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szlachta | A Wisdom Archive on szlachta | | szlachta A selection of articles related to szlachta | |
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szlachta, Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Religious beliefs, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, History of Poland, List of <i>szlachta</i>, Legitimization of szlachta in Congress Poland (<i>legitymacja szlachectwa</i>), Warsaw Confederation
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO szlachta | | | | |  szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial officesThe upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senate, comprising bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers (central officials). The list of dignitaries eligible to serve in the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland was transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The most important official was the Primate — the Archbishop of Gniezno. From 1572, the first time that Poland had been without a king (the Jagiellon Dynasty having died out ...
See also:Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central non-Senat-related offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of court offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of military offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of borough and judicial offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of town and village offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial offices |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Nihil novi - Nihil novi nisi commune consensu It was an important victory for Polish noblemen (szlachta) over the kings. This act (called a constitution in Poland) forbade the king to pass new laws without the agreement from szlachta representatives (Sejm and Senat), with the exceptions of laws regarding royal cities, crown lands (królewszczyzny), mines, fiefdoms, peasants, and Jews.
This act replaced the act of Mielno (akt mielnicki, which strengthened the magnates only) and thus tipped the balance of power in favour of the Sejm (parliament), where lesser nobility held much power. This act is often ...
See also:Nihil novi, Nihil novi - Nihil novi nisi commune consensu, Nihil novi - Text of the act Read more here: » Nihil novi: Encyclopedia II - Nihil novi - Nihil novi nisi commune consensu |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Władysław IV Vasa - Achievements
Władysław IV Vasa - Successes.
Wladislaw was elected to the Polish throne on his father's death in 1632. In an attempt to take advantage of confusion expected after the death of the Polish king, Tsar Michael Romanov ordered an attack on the Commonwealth. A Muscovite army (of approximately 34,500) crossed the Commonwealth eastern frontier in October 1632 and laid siege to Smolensk (which was ceded to Poland by Russia in 1618, at the end of the Dymitriad wars). In the war against Russia in 1632-1634 (the Smolensk ...
See also:Władysław IV Vasa, Władysław IV Vasa - Royal titles, Władysław IV Vasa - Biography, Władysław IV Vasa - Prince, Władysław IV Vasa - King, Władysław IV Vasa - Achievements, Władysław IV Vasa - Successes, Władysław IV Vasa - Failures, Władysław IV Vasa - Other Read more here: » Władysław IV Vasa: Encyclopedia II - Władysław IV Vasa - Achievements |
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| | | | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Sejmik - Features Sejmiks were held usually on an large, open field. There were three kinds of sejmik:
general (Polish: generalny, latin conventiones generales), held in western Poland (Greater Poland, Polish: Wielkopolska) at Kolo, in southern Poland (Little Poland, Polish: Małopolska) at Nowe Miasto Korczyn, in Mazovia (Polish: Mazowswze) at Warsaw, in Red Ruthenia at Sadowa Wisznia, and in Lithuania at Volkovysk. The general sejmiks were composed of delegates elected at the provincial sejmiks. Their goal was ...
See also:Sejmik, Sejmik - History, Sejmik - Features Read more here: » Sejmik: Encyclopedia II - Sejmik - Features |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE.
200 BCE–100 CE Throughout this era the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) is gradually canonized. Jewish religious works that were written after the time of Ezra were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jews. Those works that made it into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) became known as the deuterocanonical books.
30–100 CE Christianity emerges as a movement, and then splits from Judaism.
66–70 CE The Great Jewish Revolt en ...
See also:Timeline of Jewish history, Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history, Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history, Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE, Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500, Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800, Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900, Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945, Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - History Main article: History of the Cossacks
Cossack - Origins.
It is not clear when the Slavic people started settling in the lower reaches of the Don and the Dnieper. It is unlikely it could have happened before the 13th century, when the Mongol hordes broke the power of the Cumans and other Turkic tribes on that territory.
Proto-Cossack groups most likely came into existence within the territories of today's Ukraine in the mid-13th century, when many Slavs fled south to escape the Tatar yoke. In ...
See also:Cossack, Cossack - History, Cossack - Origins, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Cossack Settlements, Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire, Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution, Cossack - Cossack organization, Cossack - Cossacks and religion, Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks, Cossack - Terminology, Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks, Cossack - Russian Cossacks, Cossack - Tatar Cossacks Read more here: » Cossack: Encyclopedia II - Cossack - History |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Tadeusz Kościuszko - Biography
Tadeusz Kościuszko - Early life.
Tadeusz Kościuszko was born February 4, 1746, in the village of Mereszowszczyzna in Polesie, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Kosova in Belarus), to the szlachta family of Ludwik Tadeusz Kościuszko and Tekla (née Ratomska). His family's ancestor was a certain Konstanty, a courtier of king Sigismund I who in 1509 was granted the village of Siechnowicze, given nobility, became szlachcic, and used the Roch III Coat of Arms. However, by the time Tadeusz was born his family was already somewhat impoverished and the vill ...
See also:Tadeusz Kościuszko, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Biography, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Early life, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Kościuszko in France, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Return to Poland, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Dresden and Paris, Tadeusz Kościuszko - American Revolutionary War, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Return to Poland, Tadeusz Kościuszko - War in Defence of the Constitution, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Emigration, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Kościuszko Uprising, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Later life, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Things and places named after Kościuszko Read more here: » Tadeusz Kościuszko: Encyclopedia II - Tadeusz Kościuszko - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries Almost all surnames of English origin fall into just four types:
Occupations (e.g. Smith, Baker, Archer)
Personal characteristics (e.g. Short, Brown, Whitehead)
Places & geographical features (e.g. Scott, Hill, Rivers, Windsor)
Ancestry, often based on a first name (e.g. Richardson, James) or, if we include surnames of Scottish origin, clan (e.g. Macdonald, Forbes).
These surname types describe respectively the occupation, personal characteristics, location/origin, and ancestry (typic ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Finland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Stanisław Koniecpolski - Biography
Stanisław Koniecpolski - Childhood.
Stanisław Koniecpolski was born between 1590 and 15941 into the szlachta and magnate family of Koniecpolscy in their seat of Koniecpol. His father was Aleksander Koniecpolski, voivode (palatine) of Sieradz, a staunch supporter of king Sigismund III Vasa of the House of Vasa. His mother was Anna Sroczycka, daughter of Stanisław Sroczycki, voivode of Kamieniec Podolski, who brought into the Koniecpolscy family large estates in Podolia. Stanisław's brothers were Krz ...
See also:Stanisław Koniecpolski, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Biography, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Childhood, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Early career, Stanisław Koniecpolski - New year new war, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Grand Crown Hetman, Stanisław Koniecpolski - The magnate, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Last years, Stanisław Koniecpolski - Notes Read more here: » Stanisław Koniecpolski: Encyclopedia II - Stanisław Koniecpolski - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Stefan Batory - Biography Stefan Batory was born September 27, 1533, in Somlyo, Transylvania, to the local branch of the ancient Bathory family, now extinct, but originally almost coeval with the Hungarian monarchy. Istvan Bathory spent his early years at the court of the emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, subsequently attached himself to Janos Zapolya, and won equal renown as a valiant lord-marcher, and as a skilful diplomat at the imperial court. Zapolya rewarded him with the voivodeship of Transylvania, and as the loyal defender of the rights of his patrons' son, Joh ...
See also:Stefan Batory, Stefan Batory - Biography, Stefan Batory - Notes, Stefan Batory - Reference Read more here: » Stefan Batory: Encyclopedia II - Stefan Batory - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Ladislaus Hengelmuller - The Hengelmuller-Washington Incident In the November 13, 1905 edition of the Washington Post, a "Hengelmuller-Washington" incident was described. Evidently Professor Booker T. Washington and the Baron had been visiting President Roosevelt at about the same time. The Baron left first, accidentally taking Professor Washington's overcoat instead of his own. When the Baron reached into the pocket, he pulled out a rabbit's foot: "the left hind foot of a graveyard rabbit, killed in the dark of the moon.".
The November 14, 1905 comment by the Detroit Journal about ...
See also:Ladislaus Hengelmuller, Ladislaus Hengelmuller - The Hengelmuller-Washington Incident, Ladislaus Hengelmuller - Ambassadorship, Ladislaus Hengelmuller - Family, Ladislaus Hengelmuller - Alternate name spellings, Ladislaus Hengelmuller - Works, Ladislaus Hengelmuller - Trivia Read more here: » Ladislaus Hengelmuller: Encyclopedia II - Ladislaus Hengelmuller - The Hengelmuller-Washington Incident |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early period: 966-1385
Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early history.
This article incorporates text from the public domain 1901-1906 Jewish Encyclopedia.
The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants (who included the Radhanites) also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name Ibrahim ib ...
See also:Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early period: 966-1385, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early history, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early persecutions: 1266-1279, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Prosperity in a Reunited Poland: 1320-1385, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - The Jagiellon era: 1385-1572, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Persecutions of 1385-1492, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Influx of Jews fleeing persecution: 1492-1548, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Golden Age Under Sigismund and Sigusmund II, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572-1795, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Jewish learning and culture during the early Polish-Lithuanian Commonweath, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - The beginning of decline, Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Cossacks' Uprising Read more here: » Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s: Encyclopedia II - Jewish Polish history origins to 1600s - Early period: 966-1385 |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Gerard Antoni Ciołek - Biography Gerard Antoni Ciołek was born on 24 September 1909 in Wyżnica, a small town in Bukovina territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire (now Western Ukraine). His Polish parents, Adolf and Ludwika (nee Melz), were landless, impoverished nobility (i.e. landless szlachta) from Galicia and Bukovina. His father was a middle-ranking official at the Austrian Tax Office, first in Kuty, then in nearby Wyżnica, in the Carpathian ranges. Following the end of World War I, and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Wyżnica was incorporated into Roman ...
See also:Gerard Antoni Ciołek, Gerard Antoni Ciołek - Biography, Gerard Antoni Ciołek - Publications about the work & life of Gerard Ciołek, Gerard Antoni Ciołek - Main publications by Gerard Ciołek, Gerard Antoni Ciołek - Posthumous publications Read more here: » Gerard Antoni Ciołek: Encyclopedia II - Gerard Antoni Ciołek - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Early history The history of Belarus, or, more correctly of the Belarusian ethnicity, begins with the migration and expansion of the Slavic peoples throughout Eastern Europe between the 6th and 8th centuries Anno Domini. East Slavs settled on the territory within present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, assimilating local Baltic (Belarus), Ugro-Finnic (Russia) and steppe nomads (Ukraine) already living there, early ethnic integrations that contributed to the gradual differentiation of the three East Slavic nations. These East Slavs were pagan, animistic, agrarian people whose economy included trade in agricul ...
See also:History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Early history |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572
History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385.
Main article: History of Poland (966-1385)
The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish ...
See also:History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572 |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries Almost all surnames of English origin fall into just four types:
Occupations (e.g. Smith, Baker, Archer)
Personal characteristics (e.g. Short, Brown, Whitehead)
Places & geographical features (e.g. Scott, Hill, Rivers, Windsor)
For those descended from peers, the name of their holdings.
Ancestry, often based on a first name (e.g. Richardson, James) or, if we include surnames ...
See also:Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Finland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - English-speaking countries |
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