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szlachta | A Wisdom Archive on szlachta | | szlachta A selection of articles related to szlachta | |
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szlachta, Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Religious beliefs, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, History of Poland, List of <i>szlachta</i>, Legitimization of szlachta in Congress Poland (<i>legitymacja szlachectwa</i>), Warsaw Confederation
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO szlachta | | | |  szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Elections in Poland - Election results
Elections in Poland - Poland 1989-present.
Polish presidential election, 2005
Polish parliamentary election, 2005
European Parliament election, 2004 (Poland)
Polish legislative election, 2001
Polish presidential election, 2000
Polish legislative election, 1997
Polish presidential election, 1995
Polish legislative election, 1993
Polish legislative election, ...
See also:Elections in Poland, Elections in Poland - Election results, Elections in Poland - Poland 1989-present, Elections in Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, Elections in Poland - Second Polish Republic 1918-1939, Elections in Poland - Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795 Read more here: » Elections in Poland: Encyclopedia II - Elections in Poland - Election results |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Central Lithuania - History
Central Lithuania - Background.
For fifty years following the January Uprising of 1864, the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania was under a military government of Imperial Russia. Poles and Lithuanians were discriminated against: the Polish and Lithuanian languages were forbidden in public, Poles were forbidden to buy real estate and a special tax (contribution) had to be paid only by Poles.
In the aftermath of WWI, the area was divided onto 3 parts.
The 'Lithuania proper', consisting of histo ...
See also:Central Lithuania, Central Lithuania - History, Central Lithuania - Background, Central Lithuania - Conflict, Central Lithuania - Republic of Central Lithuania, Central Lithuania - Mediation, Central Lithuania - Resolution, Central Lithuania - Aftermath Read more here: » Central Lithuania: Encyclopedia II - Central Lithuania - History |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Citizenship - Supranational citizenship In recent years, some intergovernmental organisations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level, where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Two examples are given below, of citizenship in the European Union, and also of citizenship within the Commonwealth of Nations. As of 2005, citizenship at this level is a secondary ...
See also:Citizenship, Citizenship - Subnational citizenship, Citizenship - Supranational citizenship, Citizenship - European Union EU citizenship, Citizenship - Commonwealth citizenship, Citizenship - Honorary citizenship, Citizenship - Historical citizenship Read more here: » Citizenship: Encyclopedia II - Citizenship - Supranational citizenship |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors
Crown land - Anglo-Saxon and Norman.
In Anglo-Saxon times the property of the king consisted of his private estate, the demesne of the crown, comprising palaces, and rights over the folkland of the kingdom, the "commonage" that the people held in common. By the time of the Norman Conquest, the three had become merged into the estate of the crown, that is, land annexed to the crown, held by the king only as king. The king, also, ceased to hold as a private owner but he had full power of disposal by grant of the crown lands, which were increased from time ...
See also:Crown land, Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors, Crown land - Anglo-Saxon and Norman, Crown land - England Britain UK, Crown land - Crown Estate, Crown land - The Commonwealth of Nations, Crown land - Australia, Crown land - Tasmanian Crown Lands Act 1976, Crown land - Canada, Crown land - Austro-Hungary, Crown land - Poland, Crown land - Reference, Crown land - Internal links, Crown land - External link Read more here: » Crown land: Encyclopedia II - Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385 Main articles: History of Poland (966-1385), Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts, Kingdom of Poland during feudal dissolution, Kingdom of Poland of the later Piasts
The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty. His conversion from Pagnism to Christianity marked the first written historical event of Poland. By 990, when Mieszko officially submitted to the authority of the Holy See, he had transformed his country into one of the strongest pow ...
See also:History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present Read more here: » History of Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385 |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Golden Age of the Sixteenth Century The Jagiellons never recovered their hegemony over Central Europe, and the ascendancy of the Ottomans foreshadowed the eventual subjection of the entire region to foreign rule; but the half century that followed the Battle of Mohács marked an era of stability, affluence, and cultural advancement unmatched in national history and widely regarded by Poles as their country's golden age.
History of Poland 1385–1569 - Poland-Lithuania as a European Power.
The Teutonic Knights had been reduced to vassalage, a ...
See also:History of Poland 1385–1569, History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Polish-Lithuanian Union, History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Golden Age of the Sixteenth Century, History of Poland 1385–1569 - Poland-Lithuania as a European Power, History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Government of Poland-Lithuania, History of Poland 1385–1569 - Poland-Lithuania in the Reformation Era, History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Polish Renaissance, History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Eastern Regions of the Realm, History of Poland 1385–1569 - Reference Read more here: » History of Poland 1385–1569: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1385–1569 - The Golden Age of the Sixteenth Century |
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| | | | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Jan III Sobieski - Biography Jan Sobieski was born 1629 in Olesko, a small town near Lwów (modern Lviv, Ukraine), to a notable szlachta family of Sobieski of Janina Coat of Arms. His father, Jakub Sobieski, was a voivod of the Ruthenian Voivodship and a castellan of Kraków; his mother, Zofia Teofilia neé Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, one of the most notable Polish military commanders ever. After graduating from the famous Nowodwory College in Kraków, young Jan Sobieski graduated from the philosophical faculty of the Jagiellonian ...
See also:Jan III Sobieski, Jan III Sobieski - Royal titles, Jan III Sobieski - Biography, Jan III Sobieski - Battles commanded by Sobieski, Jan III Sobieski - Marriage and family, Jan III Sobieski - Trivia, Jan III Sobieski - Publications Read more here: » Jan III Sobieski: Encyclopedia II - Jan III Sobieski - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early period: 966-1385
History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early history.
The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name Ibrahim ibn Jakub was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of Jews in ...
See also:History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early period: 966-1385, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early history, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early persecutions: 1266-1279, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Prosperity in a Reunited Poland: 1320-1385, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - The Jagiellon era: 1385-1572, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Persecutions of 1385-1492, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Influx of Jews fleeing persecution: 1492-1548, History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Golden Age Under Sigismund and Sigusmund II Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland 966-1572 - Early period: 966-1385 |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1569–1795 - House of Vasa
History of Poland 1569–1795 - Zygmunt III Waza 1587–1632.
The first few years of Sigismund's reign, until 1598 saw Poland and Sweden united in a personal union that made the Baltic sea an internal lake. However, the rebellion in Sweden started the chain of events that would involve Commonwealth in more than a century of warfare with Sweden.
In the end, Sigismund III Waza failed to strengthen the Commonwealth nor to solve its internal problems; instead he concentrated on a futile attempt to regain his former Swedish throne.
His ...
See also:History of Poland 1569–1795, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Founding of The Elective Monarchy, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Henryk II Walezy 1572–1573, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Stefan Batory 1576–1586, History of Poland 1569–1795 - House of Vasa, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Zygmunt III Waza 1587–1632, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Polish-Sweden-Muscovy Wars, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Władysław IV Waza 1632-1648, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Jan Kazimierz Vasa 1648–1668, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Decay of the Commonwealth, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki King 1669–1673, History of Poland 1569–1795 - John III Sobieski King 1674–1696, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Augustus II the Strong Wettin King 1697–1706 1709–1733, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Stanislaw Leszczynski King 1706–1709 1733–1736, History of Poland 1569–1795 - August III Wettin King 1733–1763, History of Poland 1569–1795 - The Three Partitions 1764-1795, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Stanisław August Poniatowski King 1764–1795, History of Poland 1569–1795 - Reference Read more here: » History of Poland 1569–1795: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1569–1795 - House of Vasa |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1795–1918 - World War I After World War I and the collapse of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, Poland became an independent republic. However, Poland's geographical position between Germany and Russia had meant much fighting and terrific human and material losses for the Poles between 1914 and 1918.
History of Poland 1795–1918 - War and the Polish lands.
The war split the ranks of the three partitioning empires, pitting Russia as defender of Serbia and ally of Britain and France against the leading members of t ...
See also:History of Poland 1795–1918, History of Poland 1795–1918 - The Napoleonic period, History of Poland 1795–1918 - The impact of nationalism and romanticism, History of Poland 1795–1918 - The era of national insurrections, History of Poland 1795–1918 - The time of Organic Work, History of Poland 1795–1918 - Social and political transformation, History of Poland 1795–1918 - World War I, History of Poland 1795–1918 - War and the Polish lands, History of Poland 1795–1918 - Recovery of statehood, History of Poland 1795–1918 - Reference Read more here: » History of Poland 1795–1918: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1795–1918 - World War I |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE.
200 BCE–100 CE Throughout this era the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) is gradually canonized. Jewish religious works that were written after the time of Ezra were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jys. Those works that made it into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) became known as the deuterocanonical books.
30–100 CE Christianity emerges as a movement, and then splits from Judaism.
66–70 CE The Great Jewish Revolt en ...
See also:Timeline of Jewish history, Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history, Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history, Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE, Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500, Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800, Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900, Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945, Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors
Crown land - Anglo-Saxon and Norman.
In Anglo-Saxon times the property of the king consisted of his private estate, the demesne of the crown, comprising palaces, and rights over the folkland of the kingdom, the "commonage" that the people held in common. By the time of the Norman Conquest, the three had become merged into the estate of the crown, that is, land annexed to the crown, held by the king only as king. The king, also, ceased to hold as a private owner but he had full power of disposal by grant of the crown lands, which were increased from time ...
See also:Crown land, Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors, Crown land - Anglo-Saxon and Norman, Crown land - England Britain UK, Crown land - Crown Estate, Crown land - The British Commonwealth, Crown land - Tasmanian Crown Lands Act 1976, Crown land - Canada, Crown land - Austro-Hungary, Crown land - Poland, Crown land - Reference, Crown land - External link Read more here: » Crown land: Encyclopedia II - Crown land - United Kingdom and its predecessors |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz III the Great - Biography Casimir the Great married firstly Anna, or Aldona Ona, the daughter of the prince of Lithuania, Gediminas. Their daughters were Cunigunda (d 1357), who was married to Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Elisabeth, who was married to Duke Bogislaus V of Pomerania. Casimir then married Adelheid of Hessen, and this was the start of his bigamous marriage career. He divorced Adelheid in 1356, married a lady named Christina, divorced her, and fourthly (when at least Adelheid and possibly also Christina were alive) c. 1 ...
See also:Kazimierz III the Great, Kazimierz III the Great - Biography, Kazimierz III the Great - The Great King, Kazimierz III the Great - Concession to szlachta, Kazimierz III the Great - Relationship with Polish Jews Read more here: » Kazimierz III the Great: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz III the Great - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Elective monarchy - Some examples from History In the ancient Kingdom of Rome, the kings were elected by the Assemblies. The Holy Roman Empire was another example of this, in which the Emperor was elected by a small council of nobles called prince-electors.
In Gaelic Order Ireland, a Rí, or king was elected to rule clan lands both large and small. While Rí (king) is used regardless of the size of the territory, in English, the lesser rulers are more commonly called chieftains. The Ard Rí Éireann, or High King of Ireland was also elected from among the provincial kings.
A system of elective monarchy existe ...
See also:Elective monarchy, Elective monarchy - Some examples from History, Elective monarchy - When it was usual, Elective monarchy - Current, Elective monarchy - Elective monarchies in fiction Read more here: » Elective monarchy: Encyclopedia II - Elective monarchy - Some examples from History |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Imperial Russia This section derives originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
In the Russian Empire the Cossacks constituted 11 separate Cossack voiskos, settled along the frontiers: the Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Semiryechensk Cossacks, Baikal Cossacks, Amur Cossacks, and Ussuri Cossacks. Also, there was a small number of the Cossacks in Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk, who would form the Yenisey Cossack Host and Irkutsk Cossack regiment of the Minist ...
See also:History of the Cossacks, History of the Cossacks - Early Cossack history, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of the Cossacks - Ukraine and Muscovy, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Imperial Russia, History of the Cossacks - The Russian Revolution and Cossacks, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in World War II, History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Russia today, History of the Cossacks - External articles Read more here: » History of the Cossacks: Encyclopedia II - History of the Cossacks - Cossacks in Imperial Russia |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries Almost all surnames of English origin fall into just four types:
Occupations (e.g. Smith, Baker, Archer)
Personal characteristics (e.g. Short, Brown, Whitehead)
Places & geographical features (e.g. Scott, Hill, Rivers, Windsor)
Ancestry, often based on a first name (e.g. Richardson, James) or, if we include surnames of Scottish origin; clan (e.g. Macdonald, Forbes).
These surname types describe respectively the occupation, personal characteristics, location/origin, and ancestry (typic ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism
Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament.
Christian theology rooted in Roman Catholic theology was stimulated by the traditional reading of the New Testament, resulting in 'replacement theology' (or supersessionism), which taught that with the coming of Jesus a new covenant has rendered obsolete and has superseded the religion of Judaism. It was believed that the Jews, as a people, were responsible for the death of Jesus, and a number of early and influential Church works -- such as the dialogues of Justin Martyr, the homilies of John Chrysostom, and the testimoni ...
See also:Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism |
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