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szlachta | A Wisdom Archive on szlachta | | szlachta A selection of articles related to szlachta | |
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szlachta, Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Religious beliefs, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, History of Poland, List of <i>szlachta</i>, Legitimization of szlachta in Congress Poland (<i>legitymacja szlachectwa</i>), Warsaw Confederation
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO szlachta | | | | |  szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Leliwa Coat of Arms - BlazonOriginal arms of Leliwa, otherwise referred to as Leliwa I.
[Shield] Azure [in Polish heraldry, this tincture is always sky blue], a crescent or, surmounted by a mullet of six points of the second. [Helm] A Polish nobleman's helm. [Crest] Out of a Polish nobleman's coronet, a fan of seven peacock's feathers proper, charged with the elements of the shield or. [Mantling] Azure and or. [Motto] Leliwa, signifying the battle ...
See also:Leliwa Coat of Arms, Leliwa Coat of Arms - History, Leliwa Coat of Arms - Blazon, Leliwa Coat of Arms - Notable bearers Read more here: » Leliwa Coat of Arms: Encyclopedia II - Leliwa Coat of Arms - Blazon |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - List of szlachta - By date of birth This article lists important members of the szlachta (nobility) class of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by century and date of birth.
In many cases the year is not certain since there are several conflicting sources or none at all. In the times of the Commonwealth, most people - including szlachta - paid very little attention to their date of birth.
List of szlachta - 14th century.
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See also:List of szlachta, List of szlachta - By family, List of szlachta - By date of birth, List of szlachta - 14th century, List of szlachta - 15th century, List of szlachta - 16th century, List of szlachta - 17th century, List of szlachta - 18th century, List of szlachta - 19th century, List of szlachta - 20th century Read more here: » List of szlachta: Encyclopedia II - List of szlachta - By date of birth |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Kishka - Food Kishka or kishke (Polish: kiszka; Russian: кишка, kishka; Ukrainian: кишка, kyshka; Yiddish: קישקע, kishke), is a Slavic word meaning gut, or intestine, that lends its name to varieties of sausage or pudding.
The Eastern European kishka is a blood sausage made with pig's blood and buckwheat or barley, with pig's intestines used as a casing. It is tra ...
See also:Kishka, Kishka - Food, Kishka - Family, Kishka - Intestine, Kishka - Prison Read more here: » Kishka: Encyclopedia II - Kishka - Food |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Jan III Sobieski - Biography Jan Sobieski was born 1629 at Olesko, Poland, to Jakub (James) Sobieski (1580-1646), Voivod of the Ruthenian Voivodship and Castellan of Kraków, and Zofia Teofillia (Daniłowicz), granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski. He had won fame as an outstanding military commander in wars against the Ottomans, Tatars, Muscovites, Cossacks and Swedes.
In 1665 he became Great Marshal of the Crown, and in 1666 Field Crown Hetman. In 1668 he was appointed by King Jan II Kazimierz the Great Crown Hetman and Commander-in-Chief of the Poli ...
See also:Jan III Sobieski, Jan III Sobieski - Royal titles, Jan III Sobieski - Biography, Jan III Sobieski - Battles commanded by Sobieski, Jan III Sobieski - Marriage and family, Jan III Sobieski - Trivia, Jan III Sobieski - Publications Read more here: » Jan III Sobieski: Encyclopedia II - Jan III Sobieski - Biography |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities Chancellors, as most of the other offices in Poland and later, the Commonwealth, were nominated to the office for life by the King during the Sejm (Parliament) session. From 15th and 16th century, after the reforms of Alexander, Sigismund I and the Union of Lublin, the power and importance of the Chancellor office was stabilised, as the senatorial office lesser then the hetmans (military commanders who had however no right to vote in the Senat) and the Grand Marshals, but more important then ...
See also:Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes Read more here: » Kanclerz: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Personal union - Commonwealth Realms current and former
Personal union - Antigua and Barbuda.
Since 1981 upon obtaining independence as a Commonwealth Realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with other Commonwealth Realms (formerly known as dominions).
Personal union - Australia.
Since 1986 upon the passage of the Australia Act which ended the requirement that amendments to Australia's constitution receive assent from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Shares El ...
See also:Personal union, Personal union - Andorra, Personal union - Austria, Personal union - Commonwealth Realms current and former, Personal union - Antigua and Barbuda, Personal union - Australia, Personal union - Bahamas, Personal union - Barbados, Personal union - Belize, Personal union - Canada, Personal union - Ceylon, Personal union - Fiji, Personal union - Gambia, Personal union - Ghana, Personal union - Grenada, Personal union - Guyana, Personal union - India, Personal union - Jamaica, Personal union - Kenya, Personal union - Malta, Personal union - Mauritius, Personal union - New Zealand, Personal union - Nigeria, Personal union - Pakistan, Personal union - Papua New Guinea, Personal union - Saint Kitts and Nevis, Personal union - Saint Lucia, Personal union - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Personal union - Sierra Leone, Personal union - Solomon Islands, Personal union - Tanganyika, Personal union - Trinidad and Tobago, Personal union - Tuvalu, Personal union - Uganda, Personal union - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Personal union - Croatia, Personal union - Denmark, Personal union - England, Personal union - France, Personal union - Great Britain, Personal union - Hanover, Personal union - Holy Roman Empire, Personal union - Hungary, Personal union - Iceland, Personal union - Ireland, Personal union - Lithuania, Personal union - Luxembourg, Personal union - The Netherlands, Personal union - Norway, Personal union - Poland, Personal union - Poland-Lithuania, Personal union - Portugal, Personal union - Romania, Personal union - Schleswig and Holstein, Personal union - Scotland, Personal union - Spain, Personal union - Sweden, Personal union - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Read more here: » Personal union: Encyclopedia II - Personal union - Commonwealth Realms current and former |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish cuisine - History
Polish cuisine - Middle Ages.
During the Late Middle Ages the cuisine of Poland was very heavy and spicy. Two main ingredients were meat (both game and beef) and cereal. As the territory of Poland was densely forested, use of mushrooms, forest fruits, nuts and honey was also widespread.
Thanks to close trade relations with the East, the price of spices (such as juniper, pepper and nutmeg) was much lower than in the rest of Europe, and spicy sauces became popular. One purpose was to neutraliz ...
See also:Polish cuisine, Polish cuisine - History, Polish cuisine - Middle Ages, Polish cuisine - Renaissance, Polish cuisine - The Republic, Polish cuisine - Partitions, Polish cuisine - After World War II, Polish cuisine - Modern times, Polish cuisine - Famous all-national dishes, Polish cuisine - soup, Polish cuisine - main course, Polish cuisine - desserts, Polish cuisine - ingredients, Polish cuisine - beverages, Polish cuisine - Regional cuisine, Polish cuisine - Galicja, Polish cuisine - Eastern Poland, Polish cuisine - Masovia including Warsaw, Polish cuisine - Masuria, Polish cuisine - Pomerania, Polish cuisine - Silesia, Polish cuisine - Tatra mountains, Polish cuisine - Wielkopolska Greater Poland Read more here: » Polish cuisine: Encyclopedia II - Polish cuisine - History |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish name - Nazwisko surname Polish surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal, i.e. passed from the father on to his children.
A married woman usually adopts her husband's name. However, other combinations are legally possible. The wife may keep her maiden name (nazwisko panieńskie) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone). However, if she already has a double-barrelled name, she must leave one of the parts out – it is illegal to use a triple- or more-barrelled name. It is also possible, though rare, for the husband to adopt his wife's surname ...
See also:Polish name, Polish name - Imię given name, Polish name - Nazwisko surname, Polish name - History, Polish name - Classification, Polish name - Feminine forms, Polish name - Formal and informal use, Polish name - Formal language, Polish name - Informal language Read more here: » Polish name: Encyclopedia II - Polish name - Nazwisko surname |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - History During Stone age Bukovina was densly populated by Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC).
Since the Roman times, Dacian peoples inhabited the territory. In the 5th century, the territory came under the rule of the Avars. Around 7th century, Slavic populations settled in the region. From 9th to early 14th century the territory was under the rule of Kievan Rus' and one of its successor stat ...
See also:Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - History |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572
History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385.
The first Jews arrived in the territory of modern Poland in the 10th century. Travelling along the trade routes leading eastwards to Kiev and Bukhara, the Jewish merchants also crossed the areas of Silesia. One of them, a diplomat and merchant from the Moorish town of Tortosa in Al-Andalus, known under his Arabic name of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, was the first chronicler to mention the Polish state under the rule of prince Mieszko I. The first actual mention of ...
See also:History of the Jews in Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572, History of the Jews in Poland - Early history: 966–1385, History of the Jews in Poland - The early Jagiellon era: 1385–1505, History of the Jews in Poland - Center of the Jewish world: 1505–72, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1572–1795, History of the Jews in Poland - The Warsaw Confederation, History of the Jews in Poland - Increasing isolation, History of the Jews in Poland - The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge, History of the Jews in Poland - Decline under the Saxon Dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland - The Partitions, History of the Jews in Poland - The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish learning, History of the Jews in Poland - The rise of Hasidism, History of the Jews in Poland - Jews of Poland within the Russian Empire 1795–1918, History of the Jews in Poland - Pogroms, History of the Jews in Poland - Haskalah and Halakha, History of the Jews in Poland - Politics in Polish Territory, History of the Jews in Poland - Interwar period 1918–39, History of the Jews in Poland - Independence and Polish Jews, History of the Jews in Poland - Jewish and Polish culture, History of the Jews in Poland - Growing anti-Semitism, History of the Jews in Poland - WWII and the destruction of Polish Jewry 1939–45, History of the Jews in Poland - The Polish September campaign, History of the Jews in Poland - Soviet-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - The Holocaust: German-occupied Poland, History of the Jews in Poland - Communist rule: 1945–89, History of the Jews in Poland - Postwar, History of the Jews in Poland - 1967–1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Since 1989, History of the Jews in Poland - Notes Read more here: » History of the Jews in Poland: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Poland - Early history to Golden Age: 966–1572 |
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| | | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of ...
See also:Poland, Poland - Name, Poland - History, Poland - Politics, Poland - Geography, Poland - Principal Cities, Poland - Administrative division, Poland - Economy, Poland - Science technology and education, Poland - Telecommunication and IT, Poland - Transportation, Poland - Tourism and holidays, Poland - Demographics, Poland - Culture, Poland - UNESCO World Heritage in Poland, Poland - International rankings Read more here: » Poland: Encyclopedia II - Poland - History |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History The creation of the Commonwealth by the Union of Lublin in 1569 was one of the signal achievements of Sigismund II Augustus, last king of the Jagiellon dynasty. His death in 1572 was followed by a three-year interregnum during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system that effectively increased the power of the nobility (the szlachta) and established a truly elective monarchy.
The Commonwealth reached its Golden Age in the first half of the 17th century. Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles ...
See also:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth Read more here: » Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Grammar Polish is often said to be one of the most difficult languages for non-native speakers to learn; of course, this depends on one's native language. While difficult for English speakers, it is relatively easy for speakers of Russian and other Slavic languages. It has a complex gender system with five genders: neuter, feminine and three masculine genders (personal, animate and inanimate). There are 7 cases and 2 numbers.
Nouns, adjectives and verbs are inflected, and both noun declension and verb conjugation are highly irregular. Every ...
See also:Polish language, Polish language - Outside Influence, Polish language - Classification, Polish language - Geographic distribution, Polish language - Dialects, Polish language - Phonology, Polish language - Orthography, Polish language - Grammar, Polish language - Word order, Polish language - Conjugation, Polish language - Vocabulary, Polish language - Notes Read more here: » Polish language: Encyclopedia II - Polish language - Grammar |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz III the Great - Biography Kazimierz the Great married firstly Anna, or Aldona Ona, the daughter of the prince of Lithuania, Gediminas. Their daughters were Cunigunda (d 1357), who was married to Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Elisabeth, who was married to Duke Bogislaus V of Pomerania. Kazimierz then married Adelheid of Hessen, and this was the start of his bigamous marriage career. He divorced Adelheid in 1356, married a lady named Christina, divorced her, and fourthly (when at least Adelheid and possibly also Christina were alive) ...
See also:Kazimierz III the Great, Kazimierz III the Great - Biography, Kazimierz III the Great - The Great King, Kazimierz III the Great - Concession to szlachta, Kazimierz III the Great - Relationship with Polish Jews Read more here: » Kazimierz III the Great: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz III the Great - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz III the Great - Biography Kazimierz the Great married firstly Anna, or Aldona Ona, the daughter of the prince of Lithuania, Gediminas. Their daughters were Cunigunda (d 1357), who was married to Louis VI the Roman, the son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Elisabeth, who was married to Duke Bogislaus V of Pomerania. Kazimierz then married Adelheid of Hessen, and this was the start of his bigamous marriage career. He divorced Adelheid in 1356, married a lady named Christina, divorced her, and fourthly (when at least Adelheid and possibly also Christina were alive) ...
See also:Kazimierz III the Great, Kazimierz III the Great - Biography, Kazimierz III the Great - The Great King, Kazimierz III the Great - Concession to szlachta, Kazimierz III the Great - Relationship with Polish Jews Read more here: » Kazimierz III the Great: Encyclopedia II - Kazimierz III the Great - Biography |
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| | | | | szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Swedish War - Polish-Sweden War of 1600-1611 The conflict between Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden can trace its roots to the War against Sigismund, where Sigismund III, at one time king of both the Commonwealth and Sweden, lost the throne of Sweden during the civil war (1597-1599). Few Commonwealth troops participated in this conflict, and it is mostly regarded as a Swedish civil war, not part of the Polish-Swedish wars. After early stalemate, Sigismund was defeated in the Battle of Stångebro in 1598 and by 1599, Sigismund was dethroned by his uncle, Duke Charles and forced to retreat to the Commonwealth. This also spelled ...
See also:Polish-Swedish War, Polish-Swedish War - Livonian War, Polish-Swedish War - Polish-Sweden War of 1600-1611, Polish-Swedish War - Polish-Sweden War of 1620-1622, Polish-Swedish War - Polish-Sweden War of 1625-1629, Polish-Swedish War - The Deluge, Polish-Swedish War - The Northern Wars, Polish-Swedish War - The Great Northern War Read more here: » Polish-Swedish War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Swedish War - Polish-Sweden War of 1600-1611 |
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