szlachta

A list of dishes popular in certain regions of Poland: Polish cuisine - Galicja. prażonki (duszonki) strudel jabłkowy - apple cake, identical to Austrian apfelstrudel piszyngier - cake made of layers of wafer and layers of cream or filling; in the Świętokrzyskie area its name is kajmak and it's usually covered with chocolate

Polish cuisine, Polish cuisine - History, Polish cuisine - Middle Ages, Polish cuisine - Renaissance, Polish cuisine - The Republic, Polish cuisine - Partitions, Polish cuisine - After World War II, Polish cuisine - Modern times, Polish cuisine - Famous all-national dishes, Polish cuisine - soup, Polish cuisine - main course, Polish cuisine - desserts, Polish cuisine - ingredients, Polish cuisine - beverages, Polish cuisine - Regional cuisine, Polish cuisine - Galicja, Polish cuisine - Eastern Poland, Polish cuisine - Masovia including Warsaw, Polish cuisine - Masuria, Polish cuisine - Pomerania, Polish cuisine - Silesia, Polish cuisine - Tatra mountains, Polish cuisine - Wielkopolska Greater Poland

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A child in Poland is usually given one or two given names and it is illegal to officially use more than two given names. Parents normally choose a name or names for their child from a long list of traditional names which may be: a Christian name, i.e. a Biblical name or a saint's name; or a Slavic name of pre-Christian origin. Note that names of Slavic saints, such as Wojciech (St Adalbert), Stanisław (St Stanislaus), or Kazimierz (St Casimir), belong to both groups. Additionally, a few names of Lithuanian origin, such as Olgierd (Algirdas), Witold (Vytauta ...

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Polish name, Polish name - Imię given name, Polish name - Nazwisko surname, Polish name - History, Polish name - Classification, Polish name - Feminine forms, Polish name - Formal and informal use, Polish name - Formal language, Polish name - Informal language

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Until a few hundred years ago, Ashkenazim (Jews from Northern and Eastern Europe) followed no tradition of surnames, but used patronymics within the synagogue, and matronymics in other venues. For example, a boy named Joseph of a father named Isaac would be called to the Torah as Joseph ben Isaac. That same boy of a mother named Rachel would be known in business as Joseph ben Rachel. A male used t ...

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Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia

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The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation to the Austrian Habsburg possessions, later known as the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. The name has a Slavic origin and is derived from the word for beech tree (бук [bu:k] in Ukrainian); the German equivalent, das Buchenland, mostly used in poetry, means, literally, "beech land", or, more poetically, "land of beech trees". In Romanian the original name of the region during the rule of the Moldavian Principality was "Ţara de Sus" (Upper Country), referring to the altitude, as opposed to the lower plains calle ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

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Sholem Asch wrote about Kmelnytsky's cossack war in his book Al Kiddush Hashem: A Novel of 1648 which describes the massacres of the Jews in horrific detail. In Poland, Khmelnytsky's war was described in the 19th century by Henryk Sienkiewicz in his famous novel, With Fire and Sword (Ogniem i mieczem). This book was written with a clearly stated intent of raising the national spirit in partitioned Poland, and shows the story of Khmelnytsky and the Cossacks from the point of view of the Polish nobles (szlachta), thus glor ...

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Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Biography, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Early life, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Cossack leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - The Uprising, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - Khmelnytsky in Fiction, Bohdan Khmelnytsky - External link

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In Poland and most of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the surnames first appeared in late Middle Ages. Initially their purpose was to denote the differences between various people living in the same town or village and bearing the same name. The conventions used were very similar to English family names: initially names were simple nouns denoting the occupation (Karczmarz - Innkeeper, Kowal - Blacksmith, Bednarczyk - Young Cooper), descent (patronymic names like Szczepaniak - Son of Szczepan, Józefski - ...

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Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia

Read more here: » Family name: Encyclopedia II - Family name - Poland

According to the 1775 Austrian census, the Romanian population made up about 86% of the 60,000 total population of Bukovina. During the 19th century, however, the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of many immigrants such as Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, Romanians and Ruthenian from Galicia. Despite this influx, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group in the province, until 1880 when Ukrainians outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. According to the 1880 census there were 239,690 Ukrainians or roughly 41.5 % of the region while Romanians came in second with 190,005 people or 33% of the re ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

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A compact Romanian minority inhabits the southern part of Chernivtsi region, in Hertsa, Novoselitza (Noua Suliţă), Hlyboka (Adâncata), Storozhinetz (Storojineţ). In every other part of northern Bukovina, including the city of Chernivtsi, Ukrainians are in the majority. ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

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In Romania family names traditionally have an English-like usage: a child inherits his father's family name, and a wife takes her husband's last name. There are however exceptions and social pressure to follow this tradition is not particularly strong in most families. Romanian names' etymologies are mixed. Sometimes, family names denote some ancestor's occupation (for example Butnaru meaning 'barrel-maker'), sometimes a genitor's name (e.g. Ionescu, son/doughter of Ion ). There are family names deriving from a woman's name too, traditionally originating from bastards (the father was not known) (e.g. ...

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Family name, Family name - English-speaking countries, Family name - French-speaking countries, Family name - Ireland, Family name - Irish surname prefixes, Family name - Italy, Family name - Greece, Family name - Pakistan, Family name - Portugal and Brazil, Family name - Spain and Hispanic areas, Family name - The Philippines, Family name - Iceland, Family name - Scandinavia, Family name - The Netherlands, Family name - Belgium, Family name - Russia, Family name - Poland, Family name - Ashkenazi Jewish surnames, Family name - Romania, Family name - India and Indonesia, Family name - Ethiopia/Eritrea, Family name - China Hungary Japan Korea and Vietnam, Family name - Mongolia

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Poles pay very much attention to the correct way of referring to or adressing other people depending on the level of social distance, familiarity and politeness. The differences between formal and informal language include: using surnames vs. given names; using vs. not using honorific titles such as Pan / Pani; using the third person singular forms vs. second person singular. ...

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Polish name, Polish name - Imię given name, Polish name - Nazwisko surname, Polish name - History, Polish name - Classification, Polish name - Feminine forms, Polish name - Formal and informal use, Polish name - Formal language, Polish name - Informal language

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Bukovina - Northern Bukovina. Berehomet (Romanian: Berhomet) Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernăuţi) Hertsa (Romanian: Herţa) Hlyboka (Romanian: Hliboca) Khotyn (Romanian: Hotin) Kel'mentsi Kitsman' (German: Kotzman) Krasnoil's'k Luzhany (Romanian: Lujeni) Nepolokivtsi Novoselytsia (Romanian: Noua Suliţă) Novodnistrovs'k Putyla (Romanian: Putila) Sadagóra (Romanian: Sadagura) Sokyriany ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - Cities and towns

Those officials were very stable, having evolved around XIII century and lasting almost unchanged till the end of 1st Rzeczpospolita. Administration system came from Germany along with the ‘magdeburgian law’. Each city (no exceptions) had a Council and Bench, where Council was the administrative branch and Bench was the judicial branch. New Council was chosen by the old one run out. It was responsible for administration, law, privileges, security, finances, guild control and such. Council chose the Mayor and his members decision w ...

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Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Senatorial Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Central not Senat-related officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Court Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Military Officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - District Offices, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Crown, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Prussia, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Borough and judicial officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - List of Town and village officials, Offices in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Other

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The present demographic situation in Bukovina hardly resembles the one of the times of the Austrian Empire. Currently, the Northern (Ukrainian) and Southern (Romanain) parts became significantly dominated by their Ukrainian and Romanian majorities, respectively, with the representation of other ethnic groups being decreased significantly. According to the 2001 Ukrainian population census data [3], the Ukrainians represent about 75% (689,100) of the population of Chernivtsi Oblast, which is the closest, although not an exact, approxima ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Before the 14th century, Bukovina - Moldavian Principality, Bukovina - Austrian Empire, Bukovina - End-19th to early-20th centuries, Bukovina - Greater Romania, Bukovina - Second World War and after, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - Current population

Bukovina - Northern Bukovina. Berehomet (Romanian: Berhomet) Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernăuţi) Hlyboka (Romanian: Hliboca) Kitsman' (German: Kotzman) Krasnoil's'k Luzhany (Romanian: Lujeni) Nepolokivtsi Novoselytsia (Romanian: Noua Suliţă) Novodnistrovs'k Putyla (Romanian: Putila) Sadagóra (Romanian: Sadagura) Storozhynets' (Romanian: Storojineţ) Vashkivtsi (German: Waschkautz; Romanian: Văscăuţi) Vyzhnytsia (German: Wiznitz; ...

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Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Before the 14th century, Bukovina - Moldavian Principality, Bukovina - Austrian Empire, Bukovina - End-19th to early-20th centuries, Bukovina - Greater Romania, Bukovina - Second World War and after, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - Cities and towns

The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation to the Austrian Habsburg possessions, later known as the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. The name has a Slavic origin and is derived from the word for beech tree (бук [buk] in Ukrainian); the German equivalent, das Buchenland, mostly used in poetry, means, literally, "beech land", or, more poetically, "land of beech trees". In Romanian the original name of the region during the rule of the Moldavian Principality was "Ţara de Sus" (Upper Country), referring to the altitude, as opposed to the lower plains calle ...

See also:

Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - Name

During the times of fragmentation of Poland, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the reunification of Poland, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor office split into that of the Great Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor (however the Lithuanian Deputy Chancellor was created later, in the mid-16th century). The Deputy Chancellor was however not a subordinate of t ...

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Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

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The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worked by serfs to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. The peasantry's situation worsened from the late 17th century on, when the landed szlachta sought to compensate for falling grain prices by increasing the peasants' workload, thus leading to the creation of second serfdom, ...

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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - History, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - State organization and politics, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Commonwealth military, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Golden Liberty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - The political players, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Shortcomings of the Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Late reforms, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Economy, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Culture, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Szlachta and Sarmatism, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Demographics and religion, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Provinces and geography, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Voivodships of the Commonwealth

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The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with the region's annexation to the Austrian Habsburg possessions, later known as the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary. The name has a Slavic origin and is derived from the word for beech tree (бук [buk] in Ukrainian); the German equivalent, das Buchenland, mostly used in poetry, means, literally, "beech land", or, more poetically, "land of beech trees". In Romanian the original name of the region during the rule of the Moldavian Principality was "Ţara de Sus" (Upper Country), referring to the altitude, as opposed to the lower plains calle ...

See also:

Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Before the 14th century, Bukovina - Moldavian Principality, Bukovina - Austrian Empire, Bukovina - End-19th to early-20th centuries, Bukovina - Greater Romania, Bukovina - Second World War and after, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - Name

Anti-Semitism within Islam is discussed in the article on Islam and anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism in the Arab World is discussed in the article on Arabs and anti-Semitism The Qur'an, Islam's holy book, accuses the Jews of corrupting the Hebrew Bible. Muslims refer to Jews and Christians as a "People of the book"; Islamic law demands that when under Muslim rule they should be treated as dhimmis - from the Arab term ahl adh-dhimma. The writer Bat Ye'or introduced the modern word Dhimmitude as a generic indication of ...

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Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world

King Stanisław August described the May 3rd Constitution, according to a contemporary account, as "founded principally on those of England and the United States of America, but avoiding the faults and errors of both, and adapt[ed] as much as possible to the local and particular circumstances of the country." Indeed, the Polish and American national constitutions reflected similar Enlightenment influences, including Montesquieu's advocacy of a separation and balance of powers among the three branches of government — so that, in the words o ...

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Polish Constitution of May 3 1791, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - History, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Background, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Drafting and Adoption, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - The fall, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Legacy, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Features, Polish Constitution of May 3 1791 - Notes

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From among these secret circles of the Shabbethaians came the founder of the Frankist sect, Jacob Frank, born in Korolowka (Podolia) about 1726 as Jacob Leibowitz. His father was expelled from the community for belonging to the secret society of Tzeviists (Shebs), and moved to Czernowitz, Bucovina in 1730, where the influence of the Turkish Shabbetaians was strongly felt. While still a boy at school Frank displayed an aversion to Jewish learning founded on the Talmud, and afterward often ...

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Jacob Frank, Jacob Frank - Historical background, Jacob Frank - Social-economic conditions, Jacob Frank - Early life of Frank, Jacob Frank - The anti-Talmudists, Jacob Frank - Declaration of being a succesor to Shabbethai Zevi, Jacob Frank - Baptism of the Frankists, Jacob Frank - Frank in prison

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According to the 1775 Austrian census, the Romanian population made up about 86% of the 60,000 total population of Bukovina. During the 19th century, however, the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of many immigrants such as Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, Romanians and Ruthenian from Galicia (Central Europe). Despite this influx, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group in the province, until 1880 when Ruthenians(Ukrainians) outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. According to the 1880 census there were 239,690 Rutheni ...

See also:

Bukovina, Bukovina - Name, Bukovina - History, Bukovina - Demographic history, Bukovina - Current population, Bukovina - Cities and towns, Bukovina - Northern Bukovina, Bukovina - Southern Bukovina, Bukovina - Sources and References

Read more here: » Bukovina: Encyclopedia II - Bukovina - Demographic history