deeply than will disciplinary action for misbehavior. Modeling is worthy of the efforts of every parent and shows the child by example that the parent ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Modeling

Often, when a child misbehaves, there are natural consequences. Advocates of the "consequential" approach state that these consequences should be their discipline, and that in this way the lesson will be remembered far longer than will punishment. Many thus believe that, within reason, children should be allowed to learn from their own mistakes. For instance, if a child wants to eat all their Halloween candy in one sitting despite being warned of the consequences, these parents would allow them to do so - assuming that the resulting indigest ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Consequences

Distraction is a method of stopping young children from continuing a problem behaviour. For example, if the parent sees the young child involved in an unacceptable behavior, the parent suggest to the child a more interesting alternative, such as reading a book together, a dance around the room, sitting together in the rocker, singing songs, etc. This is followed by continuing to play with the child until her unacceptable behavior is forgotten, then take her from the area for other ac ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Distraction

One method often used for young children (most commonly ages 2-5) is the use of time-outs. A time-out involves isolating the child for a relatively short period of time, generally just a few minutes. Although the giving of time-outs is an extremely common parenting practice, it is also very widely misunderstood and misapplied. Most people think the purpose of time-outs is punishment. However, most child-rearing experts have never advocated using time-outs in this way. Ideally, the time-out is intended to give an over-excited child time to ca ...

See also:

Non-violent child discipline, Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs, Non-violent child discipline - Hugging, Non-violent child discipline - Distraction, Non-violent child discipline - Reason, Non-violent child discipline - Consequences, Non-violent child discipline - Modeling, Non-violent child discipline - Praise and rewards, Non-violent child discipline - Scolding

Read more here: » Non-violent child discipline: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent child discipline - Time-outs

Most often, criminals are punished judicially, by fines, corporal punishment or custodial sentences such as prison. It should be noted that Behavioral Psychologist do not consider prison a sound punishment because most criminals are repeat offenders, thus, their behavior has not changed. If the behavior does not change then any stimulus that was presented is not punishment just aversive. Children, pupils and other trainees are also punished by their educators or instructors (mainl ...

See also:

Punishment, Punishment - Scope of application, Punishment - History and rationale, Punishment - Types of punishments, Punishment - Judicial and similar i.e. for crimes, Punishment - For children, Punishment - Other, Punishment - Possible reasons for punishment

Read more here: » Punishment: Encyclopedia II - Punishment - Scope of application

There are several parent self-report measures that have been developed for use by clinicians and researchers to assess parenting, such as the Parenting Stress Index (PSI; Abidin, 1995) and Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI; Bavolek, 1984). Parenting measures can also be observational, such as the Parent-Child Interaction Assessment-II (PCIA-II; Holigrocki, Kaminski, & Frieswyk, 1999). See: Abidin, R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index: Professional Manual. 3rd Ed. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resourc ...

See also:

Parenting, Parenting - Aspects of parenting, Parenting - Parenting Methods and Practices, Parenting - Pregnancy and the early years, Parenting - During infancy, Parenting - Common areas many parents look to address during infancy, Parenting - School years, Parenting - Assistance, Parenting - Observers, Parenting - Parenting assessment

Read more here: » Parenting: Encyclopedia II - Parenting - Parenting assessment

During pregnancy the unborn child is affected by many decisions his or her parents make, particularly choices linked to their lifestyle. The health and diet decisions of the mother can have either a positive or negative impact on the child. Parenting - During infancy. Specific care includes: Touching, holding, playing, stimulating and interacting with the child. Providing food and drink, and in the case of younger children, the process of feeding or helping with that. Providi ...

See also:

Parenting, Parenting - Aspects of parenting, Parenting - Parenting Methods and Practices, Parenting - Pregnancy and the early years, Parenting - During infancy, Parenting - Common areas many parents look to address during infancy, Parenting - School years, Parenting - Assistance, Parenting - Observers, Parenting - Parenting assessment

Read more here: » Parenting: Encyclopedia II - Parenting - Pregnancy and the early years

Michel Foucault describes in detail the evolution of punishment from hanging, drawing and quartering of medieval times to the modern systems of fines and prisons. He sees a trend in criminal punishment from vengeance by the King to a more practical, utilitarian concern for deterrence and rehabilitation. A particularly harsh punishment is sometimes said to be draconian, after Draco, the lawgiver of the classical polis of Athens. But as the adjective Spartan still testifies, its wholly militarized rival Sparta was the harshest a sta ...

See also:

Punishment, Punishment - Scope of application, Punishment - History and rationale, Punishment - Types of punishments, Punishment - Judicial and similar i.e. for crimes, Punishment - For children, Punishment - Other, Punishment - Possible reasons for punishment

Read more here: » Punishment: Encyclopedia II - Punishment - History and rationale

Benjamin Spock was an authority on parenting to a generation of North American parents. A current authority is T. Berry Brazelton, the founder of the Child Development Unit at Children's Hospital, Boston, and Professor of Pediatrics Emeritus at Harvard Medical School. Also see James Dobson ...

See also:

Parenting, Parenting - Aspects of parenting, Parenting - Parenting Methods and Practices, Parenting - Pregnancy and the early years, Parenting - During infancy, Parenting - Common areas many parents look to address during infancy, Parenting - School years, Parenting - Assistance, Parenting - Observers, Parenting - Parenting assessment

Read more here: » Parenting: Encyclopedia II - Parenting - Observers

The aims of coercion can vary widely from totally ‘’selfish’’ to totally ‘’altruistic’’ ones: from attempts to gain personal wealth and power at the expense of others to efforts aimed at saving other people’s souls. Coercion - Predatory coercion. The purely selfish kinds of coercion are a form of predatory behaviour by the coercing party, whose aim is to narrow down the scope of other people’s actions so as to make them instrumental to its own personal interests. According to many social philosophers, this sort of predatory behaviour would become the prevailing one un ...

See also:

Coercion, Coercion - Overview, Coercion - Means, Coercion - Physical coercion, Coercion - Psychological coercion, Coercion - Economic coercion, Coercion - Aims, Coercion - Predatory coercion, Coercion - Pedagogic and thought coercion, Coercion - Disciplinary coercion, Coercion - Scope, Coercion - Specific coercion, Coercion - Unspecific coercion, Coercion - Effects, Coercion - Legal effects, Coercion - Psychological effects: the effectiveness of thought coercion, Coercion - Social effects: coercion and progress, Coercion - Ethical effects: coercion and freedom, Coercion - Examples of coercion

Read more here: » Coercion: Encyclopedia II - Coercion - Aims

The scope of coercion has to do with who uses a conditional threat against whom. It is closely linked with some of the other aspects already surveyed above, and may be of paramount importance in determining coercion’s effects and implications. Coercion - Specific coercion. Specific or ‘’personal’’ coercion is the most commonly considered kind. It takes place when the conditional threat is decided upon by one particular individual or small group, and/or directed against some other individual or small group. All forms of predatory and thought coercion fall into this category. Coer ...

See also:

Coercion, Coercion - Overview, Coercion - Means, Coercion - Physical coercion, Coercion - Psychological coercion, Coercion - Economic coercion, Coercion - Aims, Coercion - Predatory coercion, Coercion - Pedagogic and thought coercion, Coercion - Disciplinary coercion, Coercion - Scope, Coercion - Specific coercion, Coercion - Unspecific coercion, Coercion - Effects, Coercion - Legal effects, Coercion - Psychological effects: the effectiveness of thought coercion, Coercion - Social effects: coercion and progress, Coercion - Ethical effects: coercion and freedom, Coercion - Examples of coercion

Read more here: » Coercion: Encyclopedia II - Coercion - Scope

Playgrounds

Playgrounds are the scene of many of our most favoured childhood memories. What makes a playground dream significant is who accompanies you and what age you are in the dream. It is not uncommon to have a playground dream where the dreamer is the only child among adults or the only adult among children. These dreams usually indicate that there is a disparity between how you are acting in the world and what a more appropriate disposition would be. You may need to either lighten up or take yourself more seriously, depending on some of the distinct images in the dream.

Equally important in the playground dream is the presence of particular friends or family members. This is especially true if they have passed away in waking life but participate in the dream as living characters (see dead people as live characters). Dreams of this nature are often pointing towards incomplete relationships that are either repeating themselves in waking life or need resolution.

A 44-year-old woman reports this dream: I am on a playground?there is carnival music playing in the background. I am on the turntable apparatus that spins faster and faster. Suddenly, I vomit in front of my friends. I feel humiliated for losing control. I am very sad because I have on my favourite little girl dress.

This dream is interesting because of the mixture of happy and sad memories. The dreamer does not report ever vomiting at a playground in her conscious memory.

However, upon investigating the dream, she realizes that her father is the one making the turntable spin. She feels as though she was enjoying herself tremendously up until the crucial moment. Then she realized the dress she vomited on in the dream is one she was given the summer her parents divorced.

Source: iVillage, http://www.ivillage.co.uk

(See also: Dream Archives, Meaning of Dreams, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary - Playgrounds, Meaning of Dreams about Playgrounds, Dream Interpretation Playgrounds)

Playgrounds

Playgrounds are the scene of many of our most favoured childhood memories. What makes a playground dream significant is who accompanies you and what age you are in the dream. It is not uncommon to have a playground dream where the dreamer is the only child among adults or the only adult among children. These dreams usually indicate that there is a disparity between how you are acting in the world and what a more appropriate disposition would be. You may need to either lighten up or take yourself more seriously, depending on some of the distinct images in the dream.

Equally important in the playground dream is the presence of particular friends or family members. This is especially true if they have passed away in waking life but participate in the dream as living characters (see dead people as live characters). Dreams of this nature are often pointing towards incomplete relationships that are either repeating themselves in waking life or need resolution.

A 44-year-old woman reports this dream: I am on a playground?there is carnival music playing in the background. I am on the turntable apparatus that spins faster and faster. Suddenly, I vomit in front of my friends. I feel humiliated for losing control. I am very sad because I have on my favourite little girl dress.

This dream is interesting because of the mixture of happy and sad memories. The dreamer does not report ever vomiting at a playground in her conscious memory.

However, upon investigating the dream, she realizes that her father is the one making the turntable spin. She feels as though she was enjoying herself tremendously up until the crucial moment. Then she realized the dress she vomited on in the dream is one she was given the summer her parents divorced.

Source: iVillage, http://www.ivillage.co.uk

(See also: Dream Archives, Meaning of Dreams, Dream Interpretation, Dream Dictionary, Dream Dictionary - Playgrounds, Meaning of Dreams about Playgrounds, Dream Interpretation Playgrounds)