Boreyko - is a Polish Coat of Arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Boreyko Coat of Arms - History. The symbol of Swastika was also popular with the nobility. Prior to Christianity, this sign was painted on the shields of knights. According to chronicles, prince Oleg who in the 9th century with his Rus Vikings had captured Constantinople, had nailed his shield to the cities gates, which had a large red Swastika painted on it. The nob ...

Including:

• Boreyko Coat of Arms - History
• Boreyko Coat of Arms - Blazon
• Boreyko Coat of Arms - Notable bearers

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The nobility represents, or has represented, the higher stratum of a society in which social classes can be distinguished. The most distinctive feature of nobilty is that once acquired, it is passed to descendants, possibly according to some rules. The word "noble" in "nobility" also means "doing an act worthy of respect" to people. Nobility - Western nobility. Initially nobility descended from chivalry (or warrior class) in the feudal stage of the development of a society. Originally, knights or nobles wer ...

Including:

• Nobility - Western nobility
• Nobility - Nobility by nation

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The upper chamber of the First Republic's Sejm (parliament, or diet) was the Senat. It comprised bishops, voivods, castellans and ministers. The list of dignitaries eligible for the Senat had been finalized when, in the Union of Lublin (1569), the Kingdom of Poland had been transformed into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most important of all officials was the Primate, Archbishop of Gniezno. Since 1572, the first time Poland had no king, he was the interrex - acted as the head of the state until new king was elected. H ...

See also:

Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

Read more here: » Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: Encyclopedia II - Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices

Born in 1732, Poniatowski already at twenty, in 1752, as a Sejm deputy attracted attention with his oratory. He ultimately owed his career, however, to his uncles, the powerful Czartoryskis, who in 1755 sent him to Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the suite of the British ambassador, Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams. There, through the influence of Russian Chancellor A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he gained accreditation to the Russian court as ambassador of Saxony. Through Hanbury-Williams he met twenty-six-year-old Grand Duchess Catherine, who was irresistibly attracted to the handsome and brill ...

See also:

Stanisław August Poniatowski, Stanisław August Poniatowski - Royal titles, Stanisław August Poniatowski - Biography

Read more here: » Stanisław August Poniatowski: Encyclopedia II - Stanisław August Poniatowski - Biography

Silesia - Early people. Silesia was inhabited by various people that belonged to changing archeological cultures in the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. According to Tacitus, in the 1st century Silesia was inhabited by a multi-ethnic league dominated by the Lugii/Lygii. The Silingi were also part of this federation, and most likely a Vandalic people that lived south of the Baltic Sea in the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula river area. See also:

Silesia, Silesia - Name of the region, Silesia - History, Silesia - Early people, Silesia - Middle Ages, Silesia - Early Modern Period, Silesia - Silesia in Germany, Silesia - Between the wars, Silesia - Silesia after WWII, Silesia - Natural resources, Silesia - Demographics, Silesia - Major cities in Silesia

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Tadeusz Kościuszko - Early life. Tadeusz Kościuszko was born February 4, 1746, in the village of Mereszowszczyzna in Polesie, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Kosova in Belarus), to the szlachta family of Ludwik Tadeusz Kościuszko and Tekla née Ratomska. His family's ancestor was certain Konstanty, a courtier of king Sigismund I who in 1509 was granted the village of Siechnowicze, given nobility, became szlachcic, and used the Roch III Coat of Arms. However, by the time Tadeusz was born his family was already somewhat impoverished and the vill ...

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Tadeusz Kościuszko, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Biography, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Early life, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Kościuszko in France, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Return to Poland, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Dresden and Paris, Tadeusz Kościuszko - American Revolutionary War, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Return to Poland, Tadeusz Kościuszko - War in Defence of the Constitution, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Emigration, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Kościuszko Uprising, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Later life, Tadeusz Kościuszko - Things and places named after Kościuszko

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Historian Andrew Wilson has called this "one of the great 'What-ifs?' of Ukrainian and East European history", noting that "If it had been successfully implemented, the Commonwealth would finally have become a loose confederation of Poles, Lithuanians and Ruthenians. The missing Ukrainian buffer state would have come into being as the Commonwealth's eastern pillar. Russian expansion might have been checked and Poland spared the agonies of the Partitions or, perhaps just as likely, it might have s ...

See also:

Treaty of Hadiach, Treaty of Hadiach - Features, Treaty of Hadiach - History and importance, Treaty of Hadiach - Second Treaty of Hadiach

Read more here: » Treaty of Hadiach: Encyclopedia II - Treaty of Hadiach - History and importance

Mickiewicz was born in the Zavosse manor of his uncle near Nowogródek (Lithuanian: Naugardukas, Belarusian: Наваградак, Russian: Новогрудок) of the Russian Empire (former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, now in Belarus). His father, Mikołaj Mickiewicz, belonged to the szlachta (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth nobility, coat of arms Poraj. The poet was educated at the University of Vilnius; becoming involved in a secret Polish-Lithuanian freedom organization there. After his studies he worked as a tutor in a regi ...

See also:

Adam Mickiewicz, Adam Mickiewicz - Biography, Adam Mickiewicz - Works, Adam Mickiewicz - Nationality, Adam Mickiewicz - Related reading:, Adam Mickiewicz - Gallery of Adam Mickiewicz monuments

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Initially nobility descended from chivalry (or warrior class) in the feudal stage of the development of a society. Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there). The invention of the Musket slowly eliminated the privately owned and operated armies of nobles in feudal societies durin ...

See also:

Nobility, Nobility - Western nobility, Nobility - Nobility by nation

Read more here: » Nobility: Encyclopedia II - Nobility - Western nobility

He was born at Gripsholm during his parents' imprisonment by King Eric XIV. Although Sweden was protestant, Sigismund was raised as a catholic. This fact combined with the troublesome personal union would later strike back at his attempts to find support in Sweden. His mother, Katarzyna Jagiellonka, was the daughter of Sigismund I the Elder and his wife Bona Sforza. The Jagiellon dynasty had held the crown of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the first ruler Wladislaus II ...

See also:

Zygmunt III Vasa, Zygmunt III Vasa - Royal titles, Zygmunt III Vasa - Biography, Zygmunt III Vasa - Sigismund's politics, Zygmunt III Vasa - The royal family, Zygmunt III Vasa - Other

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Social institutions similar to serfdom were known in ancient times. The status of the helots in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta resembled that of the medieval serfs, as did the condition of the peasants working on government lands in ancient Rome. These Roman peasants, known as colini, or "tenant farmers", are some of the possible precursors of the serfs. The Germanic tribes invading the Roman Empire for the most part displaced wealthy Romans as the landlords but left the economic system itself intact. However, medieval serfdom really ...

See also:

Serfdom, Serfdom - Etymology, Serfdom - Details, Serfdom - History of serfdom, Serfdom - Dates of emancipation from serfdom in various European countries

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The Branicki family also called the "Gryfici Clan" was a magnate family, orginated from Branice in the Krakow Voivodship. One of most representative members of the family, was Field and Great Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Gryf Branicki. Jan was one of the powerfulst and influentials magnates in Poland of the 18th century. He was owner of 12 cities, 257 villages, 17 palaces and two primeval forests. In 1726 he built the Branicki Palace the "Versailles of Podlasie". He also laid out the central part of the town of Bialystok with its triangular market. He started in the Kings election of 1763-1764, but was beaten by h ...

See also:

Branicki Gryf, Branicki Gryf - History, Branicki Gryf - Coat of Arms and Motto, Branicki Gryf - Members

Read more here: » Branicki Gryf: Encyclopedia II - Branicki Gryf - History

Bukovina - Before the 14th century. During Stone age Bukovina was densely populated by Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC). Since the Roman times, Dacian peoples inhabited the territory. In the 5th century, the territory came under the rule of the Avars. Around 7th century, Slavic populations settled in the region. From 9th to early 14th century the territory was under the rule of Kievan Rus'. Bukov ...

See also:

Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Before the 14th century, Bukovina - Moldavian Principality, Bukovina - Austrian Empire, Bukovina - End-19th to early-20th centuries, Bukovina - Greater Romania, Bukovina - Second World War and after, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - History

During Stone age Bukovina was densely populated by Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of early settlers (4500 BC – 3000 BC). Since the Roman times, Dacian peoples inhabited the territory. In the 5th century, the territory came under the rule of the Avars. Around 7th century, Slavic populations settled in the region. From 9th to early 14th century the territory was under the rule of Kievan Rus' and one of its successor stat ...

See also:

Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

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In 1430, Great Knight of Lithuania Vitautas (великий князь литовский Витовт) granted the rights over the area to Kalinik, the procurator (наместник) of Putyvl and Zvenigorod, and it is believed that his servant named Berdich founded a khutor (remote settlement) there, however the etymology of the name Berdychiv is not known. In 1483, Crimean Tatars destroyed the settlement. During the 1546 partition between Lithuania and Poland, the region was listed as a property of Lithuanian magnate Tyshkevich. According to the Treaty of Lublin (1569), Volhynia formed a province o ...

See also:

Berdychiv, Berdychiv - History, Berdychiv - Jewish history, Berdychiv - Demographics, Berdychiv - People, Berdychiv - Berdyschiv on stage, Berdychiv - Footnotes, Berdychiv - Resources

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King Stanisław August was at first inclined to mediate between the Confederates and Russia, represented by his envoy to Warsaw, Prince Nikolai Repnin; but finding this impossible, he sent a force against them under Grand Hetman Franciszek Ksawery Branicki and two generals, who captured Bar. However, the simultaneous outbreak of the Koliyivschyna in Ukraine stimulated the extension of the Confederation throughout the eastern provinces of Poland and even into Lithuania. The Confederates appealed for help from abroad and contributed to bringin ...

See also:

Bar Confederation, Bar Confederation - History

Read more here: » Bar Confederation: Encyclopedia II - Bar Confederation - History

Sarmatians - Herodotus. Herodotus (4.21) in the 5th century BC placed the Sarmatians of which he knew on the eastern boundary of Scythia beyond the Tanais (Don) on a treeless steppe. Those Sarmatians, being in the early Iranian range of south Russia, were probably Iranian people akin to the Scythians/Saka. The numerous Iranian personal names in the Greek inscriptions from the Black Sea Coast indicate that the Sarmatians there spoke a north-eastern Iranian d ...

See also:

Sarmatians, Sarmatians - Name, Sarmatians - History, Sarmatians - Herodotus, Sarmatians - Strabo, Sarmatians - Tacitus, Sarmatians - Pliny the elder, Sarmatians - Pausanias, Sarmatians - Pontic inscriptions, Sarmatians - Ptolemy, Sarmatians - Ammianus Marcellinus, Sarmatians - End, Sarmatians - Sarmatian tribes, Sarmatians - Archaeology and ethnology, Sarmatians - The Polish idea of Sarmatians, Sarmatians - Recent research, Sarmatians - Trivia

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He was born as Józef (Joseph) Kalinowski to a szlachta (noble) family. He was the second son of Andrzej (Andrew) Kalinowski, a professor of mathematics at the Institute for Nobles (Instytut Szlachecki) in Vilnius. His mother, Józefa (Josephine) Połońska, died a few months after he was born, leaving him and his older brother Victor without a mother. His father then married Josephine's sister (a practice that was not uncommon in that time), Zofia (Sophie) Połońska, and had three more children: Charles, Emily, and Gabriel. But then ...

See also:

Raphael Kalinowski, Raphael Kalinowski - Childhood, Raphael Kalinowski - Military career, Raphael Kalinowski - Royal tutor, Raphael Kalinowski - Carmelite priest, Raphael Kalinowski - Beatification and canonization, Raphael Kalinowski - Literary works

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Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. The New Testament is a collection of 'books' written by various authors. Most of this collection was written by the end of the first century. The majority of the New Testament was written by Jews who became followers of Jesus, and all but two books (Luke and Acts) are traditionally attributed to such Jewish followers. Nevertheless, there are a number of passages in the New Testament that some see as anti-Semitic, or have been used for anti-Semitic purposes, most ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism

August was born in Dresden, Saxony, the son of John George III and of Princess Anne Sophie of Denmark. In 1694, upon the death of his elder brother John George IV, August became Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I. Following the death of Polish King Jan III Sobieski, August converted to Catholicism and in 1697 was elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the backing of Russia and Austria, which finan ...

See also:

August II the Strong, August II the Strong - Royal titles, August II the Strong - Biography

Read more here: » August II the Strong: Encyclopedia II - August II the Strong - Biography

Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life. Khmelnytsky was probably born in Chyhyryn, in Ukraine; it is unclear whether to a family of Ruthenian nobility or to Polish nobility of Abdank Coat of Arms who had immigrated to Ukraine from Masovia. Khmelnytsky was educated by the Jesuits in Lviv. Unlike many of their other pupils, he did not embrace Roman Catholicism but early in life became indifferent to the faith. Later he seemed to belong to the Greek Orthodox faith, to which most of the Cossacks and the Ruthenian peasants b ...

See also:

Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - The Uprising, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - External link

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